(1) Span beams shall be secured to prevent accidental dislodgment.
(2) A safe means of access shall be provided for employees working
with house fall blocks.
(3) Designated employees shall inspect chains, links, shackles,
swivels, blocks and other loose gear used in house fall operations
before each day's use. Defective gear shall not be used.
(a) At the completion of each use, loose gear such as slings,
chains, bridles, blocks, and hooks shall be so placed as to
avoid damage to the gear. Loose gear shall be inspected and
any defects corrected before re-use.
(b) All loose gear shall be inspected by the employer or his/her
authorized representative before each use and, when necessary,
at intervals during its use, to ensure that it is safe. Any
gear which is found upon inspection to be unsafe shall not be
used until it is made safe.
(c) Defective gear shall not be used. Distorted hooks, shackles,
or similar gear shall be discarded.
(d) Chains or other gear which have been lengthened, altered,
or repaired by welding shall be properly heat treated, and before
again being put into use, shall be tested and reexamined in
the manner set forth in WAC 296-56-60097 and 296-56-60098.
(2) The employer shall maintain a record of the dates and results
of the tests with each unit of gear concerned clearly identified.
The records shall be available for examination by division of
consultation and compliance personnel and the employee safety
committee.
(3) Wire rope and wire rope slings.
(a) The employer shall ascertain and adhere to the manufacturer's
recommended ratings for wire rope and wire rope slings and shall
have such ratings available at the terminal. When the manufacturer
is unable to supply such ratings, the employer shall use the
tables for wire rope and wire rope slings found in American
National Safety Standard for Slings, ANSI/ASME B30.9-1984. A
design safety factor of at least five shall be maintained for
the common sizes of running wire used as falls, in purchases
or in such uses as light load slings. Wire rope with a safety
factor of less than five may be used only:
(i) In specialized equipment, such as cranes designed to
be used with lesser wire rope safety factors;
(ii) In accordance with design factors in standing rigging
applications; or
(iii) For heavy lifts or other purposes for which a safety
factor of five is impractical and for which the employer can
demonstrate that equivalent safety is ensured.
(b) Wire rope or wire rope slings exhibiting any of the following
conditions shall not be used:
(i) Ten randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay
or three or more broken wires in one strand in one rope lay;
(ii) Kinking, crushing, bird caging, or other damage resulting
in distortion of the wire rope structure;
(iii) Evidence of heat damage;
(iv) Excessive wear, corrosion, deformation or other defect
in the wire or attachments, including cracks in attachments;
(v) Any indication of strand or wire slippage in end attachments;
or
(vi) More than one broken wire in the close vicinity of a
socket or swaged fitting.
(c) Four by twenty-nine (4 x 29) wire rope shall not be used
in any running rigging.
(d) Protruding ends of strands in splices on slings and bridles
shall be covered or blunted. Coverings shall be removable so
that splices can be examined. Means used to cover or blunt ends
shall not damage the wire.
(e) Where wire rope clips are used to form eyes, the employer
shall adhere to the manufacturer's recommendations, which shall
be available at the terminal. If “U” bolt clips
are used and the manufacturer's recommendations are not available,
Table C-1 shall be used to determine the number and spacing
of clips. “U” bolts shall be applied with the “U”
section in contact with the dead end of the rope.
TABLE
C-1
NUMBER
AND SPACING OF U-BOLT WIRE ROPE CLIPS
Improved
Plow Steel, Rope Diameter
Minimum
Number of Clips
Minimum
Spacing
Inches
(cm)
Drop
Forged
Other
Material
Inches
(cm)
1/2 or
less (1.3)
3
4
3 (7.6)
5/8 (1.6)
3
4
3 3/4
(9.5)
3/4 (1.9)
4
5
4 1/2
(11.4)
7/8 (2.2)
4
5
5 1/4
(13.3)
1 (2.5)
5
7
6 (15.2)
1 1/8
(2.9)
6
7
6 3/4
(17.1)
1 1/4
(3.2)
6
8
7 1/2
(19.1)
1 3/8
(3.5)
7
8
8 1/4
(21.0)
1 1/2
(3.8)
7
9
9 (22.9)
(f) Wire rope shall not be secured by knots.
(g) Eyes in wire rope bridles, slings, bull wires, or in single
parts used for hoisting shall not be formed by wire rope clips
or knots.
(h) Eye splices in wire ropes shall have at least three tucks
with a whole strand of the rope and two tucks with one-half
of the wire cut from each strand. Other forms of splices or
connections which are demonstrated to be equally safe may be
used.
(i) Except for eye splices in the ends of wires and for endless
rope slings, each wire rope used in hoisting or lowering, or
in bulling cargo, shall consist of one continuous piece without
knot or splice.
(4) Natural fiber rope.
(a) The employer shall ascertain the manufacturer's ratings
for the specific natural fiber rope used and have such ratings
available at the terminal. The manufacturer's ratings shall
be adhered to and a minimum design safety factor of five maintained.
(b) Eye splices shall consist of at least three full tucks.
Short splices shall consist of at least six full tucks, three
on each side of the centerline.
(5) Synthetic rope.
(a) The employer shall adhere to the manufacturer's ratings
and use recommendations for the specific synthetic fiber rope
used and shall have such ratings available at the terminal.
(b) Unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer, when
synthetic fiber ropes are substituted for manila ropes of less
than three inches (7.62 cm) circumference, the substitute shall
be of equal size. Where substituted for manila rope of three
inches or more in circumference, the size of the synthetic rope
shall be determined from the formula:
C=/.6(Cs2)+.4(Cm2)
Where C = the required circumference of the synthetic rope
in inches, Cs = the circumference to the nearest
one-quarter inch of a synthetic rope having a breaking strength
not less than that of the size manila rope that would be required
by subsection (4) of this section, and Cm = the circumference
of manila rope in inches which would be required by subsection
(4) of this section.
(c) In making such substitution, it shall be ascertained that
the inherent characteristics of the synthetic fiber are suitable
for hoisting.
(6) Removal of natural and synthetic rope from service. Natural
or synthetic rope having any of the following defects shall be
removed from service:
(a) Abnormal wear;
(b) Powdered fiber between strands;
(c) Sufficient cut or broken fibers to affect the capacity
of the rope;
(d) Variations in the size or roundness of strands;
(e) Discolorations other than stains not associated with rope
damage;
(f) Rotting; or
(g) Distortion or other damage to attached hardware.
(7) Thimbles. Properly fitting thimbles shall be used where any
rope is secured permanently to a ring, shackle or attachment,
where practical.
(8) Synthetic web slings.
(a) Slings and nets or other combinations of more than one
piece of synthetic webbing assembled and used as a single unit
(synthetic web slings) shall not be used to hoist loads in excess
of the sling's rated capacity.
(b) Synthetic web slings shall be removed from service if they
exhibit any of the following defects:
(i) Acid or caustic burns;
(ii) Melting or charring of any part of the sling surface;
(iii) Snags, punctures, tears or cuts;
(iv) Broken or worn stitches;
(v) Distortion or damage to fittings; or
(vi) Display of visible warning threads or markers designed
to indicate excessive wear or damage.
(c) Defective synthetic web slings removed from service shall
not be returned to service unless repaired by a sling manufacturer
or similar entity. Each repaired sling shall be proof tested
by the repairer to twice the slings' rated capacity prior to
its return to service. The employer shall retain a certificate
of the proof test and make it available for examination.
(d) Synthetic web slings provided by the employer shall only
be used in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations,
which shall be made available upon request.
(e) Fittings shall have a breaking strength at least equal
to that of the sling to which they are attached and shall be
free of sharp edges.
(9) Chains and chain slings used for hoisting.
(a) The employer shall adhere to the manufacturer's recommended
ratings for safe working loads for the sizes of the wrought
iron and alloy steel chains and chain slings used and shall
have such ratings available. When the manufacturer is unable
to provide such ratings, the employer shall use the tables for
chains and chain slings found in American National Safety Standard
for Slings, ANSI B30.9-1971.
(b) Proof coil steel chain, also known as common or hardware
chain, and other chain not recommended by the manufacturer for
slinging or hoisting shall not be used for slinging or hoisting.
(c) (i) Sling chains, including end fastenings, shall be
inspected for visible defects before each day's use and as
often as necessary during use to ensure integrity of the sling.
(ii) Thorough inspections of chains in use shall be made
quarterly to detect wear, defective welds, deformation, increase
in length or stretch. The month of inspection shall be indicated
on each chain by color of paint on a link or by other effective
means.
(iii) Chains shall be removed from service when maximum allowable
wear, as indicated in Table C-2, is reached at any point of
link.
(iv) Chain slings shall be removed from service when stretch
has increased the length of a measured section by more than
five percent; when a link is bent, twisted or otherwise damaged;
or when a link has a raised scarf or defective weld.
(v) Only designated persons shall inspect chains used for
slinging and hoisting.
TABLE
C-2
MAXIMUM
ALLOWABLE WEAR AT ANY POINT OF LINK
Chain
Size
Maximum
Allowable Wear
Inches
(cm)
Inches
(cm)
1/4 (9/32)
(0.6)
3/64
(0.1)
3/8
(1.0)
5/64
(0.2)
1/2
(1.3)
7/64
(0.3)
5/8
(1.6)
9/64
(0.4)
3/4
(1.9)
5/32
(0.4)
7/8
(2.2)
11/64
(0.4)
1
(2.5)
3/16
(0.5)
1 1/8
(2.9)
7/32
(0.6)
1 1/4
(3.2)
1/4
(0.6)
1 3/8
(3.5)
9/32
(0.7)
1 1/2
(3.8)
5/16
(0.8)
1 3/4
(4.4)
11/32
(0.9)
(d) Chains shall only be repaired under qualified supervision.
Links or portions of chain defective under any of the criteria
of WAC 296-56-60073 (9)(c) shall be replaced with properly dimensioned
links or connections of material similar to that of the original
chain. Before repaired chains are returned to service, they
shall be tested to the proof test load recommended by the manufacturer
for the original chain. Tests shall be performed by the manufacturer
or shall be certified by an agency accredited for the purpose
under WAC 296-56-60093. Test certificates shall be available
at the terminal.
(e) Wrought iron chains in constant use shall be annealed or
normalized at intervals not exceeding six months. Heat treatment
certificates shall be available at the terminal. Alloy chains
shall not be annealed.
(f) Kinked or knotted chains shall not be used for lifting.
Chains shall not be shortened by bolting, wiring or knotting.
Makeshift links or fasteners such as wire, bolts or rods shall
not be used.
(g) Hooks, rings, links and attachments affixed to sling chains
shall have rated capacities at least equal to that of the chains
to which they are attached.
(h) Chain slings shall bear identification of size, grade and
rated capacity.
(10) Shackles.
(a) If available, the manufacturer's recommended safe working
loads for shackles shall not be exceeded. In the absence of
manufacturer's recommendations, Table C-3 shall apply.
(b) Screw pin shackles used aloft in house fall or other gear,
except in cargo hook assemblies, shall have their pins moused
or otherwise effectively secured.
TABLE
C-3
SAFE
WORKING LOADS FOR SHACKLES
Material
Size Inches (cm)
Pin
Diameter Inches (cm)
Safe
Working Load in 2,000 lb. Tons
1/2
(1.3)
5/8
(1.6)
1.4
5/8
(1.6)
3/4
(1.9)
2.2
3/4
(1.9)
7/8
(2.2)
3.2
7/8
(2.2)
1
(2.5)
4.3
1
(2.5)
1 1/8
(2.9)
5.6
1 1/8
(2.9)
1 1/4
(3.2)
6.7
1 1/4
(3.2)
1 3/8
(3.5)
8.2
1 3/8
(3.5)
1 1/2
(3.8)
10.0
1 1/2
(3.8)
1 5/8
(4.1)
11.9
1 3/4
(4.4)
2
(5.1)
16.2
2
(5.1)
2 1/4
(5.7)
21.2
(c) Tables G-2 through G-5 shall be used to determine the safe
working loads of various sizes and classifications of improved
plow steel wire rope slings with various types of terminals.
For sizes, classifications and grades not included in these
tables the safe working load recommended by the manufacturer
for specific, identifiable products shall be followed, however,
a safety factor of not less than five shall be maintained.
TABLE
G-1
MANILA
ROPE
In
Pounds or Tons of 2,000 Pounds
Circumference
Diameter
in Inches
Single
Leg
60
Degree
45
Degree
30
Degree
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
3/4
1/4
120
204
170
120
1
5/16
200
346
282
200
1
1/8
3/8
270
467
380
270
1
1/4
7/16
350
605
493
350
1
3/8
15/32
450
775
635
450
1
1/2
1/2
530
915
798
530
1
3/4
9/16
690
1190
973
690
2
5/8
880
1520
1240
880
2
1/4
3/4
1080
1870
1520
1080
2
1/2
13/16
1300
2250
1830
1300
2
3/4
7/8
1540
2660
2170
1540
3
1
1800
3120
2540
1800
Tons
Tons
Tons
Tons
3
1/4
1
1/16
1.0
1.7
1.4
1.0
3
1/2
1
1/8
1.2
2.1
1.7
1.2
3
3/4
1
1/4
1.35
2.3
1.9
1.35
4
1
5/16
1.5
2.6
2.1
1.5
4
1/2
1
1/2
1.8
3.1
2.5
1.8
5
1
5/8
2.25
3.9
3.2
2.25
5
1/2
1
3/4
2.6
4.5
3.7
2.6
6
2
3.1
5.4
4.4
3.1
6
1/2
2
1/8
3.6
6.2
5.1
3.6
In making such a substitution it should be ascertained that
the inherent characteristics of the synthetic fiber are suitable
for the intended service of the rope.
TABLE G-2 RATED CAPACITIES FOR IMPROVED PLOW
STEEL, INDEPENDENT WIRE ROPE CORE , WIRE ROPE AND WIRE SLINGS
(IN TONS OF 2,000 POUNDS)
Rope
Diameter Inches
Single
Leg
Vertical
Choker
A
B
C
A
B
C
6 x 19 Classification
1/4"
.59
.56
.53
.44
.42
.40
3/8"
1.3
1.2
1.1
.98
.93
.86
1/2"
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.6
1.5
5/8"
3.6
3.4
3.0
2.7
2.5
2.2
3/4:
5.1
4.9
4.2
3.8
3.6
3.1
7/8"
6.9
6.6
5.5
5.2
4.9
4.1
1"
9.0
8.5
7.2
6.7
6.4
5.4
1 1/8"
11
10
9.0
8.5
7.8
6.8
6 x 37 Classification
1 1/4"
13
12
10
9.9
9.2
7.9
1 3/8"
16
15
13
12
11
9.6
1 1/2"
19
17
15
14
13
11
1 3/4"
26
24
20
19
18
15
2"
33
30
26
25
23
20
2 1/4"
41
38
33
31
29
25
(A) Socket or Swaged
Terminal Attachment. (B) Mechanical Sleeve Attachment.
(C) Hand Tucked Splice Attachment
TABLE G-3 RATED CAPACITIES FOR IMPROVED PLOW
STEEL, INDEPENDENT WIRE ROPE CORE, WIRE ROPE SLINGS (IN TONS OF
2,000 POUNDS)
Two-leg bridle or
basket hitch
Rope
dia. inches
Vertical
60
Degree
45Degree
30
Degree
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
B
C
6 x 19 Classification
1/4"
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
.97
.92
.83
.79
.75
.59
.56
.53
3/8"
2.6
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.1
1/2"
4.6
4.4
3.9
4.0
3.8
3.4
3.2
3.1
2.8
2.3
2.2
2.0
5/8"
7.2
6.8
6.0
6.2
5.9
5.2
5.1
4.8
4.2
3.6
3.4
3.0
3/4"
10
9.7
8.4
8.9
8.4
7.3
7.2
6.9
5.9
5.1
4.9
4.2
7/8"
14
13
11
12
11
9.6
9.8
9.3
7.8
6.9
6.6
5.5
1"
18
17
14
15
15
12
13
12
10
9.0
8.5
7.2
1 1/8"
23
21
18
19
18
16
16
15
13
11
10
9.0
6 x 37 Classification
1 1/4"
26
24
21
23
21
18
19
17
15
13
12
10
1 3/8"
32
29
25
28
25
22
22
21
18
16
15
13
1 1/2"
38
35
30
33
30
26
27
25
21
19
17
15
1 3/4"
51
47
41
44
41
35
36
33
29
26
24
20
2"
66
61
53
57
53
46
47
43
37
33
30
26
2 1/4"
83
76
66
72
66
57
58
54
47
41
38
33
(A) Socket or Swaged
Terminal Attachment. (B) Mechanical Sleeve Attachment.
(C) Hand Tucked Splice Attachment.
TABLE
G-4 RATED CAPACITIES FOR IMPROVED PLOW STEEL, FIBER CORE, WIRE
ROPE, AND WIRE ROPE SLINGS
(IN
TONS OF 2,000 POUNDS)
Rope
Diameter Inches
Single
Leg
Vertical
Choker
A
B
C
A
B
C
6 x 19 Classification
1/4"
.55
.51
.49
.41
.38
.37
3/8"
1.2
1.1
1.1
.91
.85
.80
1/2"
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.4
5/8"
3.3
3.1
2.8
2.5
2.3
2.1
3/4"
4.8
4.4
3.9
3.6
3.3
2.9
7/8"
6.4
5.9
5.1
4.8
4.5
3.9
1"
8.4
7.7
6.7
6.3
5.8
5.0
1 1/8"
10
9.5
8.4
7.9
7.1
6.3
6 x 37 Classification
1 1/4"
12
11
9.8
9.2
8.3
7.4
1 3/8"
15
13
12
11
10
8.9
1 1/2"
17
16
14
13
12
10
1 3/4"
24
21
19
18
16
14
2"
31
28
25
23
21
18
(A) Socket or Swaged
Terminal Attachment. (B) Mechanical Sleeve Attachment.
(C) Hand Tucked Splice Attachment
For
printing
