This part addresses electrical safety requirements that are
necessary for the practical safeguarding of employees involved
in construction work and is divided into four major divisions
and applicable definitions as follows:
(1) Introduction and definitions. Definitions applicable to this
part are contained in WAC
296-155-462.
(2) Installation safety requirements. Installation safety requirements
are contained in WAC
296-155-441 through
296-155-459. Included in this category are electric equipment
and installations used to provide electric power and light on
jobsites.
(3) Safety-related work practices. Safety-related work practices
are contained in WAC
296-155-428 and 296-155-429.
In addition to covering the hazards arising from the use of electricity
at jobsites, these regulations also cover the hazards arising
from the accidental contact, direct or indirect, by employees
with all energized lines, above or below ground, passing through
or near the jobsite.
(4) Safety-related maintenance and environmental considerations.
Safety-related maintenance and environmental considerations are
contained in WAC
296-155-432 and 296-155-434.
(5) Safety requirements for special equipment. Safety requirements
for special equipment are contained in WAC
296-155-437.
(a) No employer shall permit an employee to work in such proximity
to any part of an electric power circuit that the employee could
contact the electric power circuit in the course of work, unless
the employee is protected against electric shock by de-energizing
the circuit and grounding it or by guarding it effectively by
insulation or other means.
(b) No person, firm, corporation, or agent of same, shall require
or permit any employee to perform any function in proximity
to electrical conductors or to engage in any excavation, construction,
demolition, repair, or other operation, unless and until danger
from accidental contact with said electrical conductors has
been effectively guarded by de-energizing the circuit and grounding
it or by guarding it by effective insulation or other effective
means.
(c) In work areas where the exact location of underground electric
powerlines is unknown, no activity which may bring employees
into contact with those powerlines shall begin until the powerlines
have been positively and unmistakably de-energized and grounded.
(d) Before work is begun the employer shall ascertain by inquiry
or direct observation, or by instruments, whether any part of
an energized electric power circuit, exposed or concealed, is
so located that the performance of the work may bring any person,
tool, or machine into physical or electrical contact with the
electric power circuit. The employer shall post and maintain
proper warning signs where such a circuit exists. The employer
shall advise employees of the location of such lines, the hazards
involved, and the protective measures to be taken.
(e) No work shall be performed, no material shall be piled,
stored or otherwise handled, no scaffolding, commercial signs,
or structures shall be erected or dismantled, nor any tools,
machinery or equipment operated within the specified minimum
distances from any energized high voltage electrical conductor
capable of energizing the material or equipment; except where
the electrical distribution and transmission lines have been
de-energized and visibly grounded at point of work, or where
insulating barriers not a part of or an attachment to the equipment
have been erected, to prevent physical contact with the lines,
equipment shall be operated proximate to, under, over, by, or
near energized conductors only in accordance with the following:
(i) For lines rated 50 kV. or below, minimum clearance between
the lines and any part of the equipment or load shall be ten
feet.
(ii) For lines rated over 50 kV. minimum, clearance between
the lines and any part of the equipment or load shall be ten
feet plus 0.4 inch or each 1 kV. over 50 kV., or twice the
length of the line insulator but never less than ten feet.
(f) Work on energized equipment. Only qualified persons shall
work on electric circuit parts of equipment that have not been
deenergized under the procedures of WAC
296-155-429(4). Such persons shall be capable of working
safely on energized circuits and shall be familiar with the
proper use of special precautionary techniques, personal protective
equipment, insulating and shielding materials, and insulated
tools.
(g) Overhead electric lines. Where overhead electric conductors
are encountered in proximity to a work area, the employer shall
be responsible for:
(i) Ascertaining the voltage and minimum clearance distance
required; and
(ii) Maintaining the minimum clearance distance; and
(iii) Ensuring that the requirements of this section are
complied with.
(h) If relocation of the electrical conductors is necessary,
arrangements shall be made with the owners of the lines for
such relocation.
(i) Barriers.
(i) Barriers shall be of such character and construction
as to effectively provide the necessary protection without
creating other hazards or jeopardizing the operation of the
electrical circuits.
(ii) Barriers installed within the ten feet clearance from
conductors shall be installed only under the supervision of
authorized and qualified persons and this shall include a
representative of the electrical utility or owner involved.
(j) Exceptions.
(i) These rules do not apply to the construction, reconstruction,
operation, and maintenance, of overhead electrical lines,
structures, and associated equipment by authorized and qualified
electrical workers.
(ii) These rules do not apply to authorized and qualified
employees engaged in the construction, reconstruction, operation,
and maintenance, of overhead electrical circuits or conductors
and associated equipment of rail transportation systems or
electrical generating, transmission, distribution and communication
systems which are covered by chapters
296-45 and 296-32
WAC.
(k) Special precautions must be taken.
(i) When handling any winch lines, guy wires, or other free
cable, wire or rope in the vicinity of any electrical conductors.
(ii) When pulling a winch line, or other cable or rope under
energized electrical conductors from a boom, mast, pile driver,
etc., in such a manner as to make possible an approach to
within ten feet of a conductor.
(iii) When there is possibility of a winch line, cable, etc.,
either becoming disconnected or breaking under load because
of excessive strain and flipping up into overhead conductors.
(iv) When placing steel, concrete reinforcement, wire mesh,
etc.
(v) When handling pipe or rod sections in connection with
digging wells or test holes.
(vi) When moving construction equipment, apparatus, machinery,
etc., all such movements must avoid striking supporting structures,
guy wires, or other elements of the electrical utility system
causing the conductors to so swing or move as to decrease
clearances to less than ten feet from construction equipment,
or to cause them to come together.
(l) Warning sign required.
(i) An approved durable warning sign legible at twelve feet,
reading “It is unlawful to operate this equipment within
ten feet of electrical conductors” shall be posted and
maintained in plain view of the operator at the controls of
each crane, derrick, shovel, drilling rig, pile driver or
similar apparatus which is capable of vertical, lateral or
swinging motion.
(ii) A similar sign shall be installed on the outside of
the equipment and located as to be readily visible to mechanics
or other persons engaged in the work operation.
(iii) Signs shall be not less than 6" x 8" dimensions
with the word “warning” or “danger”
in large letters and painted red across the top and the other
letters in black painted on yellow background.
(m) Any overhead wire shall be considered to be an energized
line until the owner of such line or the electrical utility
authorities indicate that it is not an energized line and it
has been visibly grounded.
(2) Passageways and open spaces.
(a) Barriers or other means of guarding shall be provided to
ensure that workspace for electrical equipment will not be used
as a passageway during periods when energized parts of electrical
equipment are exposed.
(b) Working spaces, walkways, and similar locations shall be
kept clear of cords so as not to create a tripping hazard to
employees.
(3) Load ratings. In existing installations, no changes in circuit
protection shall be made to increase the load in excess of the
load rating of the circuit wiring.
(4) Fuses. When fuses are installed or removed with one or both
terminals energized, special tools insulated for the voltage shall
be used.
(5) Cords and cables.
(a) Worn or frayed electric cords or cables shall not be used.
(b) Extension cords shall not be fastened with staples, hung
from nails, or suspended by wire.
(6) Interlocks. Only a qualified person following the requirements
of this section may defeat an electrical safety interlock, and
then only temporarily while they are working on the equipment.
The interlock systems shall be returned to its operable condition
when this work is completed.
(7) Portable electric equipment-Handling. Portable equipment
shall be handled in a manner which will not cause damage. Flexible
electric cords connected to equipment shall not be used for raising
or lowering the equipment. Flexible cords shall not be fastened
with staples or otherwise hung in such a fashion as could damage
the outer jacket or insulation.
(8) Visual inspection. When an attachment plug is to be connected
to a receptacle (including any on a cord set), the relationship
of the plug and receptacle contacts shall first be checked to
ensure they are of proper mating configurations.
(9) Connecting attachment plugs.
(a) Employees' hands shall not be wet when plugging and unplugging
flexible cords and cord-and plug-connected equipment, if energized
equipment is involved.
(b) Energized plug and receptacle connections shall be handled
only with insulating protective equipment if the condition of
the connection could provide a conducting path to the employee's
hand (if, for example, a cord connector is wet from being immersed
in water).
(c) Locking-type connectors shall be properly secured after
connection.
(10) Routine opening and closing circuits. Load rated switches,
circuit breakers, or other devices specifically designed as disconnecting
means shall be used for the opening, reversing, or closing of
circuits under load conditions. Cable connectors not of the load-break
type, fuses, terminal lugs, and cable splice connections shall
not be used for such purposes, except in an emergency.
(11) Reclosing circuits after protective device operation. After
a circuit is deenergized by a circuit protective device, the circuit
shall not be manually reenergized until it has been determined
that the equipment and circuit can be safety energized. This repetitive
manual reclosing of circuit breakers or reenergizing circuits
through replaced fuses is prohibited.
Note: When it can be determined from the
design of the circuit and the overcurrent devices involved that
the automatic operation of a device was caused by an overload
rather than a fault connection, no examination of the circuit
or connected equipment is needed before the circuit is reenergized.
(12) Test instruments and equipment-Use. Only qualified persons
shall perform testing work on electric circuits or equipment.
(13) Visual inspection. Test instruments and equipment and all
associated test leads, cables, power cords, probes, and connectors
shall be visually inspected for external defects and damage before
the equipment is used. If there is a defect or evidence of damage
that might expose an employee to injury, the defective or damaged
item shall be removed from service, and no employee shall use
it until necessary repairs and tests to render the equipment safe
have been made.
(14) Rating of equipment. Test instruments and equipment and
their accessories shall be rated for the circuits and equipment
to which they will be connected and shall be designed for the
environment in which they will be used.
(15) Occasional use of flammable or ignitible materials. Where
flammable materials are present only occasionally, electric equipment
capable of igniting them shall not be used, unless measures are
taken to prevent hazardous conditions from developing. Such materials
include, but are not limited to: Flammable gases, vapors, or liquids;
combustible dust; and ignitible fibers or flyings.
(16) Work on energized equipment. Only qualified persons shall
work on electric circuit parts of equipment that have not been
deenergized under the procedures of WAC
296-155-429(4). Such persons shall be capable of working safely
on energized circuits and shall be familiar with the proper use
of special precautionary techniques, personal protective equipment,
insulating and shielding materials, and insulated tools.
(17) Overhead lines. If work is to be performed near overhead
lines, the lines shall be deenergized and grounded, or other protective
measures shall be provided before work is started. If the lines
are to be deenergized, arrangements shall be made with the person
or organization that operates or controls the electric circuits
involved to deenergize and ground them. If protective measures,
such as guarding, isolating, or insulating, these precautions
shall prevent employees from contacting such lines directly with
any part of their body or indirectly through conductive materials,
tools, or equipment.
(18) Unqualified persons. When an unqualified person is working
in an elevated position, or on the ground, near overhead lines,
the location shall be such that the person and the longest conductive
object they may contact cannot come closer to any unguarded, energized
overhead line than the following distances:
(a) For voltages to ground 50kV or below-10 ft.;
(b) For voltages to ground over 50kV-10 ft. plus 0.4 inch for
every 1kV over 50kV.
(19) Qualified persons. When a qualified person is working in
the vicinity of overhead lines, whether in an elevated position
or on the ground, the person shall not approach or take any conductive
object without an approved insulating handle closer to exposed
energized parts that are shown in subsection (1)(e) of this section
unless:
(a) The person is insulated from the energized part (gloves,
with sleeves if necessary), rated for the voltage involved are
considered to be insulation of the person from the energized
part on which work is performed; or
(b) The energized part is insulated both from all other conductive
objects at a different potential and from the person; or
(c) The person is insulated from all conductive objects at a
potential different from that of the energized part.
(20) Vehicular and mechanical equipment.
(a) Any vehicle or mechanical equipment capable of having parts
of its structure elevated near energized overhead lines shall
be operated so that a clearance of 10 ft. is maintained. If
the voltage is higher than 50kV, the clearance shall be increased
0.4 inch for every 1kV over the voltage. However, under any
of the following conditions, the clearance may be reduced:
(i) If the vehicle is in transit with its structure lowered,
the clearance may be reduced to 4 ft. If the voltage is higher
than 50kV, the clearance shall be increased 0.4 inch for every
1kV over that voltage.
(ii) If insulating barriers are installed to prevent contact
with the lines, and if the barriers are rated for the voltage
of the line being guarded and are not a part of or an attachment
to the vehicle or its raised structure, the clearance may
be reduced to a distance within the designed working dimensions
of the insulating barrier.
(b) If the equipment is an aerial lift insulated for the voltage
involved, and if the work is performed by a qualified person,
the clearance (between the uninsulated portion of the aerial
lift and the power line) may be reduced to the distance given
in (a) through (d) of this subsection.
(c) Employees standing on the ground shall not contact the
vehicle or mechanical equipment or any of its attachments, unless:
(i) The employee is using protective equipment rated for
the voltage; or
(ii) The equipment is located so that no uninsulated part
of its structure (that portion of the structure that provides
a conductive path to employees on the ground) can come closer
to the line than permitted in this section.
(d) If any vehicle or mechanical equipment capable of having
parts of its structure elevated near energized overhead lines
is of grounding shall not stand at the grounding location whenever
there is a possibility of overhead line contact. Additional
precautions, such as the use of barricades or insulation, shall
be taken to protect employees from hazardous ground potentials,
depending on earth resistivity and fault currents, which can
develop within the first few feet or more outward from the grounding
point.
(21) Illumination.
(a) Employees shall not enter spaces containing exposed energized
parts, unless illumination is provided that enables the employees
to perform the work safely.
(b) Where lack of illumination or an obstruction precludes
observation of the work to be performed, employees shall not
perform tasks near exposed energized parts. Employees shall
not reach blindly into areas which may contain energized parts.
(22) Confined or enclosed space (such as a manhole or vault)
that contains exposed energized parts, the employer shall provide,
and the employee shall use, protective shields, protective barriers,
or insulating materials as necessary to avoid inadvertent contact
with these parts. Doors, hinged panels, and the like shall be
secured to prevent their swinging into an employee and causing
the employee to contact exposed energized parts.
(23) Conductive materials and equipment. Conductive materials
and equipment that are in contact with any part of an employee's
body shall be handled in a manner that will prevent them from
contacting exposed energized conductors or circuit parts. If an
employee handle long dimensional conductive objects (such as ducts
and pipes) practices (such as the use of insulation, guarding,
and material handling techniques) which will minimize the hazard.
(24) Portable ladders. Portable ladders shall have nonconductive
siderails if they are used where the employee or the ladder could
contact exposed energized parts.
(25) Conductive apparel. Conductive articles of jewelry and clothing
(such as watch bands, bracelets, rings, key chains, necklaces,
metalized aprons, cloth with conductive thread, or metal headgear)
shall not be worn if they might contact exposed energized parts.
(26) Housekeeping duties.
(a) Where live parts present an electrical contact hazard,
employees shall not perform housekeeping duties at such close
distances to the parts that there is a possibility of contact,
unless adequate safeguards (such as insulating equipment or
barriers) are provided.
(b) Electrically conductive cleaning materials (including conductive
solids such as steel wool, metalized cloth, and silicon carbide,
as well as conductive liquid solutions) shall not be used in
proximity to energized parts unless procedures are followed
which will prevent electrical contact.
(1) Controls. Controls that are deactivated during the course
of work on energized or deenergized equipment or circuits shall
be tagged and padlocked in the open position.
(2) Equipment and circuits. Equipment or circuits that are de-energized
shall be rendered inoperative and have tags and locked padlocks
attached at all points where such equipment or circuits can be
energized.
(3) Tags. Tags shall be placed to identify plainly the equipment
or circuits being worked on.
(4) Lockout and tagging. While any employee is exposed to contact
with parts of fixed electric equipment or circuits which have
been deenergized, the circuits energizing the parts shall be locked
out or tagged or both according to the requirements of this section.
The requirements shall be followed in the order in which they
are presented (i.e., (a) of this subsection first, then (b) of
this subsection).
Note 1: As used in this section, fixed equipment
refers to equipment fastened in connected by permanent wiring
methods.
Note 2: Lockout and tagging procedures that
comply with chapter 296-803
WAC, will also be deemed to comply with this subsection provided
that:
1. The procedures address the electrical
safety hazards covered by this part; and
2. The procedures also incorporate the
requirements of (c)(iv) and (d)(ii) of this subsection.
(a) Procedures. The employer shall maintain a written copy
of the procedures outlined in this subsection and shall make
it available for inspection by employees and by the director
and his/her authorized representative.
Note: The written procedures may be in the
form of a copy of this section, WAC
296-155-429.
(b) Deenergizing equipment.
(i) Safe procedures for deenergizing circuits and equipment
shall be determined before circuits or equipment are deenergized.
(ii) The circuits and equipment to be worked on shall be
disconnected from all electric energy sources. Control circuit
devices, such as push buttons, selector switches, and interlocks,
shall not be used as the sole means for deenergizing circuits
or equipment. Interlocks for electric equipment shall not
be used as a substitute for lockout and tagging procedures.
(iii) Stored electric energy which might endanger personnel
shall be released. Capacitors shall be discharged and high
capacitance elements shall be short-circuited and grounded,
if the stored electric energy might endanger personnel.
Note: If the capacitors or associated equipment
are handled in meeting this requirement, they shall be treated
as energized.
(iv) Stored nonelectrical energy in devices that could reenergize
electric circuit parts shall be blocked or relieved to the
extent that the circuit parts could not be accidentally energized
by the device.
(c) Application of locks and tags.
(i) A lock and a tag shall be placed on each disconnecting
means used to deenergize circuits and equipment on which work
is to be performed, except as provided in (c)(iii) and (v)
of this subsection. The lock shall be attached to prevent
persons from operating the disconnecting means unless they
resort to undue force or the use of tools.
(ii) Each tag shall contain a statement prohibiting unauthorized
operation of the disconnecting means and removal of the tag.
(iii) If a lock cannot be applied, or if the employer can
demonstrate that tagging procedures will provide a level of
safety equivalent to that obtained by the use of a lock, a
tag may be used without a lock.
(iv) A tag used without a lock, as permitted by item (iii)
of this subsection, shall be supplemented by at least one
additional safety measure that provides a level of safety
equivalent to that obtained by the use of a lock. Examples
of additional safety measures include the removal of an isolating
circuit element, blocking of a controlling switch, or opening
of an extra disconnecting device.
(v) A lock may be placed without a tag only under the following
conditions:
(A) Only one circuit or piece of equipment is deenergized;
and
(B) The lockout period does not extend beyond the work
shifts; and
(C) Employees exposed to the hazards associated with reenergizing
the circuit or equipment are familiar with this procedure.
(d) Verification of deenergized condition. The requirements
of this subsection shall be met before any circuits or equipment
can be considered and worked as deenergized.
(i) A qualified person shall operate the equipment operating
controls or otherwise verify that the equipment cannot be
restarted.
(ii) A qualified person shall use test equipment to test
the circuit elements and electrical parts of equipment to
which employees will be exposed and shall verify that the
circuit elements and equipment parts are deenergized. The
test shall also determine if any energized conditions exists
as a result of inadvertently induced voltage or unrelated
voltage backfeed even though specific parts of the circuit
have been deenergized and presumed to be safe. If the circuit
to be tested is over 600 volts, nominal, the test equipment
shall be checked for proper operation immediately before and
immediately after this test.
(e) Reenergizing equipment. These requirements shall be met,
in the order given, before circuits or equipment are reenergized,
even temporarily.
(i) A qualified person shall conduct tests and visual inspections,
as necessary, to verify that all tools, electrical jumpers,
shorts, grounds, and other such devices have been removed,
so that the circuits and equipment can be safely energized.
(ii) Employees exposed to the hazards associated with reenergizing
the circuit or equipment shall be warned to stay clear of
circuits and equipment.
(iii) Each lock and tag shall be removed by the employee
who applied it or under his or her direct supervision. However,
if this employee is absent from the work place, then the lock
or tag may be removed by a qualified person designated to
perform this task provided that:
(A) The employer ensures that the employee who applied
the lock or tag is not available at the work place; and
(B) The employer ensures that the employee is aware that
the lock or tag has been removed before he or she resumes
work at that work place.
(iv) There shall be a visual determination that all employees
are clear of the circuits and equipment.
The employer shall ensure that all wiring components and utilization
equipment in hazardous locations are maintained in a dust-tight,
dust-ignition-proof, or explosion-proof condition, as appropriate.
There shall be no loose or missing screws, gaskets, threaded connections,
seals, or other impairments to a tight condition.
(a) Unless identified for use in the operating environment,
no conductors or equipment shall be located:
(i) In damp or wet locations;
(ii) Where exposed to gases, fumes, vapors, liquids, or other
agents having a deteriorating effect on the conductors or
equipment; or
(iii) Where exposed to excessive temperatures.
(b) Control equipment, utilization equipment, and busways approved
for use in dry locations only shall be protected against damage
from the weather during building construction.
(2) Protection against corrosion. Metal raceways, cable armor,
boxes, cable sheathing, cabinets, elbows, couplings, fittings,
supports, and support hardware shall be of materials appropriate
for the environment in which they are to be installed.
(a) Batteries of the unsealed type shall be located in enclosures
with outside vents or in well ventilated rooms and shall be
arranged so as to prevent the escape of fumes, gases, or electrolyte
spray into other areas.
(b) Ventilation shall be provided to ensure diffusion of the
gases from the battery and to prevent the accumulation of an
explosive mixture.
(c) Racks and trays shall be substantial and shall be treated
to make them resistant to the electrolyte.
(d) Floors shall be of acid resistant construction unless protected
from acid accumulations.
(e) Face shields, aprons, and rubber gloves shall be provided
for and worn by workers handling acids or batteries.
(f) Facilities for quick drenching of the eyes and body shall
be provided within 25 feet (7.62 m) of battery handling areas.
(g) Facilities shall be provided for flushing and neutralizing
spilled electrolyte and for fire protection.
(2) Charging.
(a) Battery charging installations shall be located in areas
designated for that purpose.
(b) Charging apparatus shall be protected from damage by trucks.
(c) When batteries are being charged, the vent caps shall be
kept in place to avoid electrolyte spray. Vent caps shall be
maintained in functioning condition.
(1) Covered. WAC
296-155-441 through 296-155-459
contain installation safety requirements for electrical equipment
and installations used to provide electric power and light at
the jobsite. These sections apply to installations, both temporary
and permanent, used on the jobsite; but these sections do not
apply to existing permanent installations that were in place before
the construction activity commenced.
Note: If the electrical installation is
made in accordance with the National Electrical Code ANSI/NFPA
70-1984, exclusive of formal interpretations and tentative interim
amendments, it will be deemed to be in compliance with WAC
296-155-444 through 296-155-459,
except for WAC
296-155-447 (2)(a) and 296-155-449
(1)(b)(ii)(E), (F), (G), and (J).
(2) Not covered.
WAC 296-155-441 through 296-155-459
do not cover installations used for the generation, transmission,
and distribution of electric energy, including related communication,
metering, control, and transformation installations. (However,
these regulations do cover portable and vehicle-mounted generators
used to provide power for equipment used at the jobsite.) See
the National Electrical Safety Code (NESC).
(1) Approval. All electrical conductors and equipment shall be
approved.
(2) Examination, installation, and use of equipment.
(a) Examination. The employer shall ensure that electrical
equipment is free from recognized hazards that are likely to
cause death or serious physical harm to employees. Safety of
equipment shall be determined on the basis of the following
considerations:
(i) Suitability for installation and use in conformity with
the provisions of this part. Suitability of equipment for
an identified purpose may be evidenced by listing, labeling,
or certification for that identified purpose.
(ii) Mechanical strength and durability, including, for parts
designed to enclose and protect other equipment, the adequacy
of the protection thus provided.
(iii) Electrical insulation.
(iv) Heating effects under conditions of use.
(v) Arcing effects.
(vi) Classification by type, size, voltage, current capacity,
specific use.
(vii) Other factors which contribute to the practical safeguarding
of employees using or likely to come in contact with the equipment.
(b) Installation and use. Listed, labeled, or certified equipment
shall be installed and used in accordance with instructions
included in the listing, labeling, or certification.
(3) Interrupting rating. Equipment intended to break current
shall have an interrupting rating at system voltage sufficient
for the current that must be interrupted.
(4) Mounting and cooling of equipment.
(a) Mounting. Electric equipment shall be firmly secured to
the surface on which it is mounted. Wooden plugs driven into
holes in masonry, concrete, plaster, or similar materials shall
not be used.
(b) Cooling. Electrical equipment which depends upon the natural
circulation of air and convection principles for cooling of
exposed surfaces shall be installed so that room air flow over
such surfaces is not prevented by walls or by adjacent installed
equipment. For equipment designed for floor mounting, clearance
between top surfaces and adjacent surfaces shall be provided
to dissipate rising warm air. Electrical equipment provided
with ventilating openings shall be installed so that walls or
other obstructions do not prevent the free circulation of air
through the equipment.
(5) Splices. Conductors shall be spliced or joined with splicing
devices designed for the use or by brazing, welding, or soldering
with a fusible metal or alloy. Soldered splices shall first be
so spliced or joined as to be mechanically and electrically secure
without solder and then soldered. All splices and joints and the
free ends of conductors shall be covered with an insulation equivalent
to that of the conductors or with an insulating device designed
for the purpose.
(6) Arcing parts. Parts of electric equipment which in ordinary
operation produce arcs, sparks, flames, or molten metal shall
be enclosed or separated and isolated from all combustible material.
(7) Marking. Electrical equipment shall not be used unless the
manufacturer's name, trademark, or other descriptive marking by
which the organization responsible for the product may be identified
is placed on the equipment and unless other markings are provided
giving voltage, current, wattage, or other ratings as necessary.
The marking shall be of sufficient durability to withstand the
environment involved.
(8) Identification of disconnecting means and circuits. Each
disconnecting means required by this part for motors and appliances
shall be legibly marked to indicate its purpose, unless located
and arranged so the purpose is evident. Each service, feeder,
and branch circuit, at its disconnecting means or overcurrent
device, shall be legibly marked to indicate its purpose, unless
located and arranged so the purpose is evident. These markings
shall be of sufficient durability to withstand the environment
involved.
(9) Construction site. Precautions shall be taken to make any
necessary open wiring inaccessible to unauthorized personnel.
(10) 600 volts, nominal, or less. This subsection applies to
equipment operating at 600 volts, nominal, or less.
(a) Working space about electric equipment. Sufficient access
and working space shall be provided and maintained about all
electric equipment to permit ready and safe operation and maintenance
of such equipment.
(i) Working clearances. Except as required or permitted elsewhere
in this part, the dimension of the working space in the direction
of access to live parts operating at 600 volts or less and
likely to require examination, adjustment, servicing, or
maintenance while alive shall not be less than indicated in
Table I-1. In addition to the dimensions shown in Table I-1,
workspace shall not be less than 30 inches (762 mm) wide in
front of the electric equipment. Distances shall be measured
from the live parts if they are exposed, or from the enclosure
front or opening if the live parts are enclosed. Walls constructed
of concrete, brick, or tile are considered to be grounded.
Working space is not required in back of assemblies such as
dead-front switchboards or motor control centers where there
are no renewable or adjustable parts such as fuses or switches
on the back and where all connections are accessible from
locations other than the back.
Table
I-1
Working
Clearances
Nominal Voltage to
Ground
Minimum
Clear Distance for Conditions1
(a)
Feet2
(b)
Feet2
(c)
Feet2
0-150
3
3
3
151-600
3
3 1/2
4
1 Conditions (a), (b), and (c) are as follows: (a)
Exposed live parts on one side and no live or grounded parts on
the other side of the working space, or exposed live parts on
both sides effectively guarded by insulating material. Insulated
wire or insulated busbars operating at not over 300 volts are
not considered live parts. (b) Exposed live parts on one side
and grounded parts on the other side. (c) Exposed live parts on
both sides of the workspace not guarded provided in condition
(a) with the operator between.
2 Note: For International System of Units (S1): One
foot=0.3048m.
(ii) Clear spaces. Working space required by this part shall
not be used for storage. When normally enclosed live parts
are exposed for inspection or servicing, the working space,
if in a passageway or general open space, shall be guarded.
(iii) Access and entrance to working space. At least one
entrance shall be provided to give access to the working space
about electric equipment.
(iv) Front working space. Where there are live parts normally
exposed on the front of switchboards or motor control centers,
the working space in front of such equipment shall not be
less than 3 feet (914 mm).
(v) Headroom. The minimum headroom of working spaces about
service equipment, switchboards, panelboards, or motor control
centers shall be 6 feet 3 inches (1.91 m).
(b) Guarding of live parts.
(i) Except as required or permitted elsewhere in this part,
live parts of electric equipment operating at 50 volts or
more shall be guarded against accidental contact by cabinets
or other forms of enclosures, or by any of the following means:
(A) By location in a room, vault, or similar enclosure
that is accessible only to qualified persons.
(B) By partitions or screens so arranged that only qualified
persons will have access to the space within reach of the
live parts. Any openings in such partitions or screens shall
be so sized and located that persons are not likely to come
into accidental contact with the live parts or to bring
conducting objects into contact with them.
(C) By location on a balcony, gallery, or platform so elevated
and arranged as to exclude unqualified persons.
(D) By elevation of 8 feet (2.44 m) or more above the floor
or other working surface and so installed as to exclude
unqualified persons.
(ii) In locations where electric equipment would be exposed
to physical damage, enclosures or guards shall be so arranged
and of such strength as to prevent such damage.
(iii) Entrances to rooms and other guarded locations containing
exposed live parts shall be marked with conspicuous warning
signs forbidding unqualified persons to enter.
(11) Over 600 volts, nominal.
(a) General. Conductors and equipment used on circuits exceeding
600 volts, nominal, shall comply with all applicable provisions
of subsections (1) through (7) of this section and with the
following provisions which supplement or modify those requirements.
The provisions of (b), (c), and (d) of this subsection do not
apply to equipment on the supply side of the service conductors.
(b) Enclosure for electrical installations. Electrical installations
in a vault, room, closet or in an area surrounded by a wall,
screen, or fence, access to which is controlled by lock and
key or other equivalent means, are considered to be accessible
to qualified persons only. A wall, screen, or fence less than
8 feet (2.44 m) in height is not considered adequate to prevent
access unless it has other features that provide a degree of
isolation equivalent to an 8 foot (2.44 m) fence. The entrances
to all buildings, rooms or enclosures containing exposed live
parts or exposed conductors operating at over 600 volts, nominal,
shall be kept locked or shall be under the observation of a
qualified person at all times.
(i) Installations accessible to qualified persons only. Electrical
installations having exposed live parts shall be accessible
to qualified persons only and shall comply with the applicable
provisions of (c) of this subsection.
(ii) Installations accessible to unqualified persons. Electrical
installations that are open to unqualified persons shall be
made with metal-enclosed equipment or shall be enclosed in
a vault or in an area, access to which is controlled by a
lock. Metal-enclosed switchgear, unit substations, transformers,
pull boxes, connection boxes, and other similar associated
equipment shall be marked with appropriate caution signs.
If equipment is exposed to physical damage from vehicular
traffic, guards shall be provided to prevent such damage.
Ventilating or similar openings in metal-enclosed equipment
shall be designed so that foreign objects inserted through
these openings will be deflected from energized parts.
(c) Workspace about equipment. Sufficient space shall be provided
and maintained about electric equipment to permit ready and
safe operation and maintenance of such equipment. Where energized
parts are exposed, the minimum clear workspace shall not be
less than 6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m) high (measured vertically
from the floor or platform,) or less than 3 feet (914 mm) wide
(measured parallel to the equipment.) The depth shall be as
required in Table I-2. The workspace shall be adequate to permit
at least a ninety degree opening of doors or hinged panels.
(i) Working space. The minimum clear working space in front
of electric equipment such as switchboards, control panels,
switches, circuit breakers, motor controllers, relays, and
similar equipment shall not be less than specified in Table
I-2 unless otherwise specified in this part. Distances shall
be measured from the live parts if they are exposed, or from
the enclosure front or opening if the live parts are enclosed.
However, working space is not required in back of equipment
such as deadfront switchboards or control assemblies where
there are no renewable or adjustable parts (such as fuses
or switches) on the back and where all connections are accessible
from locations other than the back. Where rear access is required
to work on de-energized parts on the back of enclosed equipment,
a minimum working space of 30 inches (762 mm) horizontally
shall be provided.
Table I-2
Minimum
Depth of Clear Working
Space
in Front of electric Equipment
Nominal
Voltage to Ground
Minimum
Clear Distance for Conditions1
(a)
Feet2
(b)
Feet2
(c)
Feet2
601 to
2,500
3
4
5
2,501
to 9,000
4
5
6
9,001
to 25,000
5
6
9
25,001
to 75kV
6
8
10
Above
75kV
8
10
12
1 Conditions (a), (b), and (c) are as follows: (a)
Exposed live parts on one side and no live or grounded parts on
the other side of the working space, or exposed live parts on
both sides effectively guarded by insulating materials. Insulated
wire or insulated busbars operating at not over 300 volts are
not considered live parts. (b) Exposed live parts on one side
and grounded parts on the other side. Walls constructed of concrete,
brick, or the tile are considered to be grounded surfaces. (c)
Exposed live parts on both sides of the workspace (not guarded
as provided in Condition (a)) with the operator between.
2 Note: For S1 units: One foot=0.3048m.
(ii) Lighting outlets and points of control. The lighting
outlets shall be so arranged that persons changing lamps or
making repairs on the lighting system will not be endangered
by live parts or other equipment. The points of control shall
be so located that persons are not likely to come in contact
with any live part or moving part of the equipment while turning
on the lights.
(iii) Elevation of unguarded live parts. Unguarded live parts
above working space shall be maintained at elevations not
less than specified in Table I-3.
Table I-3
Elevation
of Unguarded
Energized
Parts Above Working Space
Nominal
Voltage to Between Phases
Minimum
Elevation
601 to
7,500
8 feet
6 inches1
7,501
to 35,000
9 feet
Over 35kV
9 feet
+ 0.37 inches per kV above 35 kv
1 Note: For S1 units: One inch=25.4mm,
one foot=0.3048m.
(d) Entrance and access to workspace. At least one entrance
not less than 24 inches (610 mm) wide and 6 feet 6 inches (1.98
m) high shall be provided to give access to the working space
about electric equipment. On switchboard and control panels
exceeding 48 inches (1.22 m) in width, there shall be one entrance
at each end of such board where practicable. Where bare energized
parts at any voltage or insulated energized parts above 600
volts are located adjacent to such entrance, they shall be guarded.
(12) Welding and cutting equipment. Welding and cutting equipment
shall meet the requirements specified in Parts D and H of this
chapter.
(1) Use and identification of grounded and grounding conductors.
(a) Identification of conductors. A conductor used as a grounded
conductor shall be identifiable and distinguishable from all
other conductors. A conductor used as an equipment grounding
conductor shall be identifiable and distinguishable from all
other conductors.
(b) Polarity of connections. No grounded conductor shall be
attached to any terminal or lead so as to reverse designated
polarity.
(c) Use of grounding terminals and devices. A grounding terminal
or grounding-type device on a receptacle, cord connector, or
attachment plug shall not be used for purposes other than grounding.
(2) Branch circuits.
(a) Ground-fault protection.
(i) General. The employer shall use either ground-fault circuit
interrupters as specified in (a)(ii) of this subsection or
an assured equipment grounding conductor program as specified
in (a)(iii) of this subsection to protect employees on construction
sites. These requirements are in addition to any other requirements
for equipment grounding conductors.
(ii) Ground-fault circuit interrupters. All 120-volt, single-phase,
15-ampere and 20-ampere receptacle outlets on construction
sites, which are not a part of the permanent wiring of the
building or structure and which are in use by employees, shall
have approved ground-fault circuit interrupters for personnel
protection. Receptacles on a two-wire, single-phase portable
or vehicle-mounted generator rated not more than 5kW, where
the circuit conductors of the generator are insulated from
the generator frame and all other grounded surfaces, need
not be protected with ground-fault circuit interrupters.
(iii) Assured equipment grounding conductor program. The
employer shall establish and implement an assured equipment
grounding conductor program on construction sites covering
all cord sets, receptacles which are not a part of the building
or structure, and equipment connected by cord and plug which
are available for use or used by employees. This program shall
comply with the following minimum requirements:
(A) A written description of the program, including the
specific procedures adopted by the employer, shall be available
at the jobsite for inspection and copying by the director
and any affected employee.
(B) The employer shall designate one or more competent
persons (as defined in WAC
296-155-012(4)) to implement the program, and to perform
continuing tests and inspections as required.
(C) Each cord set, attachment cap, plug and receptacle
of cord sets, and any equipment connected by cord and plug,
except cord sets and receptacles which are fixed and not
exposed to damage, shall be visually inspected before each
day's use for external defects, such as deformed or missing
pins or insulation damage, and for indications of possible
internal damage. Equipment found damaged or defective shall
not be used until repaired.
(D) The following tests shall be performed on all cord
sets, receptacles which are not a part of the permanent
wiring of the building or structure, and cord-connected
and plug-connected equipment required to be grounded:
(I) All equipment grounding conductors shall be tested
for continuity and shall be electrically continuous.
(II) Each receptacle and attachment cap or plug shall
be tested for correct attachment of the equipment grounding
conductor. The equipment grounding conductor shall be
connected to its proper terminal.
(III) Each outlet receptacle, or power source shall be
tested to ensure proper polarity.
(E) All required tests shall be performed:
(I) Before first use;
(II) Before equipment is returned to service following
any repairs;
(III) Before equipment is used after any incident which
can be reasonably suspected to have caused damage (for
example, when a cord set is run over); and
(IV) At intervals not to exceed 3 months, except that
cord sets and receptacles which are fixed and not exposed
to damage shall be tested at intervals not exceeding 6
months.
(F) The employer shall not make available or permit the
use by employees of any equipment which has not met the
requirements of (a)(iii) of this subsection.
(G) Tests performed as required in this subsection shall
be recorded. This test record shall identify each receptacle,
cord set, and cord-connected and plug-connected equipment
that passed the test and shall indicate the last date it
was tested or the interval for which it was tested. This
record shall be kept by means of logs, color coding, or
other effective means and shall be maintained until replaced
by a more current record. The record shall be made available
on the jobsite for inspection by the director and any affected
employee.
(b) Outlet devices. Outlet devices shall have an ampere rating
not less than the load to be served and shall comply with the
following:
(i) Single receptacles. A single receptacle installed on
an individual branch circuit shall have an ampere rating of
not less than that of the branch circuit.
(ii) Two or more receptacles. Where connected to a branch
circuit supplying two or more receptacles or outlets, receptacle
ratings shall conform to the values listed in Table I-4.
(iii) Receptacles used for the connection of motors. The
rating of an attachment plug or receptacle used for cord-connection
and plug-connection of a motor to a branch circuit shall not
exceed 15 amperes at 125 volts or 10 amperes at 250 volts
if individual overload protection is omitted.
Table I-4
Receptacle Ratings for Various Size Circuits
Circuit
Rating Ampheres
Receptacle
Rating Ampheres
15
Not over
15
20
15 or
20
30
30
40
40 or
50
50
50
(3) Outside conductors and lamps.
(a) 600 volts, nominal, or less. (a)(i) through (iv)(D) of
this subsection apply to branch circuit, feeder, and service
conductors rated 600 volts, nominal, or less and run outdoors
as open conductors.
(i) Conductors on poles. Conductors supported on poles shall
provide a horizontal climbing space not less than the following:
(A) Power conductors below communication conductors: 30
inches (762 mm).
(B) Power conductors alone or above communication conductors:
300 volts or less-24 inches (610 mm); more than 300 volts-30
inches (762 mm).
(C) Communication conductors below power conductors: With
power conductors 300 volts or less-24 inches (610 mm); more
than 300 volts-30 inches (762 mm).
(ii) Clearance from ground. Open conductors shall conform
to the following minimum clearances:
(A) 10 feet (3.05 m)-above finished grade, sidewalks, or
from any platform or projection from which they might be
reached.
(B) 12 feet (3.66 m)-over areas subject to vehicular traffic
other than truck traffic.
(C) 15 feet (4.57 m)-over areas other than those specified
in (a)(ii)(D) of this subsection that are subject to truck
traffic.
(D) 18 feet (5.49 m)-over public streets, alleys, roads,
and driveways.
(iii) Clearance from building openings. Conductors shall
have a clearance of at least 3 feet (914 mm) from windows,
doors, fire escapes, or similar locations. Conductors run
above the top level of a window are considered to be out of
reach from that window and, therefore, do not have to be 3
feet (914 mm) away.
(iv) Clearance over roofs. Conductors above roof space accessible
to employees on foot shall have a clearance from the highest
point of the roof surface of not less than 8 feet (2.44 m)
vertical clearance for insulated conductors, not less than
10 feet (3.05 m) vertical or diagonal clearance for covered
conductors, and not less than 15 feet (4.57 m) for bare conductors,
except that:
(A) Where the roof space is also accessible to vehicular
traffic, the vertical clearance shall not be less than 18
feet (5.49 m); or
(B) Where the roof space is not normally accessible to
employees on foot, fully insulated conductors shall have
a vertical or diagonal clearance of not less than 3 feet
(914 mm); or
(C) Where the voltage between conductors is 300 volts or
less and the roof has a slope of not less than 4 inches
(102 mm) in 12 inches (305 mm), the clearance from roofs
shall be at least 3 feet (914 mm); or
(D) Where the voltage between conductors is 300 volts or
less and the conductors do not pass over more than 4 feet
(1.22 m) of the overhang portion of the roof and they are
terminated at a through-the-roof raceway or support, the
clearance from roofs shall be at least 18 inches (457 mm).
(b) Location of outdoor lamps. Lamps for outdoor lighting
shall be located below all live conductors, transformers,
or other electric equipment, unless such equipment is controlled
by a disconnecting means that can be locked in the open position
or unless adequate clearances or other safeguards are provided
for relamping operations.
(4) Services.
(a) Disconnecting means.
(i) General. Means shall be provided to disconnect all conductors
in a building or other structure from the service-entrance
conductors. The disconnecting means shall plainly indicate
whether it is in the open or closed position and shall be
installed at a readily accessible location nearest the point
of entrance of the service-entrance conductors.
(ii) Simultaneous opening of poles. Each service disconnecting
means shall simultaneously disconnect all ungrounded conductors.
(b) Services over 600 volts, nominal. The following additional
requirements apply to services over 600 volts, nominal.
(i) Guarding. Service-entrance conductors installed as open
wires shall be guarded to make them accessible only to qualified
persons.
(ii) Warning signs. Signs warning of high voltage shall be
posted where unauthorized employees might come in contact
with live parts.
(5) Overcurrent protection.
(a) 600 volts, nominal, or less. The following requirements
apply to overcurrent protection of circuits rated 600 volts,
nominal, or less.
(i) Protection of conductors and equipment. Conductors and
equipment shall be protected from overcurrent in accordance
with their ability to safely conduct current. Conductors shall
have sufficient ampacity to carry the load.
(ii) Grounded conductors. Except for motor-running overload
protection, overcurrent devices shall not interrupt the continuity
of the grounded conductor unless all conductors of the circuit
are opened simultaneously.
(iii) Disconnection of fuses and thermal cutouts. Except
for devices provided for current-limiting on the supply side
of the service disconnecting means, all cartridge fuses which
are accessible to other than qualified persons and all fuses
and thermal cutouts on circuits over 150 volts to ground shall
be provided with disconnecting means. This disconnecting means
shall be installed so that the fuse or thermal cutout can
be disconnected from its supply without disrupting service
to equipment and circuits unrelated to those protected by
the overcurrent device.
(iv) Location in or on premises. Overcurrent devices shall
be readily accessible. Overcurrent devices shall not be located
where they could create an employee safety hazard by being
exposed to physical damage or located in the vicinity of easily
ignitible material.
(v) Arcing or suddenly moving parts. Fuses and circuit breakers
shall be so located or shielded that employees will not be
burned or otherwise injured by their operation.
(vi) Circuit breakers.
(A) Circuit breakers shall clearly indicate whether they
are in the open (off) or closed (on) position.
(B) Where circuit breaker handles on switchboards are operated
vertically rather than horizontally or rotationally, the
up position of the handle shall be the closed (on) position.
(C) If used as switches in 120-volt, fluorescent lighting
circuits, circuit breakers shall be marked “SWD.”
(b) Over 600 volts, nominal. Feeders and branch circuits over
600 volts, nominal, shall have short-circuit protection.
(6) Effective grounding. The path from circuits, equipment, structures,
and conduit or enclosures to ground shall be permanent and continuous;
have ample carrying capacity to conduct safely the currents liable
to be imposed on it; and have the impedance sufficiently low to
limit the potential above ground and to result in the operation
of the overcurrent devices in the circuit. (a) through (k) of
this subsection contain grounding requirements for systems, circuits,
and equipment.
(a) Systems to be grounded. The following systems which supply
premises wiring shall be grounded:
(i) Three-wire DC systems. All three-wire DC systems shall
have their neutral conductor grounded.
(ii) Two-wire DC systems. Two-wire DC systems operating at
over 50 volts through 300 volts between conductors shall be
grounded unless they are rectifier-derived from an AC system
complying with (a)(iii), (iv), and (v) of this subsection.
(iii) AC circuits, less than 50 volts. AC circuits of less
than 50 volts shall be grounded if they are installed as overhead
conductors outside of buildings or if they are supplied by
transformers and the transformer primary supply system is
ungrounded or exceeds 150 volts to ground.
(iv) AC systems, 50 volts to 1000 volts. AC systems of 50
volts to 1000 volts shall be grounded under any of the following
conditions, unless exempted by (a)(v) of this subsection:
(A) If the system can be so grounded that the maximum voltage
to ground on the ungrounded conductors does not exceed 150
volts;
(B) If the system is nominally rated 480Y/277 volt, 3-phase,
4-wire in which the neutral is used as a circuit conductor;
(C) If the system is nominally rated 240/120 volt, 3-phase,
4-wire in which the midpoint of one phase is used as a circuit
conductor; or
(D) If a service conductor is uninsulated.
(v) Exceptions. AC systems of 50 volts to 1000 volts are
not required to be grounded if the system is separately derived
and is supplied by a transformer that has a primary voltage
rating less than 1000 volts, provided all of the following
conditions are met:
(A) The system is used exclusively for control circuits;
(B) The conditions of maintenance and supervision assure
that only qualified persons will service the installation;
(C) Continuity of control power is required; and
(D) Ground detectors are installed on the control system.
(b) Separately derived systems. Where (a) of this subsection
requires grounding of wiring systems whose power is derived
from generator, transformer, or converter windings and has no
direct electrical connection, including a solidly connected
grounded circuit conductor, to supply conductors originating
in another system, (e) of this subsection shall also apply.
(c) Portable and vehicle-mounted generators.
(i) Portable generators. Under the following conditions,
the frame of a portable generator need not be grounded and
may serve as the grounding electrode for a system supplied
by the generator:
(A) The generator supplies only equipment mounted on the
generator and/or cord-connected and plug-connected equipment
through receptacles mounted on the generator; and
(B) The noncurrent-carrying metal parts of equipment and
the equipment grounding conductor terminals of the receptacles
are bonded to the generator frame.
(ii) Vehicle-mounted generators. Under the following conditions
the frame of a vehicle may serve as the grounding electrode
for a system supplied by a generator located on the vehicle:
(A) The frame of the generator is bonded to the vehicle
frame; and
(B) The generator supplies only equipment located on the
vehicle and/or cord-connected and plug-connected equipment
through receptacles mounted on the vehicle or on the generator;
and
(C) The noncurrent-carrying metal parts of equipment and
the equipment grounding conductor terminals of the receptacles
are bonded to the generator frame; and
(D) The system complies with all other provisions of this
section.
(iii) Neutral conductor bonding. A neutral conductor shall
be bonded to the generator frame if the generator is a component
of a separately derived system. No other conductor need be
bonded to the generator frame.
(d) Conductors to be grounded. For AC premises wiring systems
the identified conductor shall be grounded.
(e) Grounding connections.
(i) Grounded system. For a grounded system, a grounding electrode
conductor shall be used to connect both the equipment grounding
conductor and the grounded circuit conductor to the grounding
electrode. Both the equipment grounding conductor and the
grounding electrode conductor shall be connected to the grounded
circuit conductor on the supply side of the service disconnecting
means, or on the supply side of the system disconnecting means
or overcurrent devices if the system is separately derived.
(ii) Ungrounded systems. For an ungrounded service-supplied
system, the equipment grounding conductor shall be connected
to the grounding electrode conductor at the service equipment.
For an ungrounded separately derived system, the equipment
grounding conductor shall be connected to the grounding electrode
conductor at, or ahead of, the system disconnecting means
or overcurrent devices.
(f) Grounding path. The path to ground from circuits, equipment,
and enclosures shall be permanent and continuous.
(g) Supports, enclosures, and equipment to be grounded.
(i) Supports and enclosures for conductors. Metal cable trays,
metal raceways, and metal enclosures for conductors shall
be grounded, except that:
(A) Metal enclosures such as sleeves that are used to protect
cable assemblies from physical damage need not be grounded;
and
(B) Metal enclosures for conductors added to existing installations
of open wire, knob-and-tube wiring, and nonmetallic-sheathed
cable need not be grounded if all of the following conditions
are met:
(I) Runs are less than 25 feet (7.62 m);
(II) Enclosures are free from probable contact with ground,
grounded metal, metal laths, or other conductive materials;
and
(III) Enclosures are guarded against employee contact.
(ii) Service equipment enclosures. Metal enclosures for service
equipment shall be grounded.
(iii) Fixed equipment. Exposed noncurrent-carrying metal
parts of fixed equipment which may become energized shall
be grounded under any of the following conditions:
(A) If within 8 feet (2.44 m) vertically or 5 feet (1.52
m) horizontally of ground or grounded metal objects and
subject to employee contact.
(B) If located in a wet or damp location and subject to
employee contact.
(C) If in electrical contact with metal.
(D) If in a hazardous (classified) location.
(E) If supplied by a metal-clad, metal-sheathed, or grounded
metal raceway wiring method.
(F) If equipment operates with any terminal at over 150
volts to ground; however, the following need not be grounded:
(I) Enclosures for switches or circuit breakers used
for other than service equipment and accessible to qualified
persons only;
For
printing