Accessory - a secondary part or assembly of parts which
contributes to the overall function and usefulness of a machine.
Administrative or regulatory authority - a governmental
agency, or the employer in the absence of governmental jurisdiction.
Angle indicator (boom) - an accessory which measures the
angle of the boom to the horizontal.
Appointed - assigned specific responsibilities by the
employer or the employer's representative.
Authorized person - means a person approved or assigned
by the employer to perform a specific type of duty or duties or
be at a specific location or locations at the workplace.
Auxiliary hoist - a secondary hoist rope system used either
in conjunction with, or independently of, the main hoist system.
Axis of rotation - the vertical axis around which the
crane superstructure rotates.
Axle - the shaft or spindle with which or about which
a wheel rotates. On wheel-mounted cranes it refers to a type of
axle assembly including housings, gearing, differential, bearings,
and mounting appurtenances.
Axle (bogie) - two or more axles mounted in tandem in
a frame so as to divide the load between the axles and permit
vertical oscillation of the wheels.
Ballast - weight used to supplement the weight of the
machine in providing stability for lifting working loads (the
term ballast is normally associated with locomotive cranes).
Base, anchor bolt - a crane base that is bolted to a footing.
Base, expendable - for static-mounting cranes, a style
of bottom mast section or member that is cast into a concrete
footing block; all or part of this component is lost to future
installations.
Base, fixed - a crane base that does not travel. It may
be expendable, knee braced, or anchor bolted.
Base (mounting) - the traveling base on which the rotating
superstructure of a locomotive or crawler crane is mounted.
Base, tower crane - the lowermost supporting component
of the crane.
Base, travel - a crane base that is a ballasted platform
mounted on trucks that ride along rails.
Boom (crane) - a member hinged at the rotating superstructure
and used for supporting the existing tackle.
Boom angle - the angle above or below horizontal of the
longitudinal axis of the base boom section.
Boom hoist mechanism - means for supporting the boom and
controlling the boom angle.
Boom point - the outer extremity of the crane boom, containing
the hoist sheave assembly.
Boom point sheave assembly - an assembly of sheaves and
pin built as an integral part of the boom point.
Boom stop - a device used to limit the angle of the boom
at the highest recommended position.
Brake - a device used for retarding or stopping motion.
Brace, tower - a structural attachment placed between
a crane tower and an adjacent structure to pass loads to the adjacent
structure and permit the crane to be erected to greater than free
standing height.
Buffer - an energy absorbing device for reducing impact
when a moving crane or trolley reaches the end of its permitted
travel.
Cab - a housing which covers the rotating superstructure
machinery, or the operator's or driver's station.
Climbing frame - a frame used with climbing cranes to
transmit operational and climbing reactions to the host building
frame.
Climbing ladder - a steel member with crossbars (used
in parts) suspended from a climbing frame and used as jacking
support points when some cranes climb.
Clutch - a means for engagement or disengagement of power.
Commercial truck vehicle - a commercial motor vehicle
designed primarily for the transportation of property in connection
with business and industry.
Counterweight - weight used to supplement the weight of
the machine in providing stability for lifting working loads.
Counterweight jib - a horizontal member of a crane on
which the counterweights and usually the hoisting machinery are
mounted.
Crane carrier - the undercarriage of a wheel-mounted crane
specifically designed for transporting the rotating crane superstructure.
It may or may not provide its own travel mechanism. It is distinguished
from a commercial truck vehicle in that it is not designed to
transport personnel, materials, or equipment other than the crane-rotating
superstructure.
Cross-over points - in multiple layer spooling of rope
on a drum, those points of rope contact where the rope crosses
the preceding rope layer.
Designated - selected or assigned by the employer or the
employer's representative as being competent to perform specific
duties.
Drum - the cylindrical member around which a rope is
wound for lifting and lowering the load or boom.
Dynamic (loading) - loads introduced into the machine
or its components due to accelerating or decelerating forces.
Flange point - a point of contact between rope and drum
flange where the rope changes layers.
Free standing height - that height of a crane which is
supported by the tower (mast) alone without assistance from braces,
guys, or other means.
Gage, track - the horizontal distance between two rails
measured perpendicular to the direction of travel.
Gantry (A-frame) - a structural frame, extending above
the superstructure, to which the boom support ropes are reeved.
High strength (traction) bolts - high strength tensile
bolts used in the assembly of crane sections. The bolts are installed
in tension by torquing or other means at a level greater than
that produced by in-or out-of-service loads for the purpose of
reducing the likelihood of bolt fatigue failure.
Hoist mechanism - a hoist drum and rope reeving system
used for lifting and lowering loads.
Jib - an extension attached to the boom point to provide
added boom length for lifting specified loads. The jib may be
in line with the boom or offset to various angles in the vertical
plane of the boom.
Jib backstop - a device which will restrain the jib from
turning over backward.
Job site - work area defined by the construction contract.
Limiting device - a mechanical device which is operated
by some part of a power driven machine or equipment to control
loads or motions of the machine or equipment.
Load (working) - the external load in pounds (kilograms)
applied to the crane, including the weight of load-attaching equipment
such as lower load block, shackles, and slings.
Load block, lower - the assembly of hook or shackle, swivel,
sheaves, pins, and frame suspended by the hoisting ropes.
Load block, upper - the assembly of shackle, swivel, sheaves,
pins, and frame suspended from the boom point.
Load ratings - crane ratings in pounds (kilograms) established
by the manufacturer.
Mast (boom) - a frame hinged at or near the boom hinge
for use in connection with supporting a boom. The head of the
mast is usually supported and raised or lowered by the boom hoist
ropes.
Mast (jib) - a frame hinged at or near the boom point
for use in connection with supporting a jib.
Normal operating conditions.
Cab- or station-operated cranes - conditions during which
a crane is performing functions within the manufacturer's operating
recommendations. Under these conditions, the operator is at the
operating control devices on the crane, and no other persons except
those appointed are to be on the crane.
Ground- or floor-operated cranes - conditions during which
a crane is performing functions within the manufacturer's operating
recommendations. Under these conditions, the operator is at the
operating control devices that are mounted to the crane but operated
with the operator off the crane, and no other persons except those
appointed are to be on the crane.
Remote-operated cranes - conditions during which a crane
is performing functions within the manufacturer's operating recommendations.
Under these conditions, the operator is at the operating control
devices that are mounted to any part of the crane, and no other
persons except those appointed are to be on the crane.
Out-of-service - the condition of a crane when unloaded,
without power and with the controls unattended and prepared to
endure winds above the in-service level.
Outriggers - extendable or fixed members attached to the
mounting base, which rest on supports at the outer ends used to
support the crane.
Pawl (dog) - a device for positively holding a member
against motion in one or more directions.
Payload - that load or loads being transported by the
commercial truck chassis from place to place.
Pendant - a rope or strand of specified length with fixed
end connections.
Pitch diameter - the diameter of a sheave or rope drum
measured at the center line of the rope.
Power-controlled lowering - a system or device in the
power train, other than the load hoist brake, which can control
the lowering rate of speed of the load hoist mechanism.
Qualified person - a person who, by possession of a recognized
degree or certificate of professional standing, or who, by extensive
knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated
the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject
matter and work.
Radius (load) - the horizontal distance from a projection
of the axis of rotation to the base of the crane, before loading,
to the center of the vertical hoist line or tackle with load applied.
Rail clamp - a tong-like metal device mounted on a locomotive
crane car, which can be connected to the track.
Reeving - a rope system in which the rope travels around
drums and sheaves.
Remote control station - a location, not on the crane,
from which the operator can control all the crane movements.
Repetitive pickup point - when operating on a short cycle
operation, the rope being used on a single layer and being spooled
repetitively over a short portion of the drum.
Rope - refers to wire rope unless otherwise specified.
Rotation resistant rope - a wire rope consisting of an
inner layer of strand laid in one direction covered by a layer
of strand laid in the opposite direction. This has the effect
of counteracting torque by reducing the tendency of the finished
rope to rotate.
Running rope - a rope which travels around sheaves or
drums.
Shall - this word indicates that the rule is mandatory
and must be followed.
Service, light - service that involves irregular operation
with loads generally about one-half or less of the rated load;
a service crane at a storage yard or building site would be an
example.
Service, normal - service that involves operating occasionally
at rated load but normally at less than eighty-five percent of
the rated load and not more than ten lift cycles per hour except
for isolated instances; a crane used for concrete placement at
a building site would be an example.
Service, heavy - service that involves operating at eighty-five
percent to one hundred percent of the rated load or in excess
of ten lift cycles per hour as a regular specified procedure;
some cranes operating at material yards or in industrial applications
may fall into this category.
Sheave - a grooved wheel or pulley used with a rope to
change the direction and point of application of a pulling force.
Should - this word indicates that the rule is a recommendation,
the advisability of which depends on the facts in each situation.
Side loading - a load applied to an angle to the vertical
plane of the boom.
Stabilizer - stabilizers are extendable or fixed members
attached to the mounting base to increase the stability of the
crane, but which may not have the capability of relieving all
of the weight from wheels or tracks.
Standby crane - a crane which is not in regular service
but which is used occasionally or intermittently as required.
Standing (guy) rope - a supporting rope which maintains
a constant distance between the points of attachment to the two
components connected by the rope.
Structural competence - the ability of the machine and
its components to withstand the stresses imposed by applied loads.
Superstructure - the rotating upper frame structure of
the machine and the operating machinery mounted thereon.
Swing - rotation of the superstructure for movement of
loads in a horizontal direction about the axis of rotation.
Swing mechanism - the machinery involved in providing
rotation of the superstructure.
Swivel - a load carrying member with thrust bearings to
permit rotation under load in a plane perpendicular to the direction
of the load.
Swiveling - the rotation of the load attachment portion
(hook or shackle) of a load block (lower) or hook assembly about
its axis of suspension in relation to the load line(s).
Tackle - an assembly of ropes and sheaves arranged for
lifting, lowering, or pulling.
Telescoping boom - consists of a base boom from which
one or more boom sections are telescoped for additional length.
Telescoping (tower crane) - a process whereby the height
of a traveling or fixed base crane is increased typically by raising
the inner tower and then adding sections at the top of the outer
tower; there are also cranes that are telescoped by adding to
the inner tower from below.
Tower (mast) - a vertical structural frame consisting
of columns and bracing capable of supporting an upperstructure
with its working and dynamic loads and transmitting them to the
supporting surface or structure.
Traction (high strength) bolts - see high strength bolts.
Transit - the moving or transporting of a crane from one
job site to another.
Travel - the function of the machine moving under its
own power from one location to another on a job site.
Trolley - the device that travels along the load jib and
contains the upper load block.
Two-blocking - the condition in which the lower load block
or hook assembly comes in contact with the upper load block or
boom point sheave assembly.
Weathervaning - wind induced rotation of a crane upperstructure,
when out-of-service, to expose minimal surface area to the wind.
Wedge - a tapered wood or steel device used to provide
stability to cranes during use as a climber. When the wedges are
tightened against the four main legs of the tower, they convert
overturning moments into horizontal forces to be resisted by the
floor framing or slab.
Wheel base - the distance between centers of front and
rear axles. For a multiple axle assembly the axle center for wheel
base measurement is taken as the midpoint of the assembly.
Whipline (runner or auxiliary) - a secondary rope system
usually of lighter load capacity than that provided by the main
rope system.
Winch head - a power driven spool for handling of loads
by means of friction between fiber or wire rope and the spool.
(2) General requirements.
(a) The employer shall comply with the manufacturer's specifications
and limitations applicable to the operation of any and all cranes
and derricks. Where manufacturer's specifications are not available
the limitations assigned to the equipment shall be based on
the determinations of a qualified engineer, competent in this
field and such determinations will be appropriately documented
and recorded. Attachments used with cranes shall not exceed
the capacity, rating, or scope recommended by the manufacturer.
(b) Rated load capacities, and recommended operating speeds,
and special hazard warnings, or instruction, shall be conspicuously
posted on all equipment. Instructions or warnings shall be visible
to the operator while at the control station.
(c) Hand signals to crane and derrick operators shall be those
prescribed by the applicable ANSI standard for the type of crane
in use. An illustration of the signals shall be posted at the
job site.
(d) The employer shall designate a competent person who shall
inspect all machinery and equipment prior to each use, and periodically
during use to make sure it is in safe operating condition. Any
deficiencies shall be repaired, or defective parts replaced,
before continued use.
(e) A thorough, annual inspection of the hoisting machinery
shall be made by a competent person, or by a government or private
agency recognized by the department. The employer shall maintain
a permanent record of the dates and results of all inspections
for each hoisting machine and piece of equipment.
(f) A tag line or guide rope shall be used on all loads that
swing freely. Guide ropes or tag lines shall be held by experienced
persons.
(g) Care shall be taken to guard against injury to workers,
or damage to scaffolds or buildings, from swinging loads.
(h) The operator shall avoid carrying loads over people.
(i) When work is stopped or when the derrick is not in operation,
the boom shall be lowered to a horizontal position or tied in
place to prevent it whipping with the wind or other external
force.
(j) Only authorized personnel shall make sling hitches on loads.
(k) Workers shall not be allowed to ride on loads handled by
derricks.
(l) Operators shall observe signals only from duly authorized
persons. Under no circumstances shall a load be moved until
the signal is received from authorized personnel.
(m) Belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums,
fly wheels, chains, or other reciprocating, rotating, or other
moving parts or equipment shall be guarded if such parts are
exposed to contact by employees, or otherwise create a hazard.
Guarding shall meet the requirements of chapter 296-806
WAC, Machine safety.
(n) A minimum distance of thirty inches clearance shall be
maintained between the swing radius of the greatest extension
of the crane superstructure or counterweights and a stationary
object, including the crane itself, while the crane is in operation.
When this clearance cannot be maintained, suitable barricades
or safeguards shall be used to isolate the pinch point hazard
area.
(o) All exhaust pipes shall be guarded or insulated where contact
by employees, in the performance of normal duties, is possible.
(3) Additional requirements.
(a) Whenever internal combustion engine powered equipment exhausts
in enclosed spaces, tests shall be made and recorded to see
that employees are not exposed to unsafe concentrations of toxic
gases or oxygen deficient atmospheres. (See chapter
296-62 WAC, the general occupational health standards and
chapter 298-841-WAC,
identifying and controlling respiratory hazards.)
(b) All cab glazing shall be safety glazing material. Windows
shall be provided in the front and on both sides of the cab
or operator's compartment with visibility forward and to either
side. Visibility forward shall include a vertical range adequate
to cover the boom point at all times. The front window may have
a section which can be readily removed or held open, if desired.
If the section is of the type held in the open position, it
shall be secured to prevent inadvertent closure. A windshield
wiper should be provided on the front window.
(c) (i) Where necessary for rigging or service requirements,
a ladder or steps shall be provided to give access to a cab
roof.
(ii) On cranes, guardrails, handholds and steps shall be
provided for easy access to the car and cab in accordance
with chapter
296-155 WAC, Part C-1 and
Part J.
(iii) Platforms and walkways shall have anti-skid surfaces.
(d) Fuel tank filler pipe shall be located in such a position,
or protected in such manner, as to not allow spill or overflow
to run onto the engine, exhaust, or electrical equipment of
any machine being fueled.
(i) An accessible fire extinguisher of 5BC rating, or higher,
shall be available at all operator stations or cabs of equipment.
Note: For additional requirements relating
to portable fire extinguishers see WAC
296-800-300.
(ii) All fuels shall be transported, stored, and handled
to meet the rules of Part D of this chapter. When fuel is
transported by vehicles on public highways, department of
transportation rules concerning such vehicular transportation
are considered applicable.
(e) Except where electrical distribution and transmission lines
have been deenergized and visibly grounded at point of work
or where insulating barriers, not a part of or an attachment
to the equipment or machinery, have been erected to prevent
physical contact with the lines, equipment or machines shall
be operated proximate to power lines only in accordance with
the following:
(i) For lines rated 50 kV. or below, minimum clearance between
the lines and any part of the crane or load shall be 10 feet;
(ii) For lines rated over 50 kV., minimum clearance between
the lines and any part of the crane or load shall be 10 feet
plus 0.4 inch for each 1 kV. over 50 kV., or twice the length
of the line insulator, but never less than 10 feet;
(iii) In transit with no load and boom lowered, the equipment
clearance shall be a minimum of 4 feet for voltages less than
50 kV., and 10 feet for voltages over 50 kV. up to and including
345 kV., and 16 feet for voltages up to and including 750
kV;
(iv) A person shall be designated to observe clearance of
the equipment and give timely warning to insure that the required
separation is maintained for all operations where it is difficult
for the operator to maintain the desired clearance by visual
means;
(v) Cage-type boom guards, insulating links, or proximity
warning devices may be used on cranes, but the use of such
devices shall not alter the requirements of any other regulation
of this part even if such device is required by law or regulation;
(vi) Any overhead wire shall be considered to be an energized
line unless and until the person owning such line or the electrical
utility authorities indicate that it is not an energized line
and it has been visibly grounded;
(vii) Prior to work near transmitter tower where an electrical
charge can be induced in the equipment or materials being
handled, the transmitter shall be deenergized or tests shall
be made to determine if electrical charge is induced on the
crane.
(f) The following precautions shall be taken when necessary
to dissipate induced voltage:
(i) The equipment shall be provided with an electrical ground
directly to the upper rotating structure supporting the boom;
and
(ii) Ground jumper cables shall be attached to materials
being handled by boom equipment when electrical charge is
induced while working near energized transmitters. Crews shall
be provided with nonconductive poles having large alligator
clips or other similar protection to attach the ground cable
to the load.
(iii) Combustible and flammable materials shall be removed
from the immediate area prior to operations.
(g) No modifications or additions which affect the capacity
or safe operation of the equipment shall be made by the employer
without the manufacturer's or a qualified engineer's written
approval. If such modifications or changes are made, the capacity,
operation, and maintenance instruction plates, tags, or decals,
shall be changed accordingly. In no case shall the original
safety factor of the equipment be reduced.
(h) The employer shall comply with Power Crane and Shovel Association,
Mobile Hydraulic Crane Standard No. 2.
(i) Sideboom cranes mounted on wheel or crawler tractors shall
meet the requirements of SAE J743a-1964.
(4) Crawler, locomotive, and truck cranes.
(a) All jibs shall have positive stops to prevent their movement
of more than 5° above the straight line of the jib and boom
on conventional type crane booms. The use of cable type belly
slings does not constitute compliance with this standard.
(b) All crawler, truck or locomotive cranes in use shall meet
the applicable requirements for design, inspection, construction,
testing, maintenance and operation as prescribed in the ANSI
B30.5-1989, Safety Code for Crawler, Locomotive and Truck Cranes.
(5) Tower cranes.
(a) Tower cranes shall be erected, jumped and dismantled under
the immediate supervision of a competent person, designated
by the employer.
(b) Tower cranes shall be erected, maintained and used in accordance
with the manufacturer's specifications, recommendations and
procedures. All modifications shall be approved by the manufacturer
and engineered by a professional engineer. The safety factors
shall not be reduced by any modifications. The crane plates
and charts shall be changed to reflect any modifications made.
(c) A professional engineer shall certify that the crane foundations
and underlying soil are adequate support for the tower crane
with its maximum overturning movement.
(d) Tower cranes shall be positioned whereby they can swing
360° without either the counterweight or jib striking any building,
structure or other object, except:
(i) If the crane can strike an object or another crane, suitable
limit switches shall be installed which will prohibit contact
with such objects, or;
(ii) Direct voice communications shall be established between
any operator of the tower crane(s) involved and a signalperson
so stationed where the boom and/or counterweight movement,
and the object with which it may contact can be observed so
that the operator(s) can be warned of imminent danger.
(iii) A secondary means of positive communications shall
be established as a back-up for possible direct voice communication
failure.
(iv) Radio communication systems without tone coded squelch
are prohibited. Citizens band radios shall not be used as
a means of communications for tower cranes.
(e) Prior to installing a climbing tower crane within an existing
building or new construction, a structural engineer shall certify
that the building is designed to withstand the torque and floor
loading created by the crane to be installed.
(f) Tower cranes erected on a new foundation shall be tested
in accordance with ANSI B30.3-1990 Chapter 3-1.
(i) The test shall consist of suspending a load of not less
than 110% of the rated capacity for 15 minutes. The load shall
be suspended from the furthest point of the length of boom
(jib) to be used. The results of this test shall be within
the manufacturer's recommendations and/or specifications.
(ii) A record of each test shall be made and signed by the
person responsible for conducting the test. Such records shall
be maintained on the construction site for the duration of
the construction work for which it was erected and subsequently
made a part of the firm's permanent equipment records. Records
shall be made available to authorized representatives of the
department, upon request.
(g) A capacity chart shall be furnished by each crane manufacturer
which shall include a full and complete range of crane load
ratings at all stated operating radii for each allowable speed
and each recommended counterweight load.
(i) Such chart shall be posted in the operator's cab or at
the remote control stand in use. In lieu of the chart at the
remote control stand, a minimum of two weight capacity signs
shall be affixed to the jib or boom.
(ii) The chart shall be visible and readable to the operator
while at the normal operating position.
(h) Operating controls shall be properly marked to indicate
the function of the controls in each position.
(i) An operating and maintenance manual written in the English
language shall be provided with each tower crane.
(j) Limit switches shall be installed and shall be kept properly
adjusted. They shall be protected or isolated in a manner which
will prevent unauthorized tampering. Limit switches shall provide
the following functions:
(i) Safely limit the travel of the trolley to prevent it
from hitting the outer end of the jib.
(ii) Limit the upward travel of the load block to prevent
two-blocking.
(iii) Lower over travel limiting devices shall be provided
for all load hoists where the hook area is not visible to
the operator.
(iv) Limit the load being lifted in a manner whereby no more
than 110% of the maximum rated load can be lifted or moved.
(k) The crane shall not be used to pull vehicles of any type,
remove piling, loosen form work, pull away loads which are attached
to the ground or walls, or for any operation other than the
proper handling of freely suspended loads.
(l) When the operator may be exposed to the hazard of falling
objects, the tower crane cab and/or remote control station shall
have adequate overhead protection.
(m) The operator shall be protected from the weather. If enclosed
cabs are provided they shall provide clear visibility in all
directions and glass shall be approved safety glass or the equivalent.
(n) An approved and safe means shall be provided for access
to operator's cab and machinery platform.
(o) When necessary for inspection or maintenance purposes,
ladders, walkways with railing or other devices shall be provided.
(p) Each tower crane shall be provided with a slewing brake
capable of preventing the jib or boom from rotating in either
direction and stopping the rotation of the jib or boom while
loaded, when desired. Such brake shall have a holding device
which, when set, will hold the jib or boom in a fixed location
without additional attention of the operator. When the crane
is out of operation, the jib or boom shall be pointed downwind
and the slewing brake shall be released so as to permit the
jib or boom to weathervane, providing the jib or boom has a
clear 360 degree rotation. Where a 360 degree rotation is not
provided, the jib or boom shall be pointed downwind from the
prevailing wind and the slewing brake set.
(q) Each tower crane shall be provided with a braking system
on the trolley capable of stopping and holding the trolley in
any desired position while carrying a maximum load. This brake
shall be capable of being locked in a fixed location without
additional attention of the operator. An automatic brake or
device shall be installed which will immediately stop and lock
the trolley in position in the event of a breakage of the trolley
rope.
(r) All electrical equipment shall be properly grounded and
protection shall be provided against lightning.
(s) When the operator is actually operating the crane, the
operator shall remain in a stationary position.
(t) All crane brakes shall automatically set in event of power
failure. Swing brakes shall also function in this manner or
be capable of being set manually.
(u) Climbing jack systems used for raising a tower crane shall
be equipped with over-pressure relief valves, direct-reading
pressure gauges, and pilot-operated hydraulic check valves installed
in a manner which will prevent jack from retracting should a
hydraulic line or fitting rupture or fail.
(v) During periods of high winds or weather affecting visibility,
i.e., fog, etc., only loads shall be handled that are consistent
with good safety practices. Good safety practices shall be mutually
agreed upon by the operator and the person in charge of the
construction job, with due consideration given to manufacturer's
specifications and recommendations.
(w) Counterweights shall be securely fastened in place and
shall not exceed the weight as recommended by the manufacturer
for the length of jib being used. However, an amount of counterweight
as recommended by the manufacturer shall be used.
(x) Tower cranes shall be inspected and maintained in accordance
with the manufacturer's recommendations or more frequently if
there is reason to suspect a possible defect or weakening of
any portion of the structure or equipment.
(y) Guy wires, wedges, braces or other supports shall be inspected
at the beginning and at midpoint of each working shift to ascertain
that they are functioning as intended.
(6) Additional tower crane requirements.
(a) An approved method must be instituted for transmitting
signals to the operator. Standard hand signals for crane operations
must be used, whenever possible; however, if conditions are
such that hand signals are ineffective, radio-controlled or
electric-whistle signal or two-way voice communication must
be used. (See WAC
296-155-525 (5)(d).)
(b) Tower cranes shall not be erected or raised when the wind
velocity at the worksite exceeds 20 m.p.h. or that specified
by the manufacturer.
(c) Tower crane operators shall be trained and experienced
in tower crane operations; however, for gaining experience,
persons may operate the tower crane if under the immediate supervision
of an experienced operator.
(d) Adequate clearance shall be maintained between moving and
rotating structures of the crane and fixed objects to allow
the passage of employees without harm.
(e) Employees required to perform duties on the horizontal
boom of hammerhead tower cranes shall be protected against falling
by guardrails or by a full body harness and lanyards attached
to crane or to lifelines in conformance with Part C-1 of this
chapter.
(f) Buffers shall be provided at both ends of travel of the
trolley.
(g) Cranes mounted on rail tracks shall be equipped with limit
switches limiting the travel of the crane on the track and stops
or buffers at each end of the tracks.
(h) All hammerhead tower cranes in use shall meet the applicable
requirements for design, construction, installation, testing,
maintenance, inspection, and operation as prescribed by the
manufacturer.
(i) Access ladders inside the telescoping sections of tower
cranes are exempt from those sections of the safety standards
pertaining to cleat length and cleat spacing, but shall conform
to manufacturer's recommendations and specifications.
(7) Overhead and gantry cranes.
(a) The rated load of the crane shall be plainly marked on
each side of the crane, and if the crane has more than one hoisting
unit, each hoist shall have its rated load marked on it or its
load block, and this marking shall be clearly legible from the
ground or floor.
(b) Bridge trucks shall be equipped with sweeps which extend
below the top of the rail and project in front of the truck
wheels.
(c) Except for floor-operated cranes, a gong or other effective
audible warning signal shall be provided for each crane equipped
with a power traveling mechanism.
(d) All overhead and gantry cranes in use shall meet the applicable
requirements for design, construction, installation, testing,
maintenance, inspection, and operation as prescribed in ANSI
B30.2.0-1990, Safety Code for Overhead and Gantry Cranes.
(8) Derricks. All derricks in use shall meet the applicable requirements
for design, construction, installation, inspection, testing, maintenance,
and operation as prescribed in American National Standard Institute
B30.6-1990, Safety Code for Derricks.
(9) Floating cranes and derricks.
(a) Mobile cranes mounted on barges.
(i) When a mobile crane is mounted on a barge, the rated
load of the crane shall not exceed the original capacity specified
by the manufacturer.
(ii) A load rating chart, with clearly legible letters and
figures, shall be provided with each crane, and securely fixed
at a location easily visible to the operator.
(iii) When load ratings are reduced to stay within the limits
for list of the barge with a crane mounted on it, a new load
rating chart shall be provided.
(iv) Mobile cranes on barges shall be positively secured.
(b) Permanently mounted floating cranes and derricks.
(i) When cranes and derricks are permanently installed on
a barge, the capacity and limitations of use shall be based
on competent design criteria.
(ii) A load rating chart with clearly legible letters and
figures shall be provided and securely fixed at a location
easily visible to the operator.
(iii) Floating cranes and floating derricks in use shall
meet the applicable requirements for design, construction,
installation, testing, maintenance, and operation as prescribed
by the manufacturer.
(c) Protection of employees working on barges. The employer
shall comply with the applicable requirements for protection
of employees as specified in WAC
296-155-630.
(10) Mobile cranes and excavation machines.
(a) In all power driven shovel operations the person in charge
shall issue instructions necessary to prevent accidents, to
detect and correct unsafe acts and dangerous conditions, and
to enforce all safety rules and regulations.
The person in charge shall also issue instructions on the proper
method of using tools and handling material.
(b) Where the ground is soft or uneven, timbering and planking
shall be used to provide firm foundation and distribute the
load.
(c) In case of a breakdown, the shovel shall be moved away
from the foot of the slope before repairs are made.
(d) All persons shall keep away from the range of the shovel's
swing and shall not be permitted to stand back of the shovel
or in line with the swing of the dipper during operation or
moving of shovel.
(e) Unauthorized persons shall not be allowed on the shovel
during operations, and the operator shall not converse with
other persons while operating machine.
(f) The shovel dipper shall rest on the ground or on blocking
during shut down periods.
(g) Shovels shall be inspected daily and all defects promptly
repaired.
(h) All rubber tired mobile cranes shall be equipped with outriggers
and sufficient blocking to properly stabilize crane while operating.
(i) Rubber tired mobile cranes shall be equipped with rear
view mirrors.
(j) Positive boom stops shall be provided on all mobile cranes
of the wheel and crawler type.
(k) Length of a crane boom and amount of counterweight shall
not exceed manufacturer's rated capacity for equipment involved;
except on isolated cases where permission is granted by the
department.
(l) On all cranes where wedge brackets are used as terminal
connections, the proper size wedge shall be used.
(m) On all mobile cranes, the hoist and boom drums shall be
provided with a positive operated pawl or dog which shall be
used in addition to the brake to hold the load and boom when
they are suspended. Counterweight operated dogs are prohibited.
(n) Oiling and greasing shall be done under safe conditions
with machine at rest, except when motion of machine is necessary.
(o) All steps, running boards, and boom ladder shall be of
substantial construction and in good repair at all times.
(p) Operators shall not leave the cab while master clutch is
engaged.
(q) Fire extinguishers shall be readily accessible and within
reach of operator at all times.
(r) All shovel and crane cabs shall be kept clean and free
of excess oil and grease on floor and machinery. Oily and greasy
rags shall be disposed of immediately after use and not allowed
to accumulate.
(s) Tools shall not be left on the cab floor. Spare cans of
oil or fuel, and spare parts, shall not be stored in cabs, except
in approved racks provided for that purpose.
(t) Mats or planking shall be used in moving shovels or cranes
over soft or uneven ground.
(u) Cranes or shovels setting on steep grades shall be securely
blocked or secured with a tail hold.
(v) Smoking shall be prohibited while fueling or oiling machines.
(w) Gasoline powered motors shall be stopped during refueling.
(x) Handling of movable feed line (bologna) shall be accomplished
with insulated hooks and lineman's rubber gloves.
(y) Where cables cross roads they shall be elevated or placed
in a trench.
(z) On all power shovels, including back-hoe types, of one-half
cubic yard capacity or over, and on all dragline cranes or all-purpose
cranes of the crawler or wheel type, two persons shall constitute
the minimum working crew. It is mandatory that one be a qualified
operator of the equipment in use. The job title of the other
crew member may be oiler, rigger, signal person, or a laborer.
The primary purpose of the second crew member is to signal the
operator when the operator's vision is impaired or obscured
and to be on-hand in case of emergency.
(i) Second-crew persons shall be properly trained in their
second-person required skills.
(ii) The second crew member shall be close enough to the
machine in operation to be aware of any emergency, if one
arises, and to assure the machine is operated with necessary
and appropriate signals to the operator.
(a) Scope and application. This standard applies to the design,
construction, testing, use and maintenance of personnel platforms,
and the hoisting of personnel platforms attached to the boom
of cranes. Crane attached personnel platforms must meet the
applicable requirements for design, inspection, construction,
testing, maintenance, and operation as prescribed in the ASME
B30.23-1998 safety code for Personnel Lifting Systems.
(b) Definitions. For the purposes of this section, the following
definitions apply:
“Failure” means load refusal, breakage,
or separation of components.
“Lift” (or lifting) refers to all crane
functions such as hoisting, lowering, swinging, booming in and
out or up and down, or moving an attached personnel platform.
“Load refusal” means the point where the
ultimate strength is exceeded.
“Runway” means a firm, level surface, designed,
prepared, and designated as a path of travel for the weight
and configuration of the crane being used to lift and travel
with the attached crane platform. An existing surface may be
used as long as it meets these criteria.
(2) General requirements. The use of a crane to hoist employees
on a personnel platform is prohibited, except when the erection,
use, and dismantling of conventional means of reaching the worksite,
such as a personnel hoist, ladder, stairway, aerial lift, elevating
work platform or scaffold, would be more hazardous, or is not
possible because of structural design or worksite conditions.
(3) Cranes requirements.
(a) All lifting operations must be performed in accordance
with the manufacturer's requirements.
(b) Hoist lines must be removed and stowed or an anti two-block
device installed.
(c) Lifting of the personnel platform must be performed in
a slow, controlled manner with no sudden movements of the crane
or the platform.
(d) Load and boom hoist drum brakes, swing brakes, and locking
devices, such as pawls or dogs, must be engaged when the personnel
platform is occupied in a stationary working position.
(e) The crane must be uniformly level within one percent of
level grade and located on firm footing. Cranes equipped with
outriggers must follow manufacturer's requirements for use.
(f) The total weight of the loaded personnel platform must
not exceed fifty percent of the rated capacity for the radius
and configuration of the crane as required by load chart specifications.
(g) The use of machines having live booms (booms in which lowering
is controlled by a brake without aid from other devices which
slow the lowering speeds) is prohibited.
(4) Instruments and components.
(a) Cranes with variable angle booms must be equipped with
a boom angle indicator, readily visible to the operator.
(b) Cranes with telescoping booms must be equipped with a device
that at all times clearly indicates the boom's extended length
to the operator. An accurate determination of the load radius,
to be used during the lift, must be made before hoisting personnel.
(5) Personnel platforms - design criteria.
(a) A qualified engineer must design the personnel platform
and attachment system.
(b) The attachment system must be designed to minimize tipping
of the platform to no more than ten degrees from horizontal.
(c) The platform design must incorporate a motion control device
that stabilizes the platform while being held in a working position.
(d) The personnel platform, excluding the guardrail system
and body harness anchorages, must be capable of supporting,
without failure, its own weight and at least five times the
maximum intended load-based on a minimum allowance of five hundred
pounds for the first person with light tools, and an additional
two hundred fifty pounds for each additional person.
(f) A plate or other permanent marking which indicates the
weight of the platform and its rated load capacity or maximum
intended load, must be conspicuously posted on the personnel
platform.
(6) Platform specifications.
(a) Each personnel platform must be equipped with a guardrail
system which meets the requirements of chapter
296-155 WAC, Part K. The personnel platform must also be
enclosed at least from the toeboard to mid-rail with either
solid construction or expanded metal having openings no greater
than one-half inch (1.27 cm).
(b) A grab rail must be installed inside the entire perimeter
of the personnel platform.
(c) Access gates, if installed, must not swing outward during
hoisting.
(d) Access gates, including sliding or folding gates, must
be equipped with a restraining device to prevent accidental
opening.
(e) Employees must have sufficient headroom to stand upright
on the platform.
(f) All rough edges exposed to contact by employees must be
surfaced or smoothed in order to prevent injury to employees
from punctures or lacerations.
(g) A qualified welder familiar with the weld grades and types
must perform all welding of the personnel platform and its components,
with material specified in the platform design.
(7) Personnel platform loading.
(a) The personnel platform must not be loaded in excess of
its rated load capacity.
(b) The number of employees on the personnel platform must
not exceed the number required for the work to be performed.
(c) Personnel platforms must be used only for employees, tools,
and materials necessary to do the work. Personnel platforms
will not be used to hoist materials or tools without an employee
on the platform (except to perform a trial lift or proof test
as described in subsection (8) of this section).
(d) Materials and tools must be secured to prevent displacement.
(e) Materials and tools must be evenly distributed, within
the confines of the platform, while work is being performed.
(f) Employees must keep their feet in contact with the floor
of the platform at all times.
(8) Prelift meeting.
(a) A meeting attended by the crane operator, signal person(s)
(if necessary for the lift), employee(s) to be lifted, and the
person responsible for the task to be performed must be held
to review the appropriate requirements of this section and the
procedures to be followed.
(b) This meeting must be held before the trial lift at each
new work location, and must be repeated for any employees newly
assigned to the operation.
(9) Trial lift, inspection, and proof testing.
(a) A trial lift with an unoccupied personnel platform loaded
at least to the anticipated lift weight must be made from ground
level, or any other location where employees will enter the
platform, to each location at which the personnel platform is
to be hoisted and positioned. This trial lift must be performed
immediately prior to allowing employees on the platform. The
operator must determine that:
All systems, controls, and safety devices are activated
and functioning properly;
No interferences exist; and
All configurations necessary to reach work locations will
allow the operator to remain under the fifty percent limit
of the crane's rated capacity.
Materials and tools to be used during the actual lift
must be loaded in the platform, as provided in subsection
(7) of this section, for the trial lift.
Note: A single trial lift may be performed
for all locations that are to be reached from a single set-up
position.
(b) The trial lift must be repeated:
Prior to hoisting employees whenever the crane is moved
and set up in a new location, or returned to a previously
used location.
A meeting attended by the crane operator, signal person(s)
(if necessary for the lift), employee(s) to be lifted, and
the person responsible for the task to be performed must be
held to review the appropriate requirements of this section
and the procedures to be followed.
(c) After the trial lift:
But prior to hoisting personnel, the platform must be hoisted
a few inches and inspected to ensure that it is secure and
properly balanced.
A visual inspection of the crane, personnel platform, and
the crane base support or ground must be conducted by a competent
person to determine whether the testing has exposed any defect
or produced any adverse effect upon any component or structure.
(d) Deficiencies found during inspection, or operation, which
create a safety hazard, must be corrected before hoisting personnel.
(e) The platform must be proof tested:
At each job site;
Prior to hoisting employees on the personnel platform; and
After any repair or modification.
(i) For the proof test, one hundred twenty-five percent of
the platform's rated capacity will be hoisted and held in
a suspended position for five minutes. The proof test load
must be evenly distributed on the platform.
(ii) After each proof test a competent person must inspect
the platform and rigging.
(iii) Deficiencies found during proof testing must be corrected,
and another proof test conducted. Employees must not be hoisted
until a deficiency free proof test has been achieved.
Note: Proof testing may be done concurrently
with the required trial lift.
(10) Work practices.
(a) Employees must keep all parts of the body inside the platform
during raising, lowering, and positioning, except when performing
the duties of a signal person.
(b) Before entering or exiting a personnel platform that is
not landed, the platform must be secured to the structure where
the work is to be performed, unless securing to the structure
creates an unsafe situation.
(c) The crane operator must remain at the controls at all times
when the platform is occupied.
(d) Employee lifting must be promptly discontinued upon indication
of any dangerous weather conditions.
(e) Employees being lifted must remain in continuous sight
of and in direct communication with the operator or signal person.
Any disruption in communications will cause operations to be
immediately discontinued. Signals to the operator will be in
accordance with section 5-3.3, ASME B30.5 1994 and this section.
(f) In situations where direct visual contact with the operator
is not possible, or the use of a signal person may be hazardous
for that person, direct communication alone, such as by radio,
may be used. If a secure radio frequency is not available, hard-wired
voice communication will be used. When using voice commands,
there will be a continuous pause between commands of one-second
duration per ten feet to the desired lift height or any contact
point.
(g) The following voice commands are recommended for use:
Boom up.
Boom down.
Swing left.
Swing Right.
Extend out.
Retract in.
Stop.
Note: If special voice commands are required
to perform the lift safely, they must be mutually agreed upon
between the designated signal person and the crane operator before
the lift procedure starts.
(h) Employees on a personnel platform must use a full body
harness system with lanyard appropriately attached to a structural
member within the personnel platform capable of supporting a
fall impact for employees using the anchorage as specified in
chapter
296-155 WAC, Part C.
(i) Lifts must not be made on the crane's load lines while
personnel are working from an attached platform.
(11) Traveling.
(a) Lifting of employees while the crane is traveling is prohibited,
except for portal, tower and locomotive cranes, or where the
employer demonstrates that there is no less hazardous way to
perform the work.
(b) Under any circumstances where a crane would travel while
lifting personnel, the employer must implement the following
procedures to safeguard employees:
(i) Crane travel must be restricted to a fixed track or runway;
(ii) Travel must be limited to the load radius of the boom
used during the lift; and
(iii) The boom must be parallel to the direction of travel.
(c) A complete trial run must be performed before employees
are allowed to occupy the platform.
Note: This trial run can be performed concurrent
with the trial lift required by subsection (8) of this section.
(d) If travel is done with a rubber tired-carrier, the condition
and air pressure of the tires must be checked. The chart capacity
for lifts on rubber must be used for application of the fifty
percent reduction of rated capacity. Notwithstanding the requirements
of subsection (3) of this section, outriggers may be partially
retracted as necessary for travel.
(12) Communication. When using verbal signals, clarity and precision
are essential for safe operation. Operators must be able to communicate
with others at the worksite sufficiently to understand the signs,
notices, operation instructions, and the signal code to be used.
Due to crane design configuration to maintain mobility, sheave
diameters and rope, design factors are limited. Because of these
limited design parameters, inspection to detect deterioration
in accordance with subsections below and timely replacement are
essential.
(1) Frequent inspection.
(a) All running ropes in service should be visually inspected
once each working day. A visual inspection shall consist of
observation of all rope which can reasonably be expected to
be in use during the day's operations. These visual observations
should be concerned with discovering gross damage, such as listed
below, which may be an immediate hazard:
(i) Distortion of the rope such as kinking, crushing, unstranding,
birdcaging, main strand displacement, or core protrusion.
Loss of rope diameter in a short rope length or unevenness
of outer strands should provide evidence that the rope or
ropes must be replaced.
(ii) General corrosion.
(iii) Broken or cut strands.
(iv) Number, distribution and type of visible broken wires.
(See subsection below for further guidance.)
(v) Core failure in rotation resistant ropes. When such damage
is discovered the rope shall be either removed from service
or given an inspection as detailed in periodic inspection.
(b) Care shall be taken when inspecting sections of rapid deterioration
such as flange points, crossover points and repetitive pickup
points on drums.
(c) Care shall be taken when inspecting certain ropes such
as the following:
(i) Rotation resistant ropes, because of their higher susceptibility
to damage and increased deterioration when working on equipment
with limited design parameters. The internal deterioration
of rotation resistant ropes may not be readily observable.
(ii) Boom hoist ropes, because of the difficulties of inspection
and the important nature of these ropes.
(2) Periodic inspection.
(a) The inspection frequency shall be determined by a qualified
person and shall be based on such factors as expected rope life
as determined by experience on the particular installation or
similar installations, severity of environment, percentage of
capacity lifts, frequency rates of operation, and exposure to
shock loads. Inspections need not be at equal calendar intervals
and should be more frequent as the rope approaches the end of
its useful life. This inspection shall be performed at least
annually.
(b) Periodic inspections shall be performed by a qualified
person. This inspection shall cover the entire length of rope.
Only the surface wires of the rope need be inspected. No attempt
should be made to open the rope. Any deterioration resulting
in an appreciable loss of original strength, such as described
below, shall be noted and determination made as to whether further
use of the rope would constitute a hazard:
(i) Points listed in subsection (1) of this section (Frequent
inspection).
(ii) Reduction of rope diameter below nominal diameter due
to loss of core support, internal or external corrosion, or
wear of outside wires.
(iii) Severely corroded or broken wires at end connections.
(c) Care shall be taken when inspecting sections of rapid deterioration,
such as the following:
(i) Sections in contact with saddles, equalizer sheaves,
or other sheaves where rope travel is limited;
(ii) Sections of the rope at or near terminal ends where
corroded or broken wires may protrude.
(3) Rope replacement.
(a) No precise rules can be given for determination of the
exact time for replacement of rope, since many variable factors
are involved. Continued use in this respect depends largely
upon good judgment by an appointed or authorized person in evaluating
remaining strength in a used rope after allowance for deterioration
disclosed by inspection. Continued rope operations depends upon
this remaining strength.
(b) Conditions such as the following shall be sufficient reason
for questioning continued use of the rope or increasing the
frequency of inspection:
(i) In running ropes, six randomly distributed broken wires
in one lay or three broken wires in one strand in one lay
(for special conditions relating to rotation resistant rope
refer to paragraph 5-3.2.1.1(d)(1)(b) ANSIB30.5 1989).
(ii) One outer wire broken at the point of contact with the
core of the rope which has worked its way out of the rope
structure and protrudes or loops out from the rope structure.
Additional inspection of this section is required.
(iii) Wear of one-third the original diameter of outside
individual wires.
(iv) Kinking, crushing, birdcaging, or any other damage resulting
in distortion of the rope structure.
(v) Evidence of any heat damage from any cause.
(vi) Reductions from nominal diameter of more than:
(A) 1/64 in. (0.4 mm) for diameters up to and including
5/16 in. (8.0 mm);
(B) 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) for diameters 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) to
and including 1/2 in. (13.0 mm);
(C) 3/64 in. (1.2 mm) for diameters 9/16 in. (14.5 mm)
to and including 3/4 in. (19.0 mm);
(D) 1/16 in. (1.6mm) for diameters 7/8 in. (22.0 mm) to
and including 1 1/8 in. (29.0 mm);
(E) 3/32 in. (2.4 mm) for diameters 1 1/4 in. (32.0 mm)
to and including 1 1/2 in. (38.0 mm).
(vii) In standing ropes, more than two broken wires in one
lay in sections beyond end connections or more than one broken
wire at an end connection.
(c) Replacement rope shall have a strength rating at least
as great as the original rope furnished or recommended by the
crane manufacturer. Any deviation from the original size, grade,
or construction shall be specified by a rope manufacturer, the
crane manufacturer or a qualified person.
(d) Rope not in regular use. All rope which has been idle for
a period of a month or more due to shutdown or storage of a
crane on which it is installed shall be given an inspection
before it is placed in service. This inspection shall be for
all types of deterioration and shall be performed by an appointed
or authorized person.
(e) Inspection records:
(i) Frequent inspection; no records required.
(ii) Periodic inspection: In order to establish data as a
basis for judging the proper time for replacement, a dated
report of rope condition at each periodic inspection shall
be kept on file. This report shall cover points of deterioration.
If the rope is replaced only that part need be recorded.
(f) A long-range inspection program should be established and
should include records on the examination of ropes removed from
service so that a relationship can be established between visual
observation and actual condition of the internal structure.
(4) Rope maintenance.
(a) Rope should be stored to prevent damage or deterioration.
(b) Unreeling or uncoiling of rope shall be done as recommended
by the rope manufacturer and with care to avoid kinking or inducing
a twist.
(c) Before cutting a rope, seizings shall be placed on each
side of the place where the rope is to be cut to prevent unlaying
of the strands. On preformed rope, one seizing on each side
of the cut is required. On nonpreformed ropes of 7/8 in. (22
mm) diameter or smaller, two seizings on each side of the cut
are required, and for nonpreformed rope of 1 in. (26 mm) diameter
or larger, three seizings on each side of the cut are required.
(d) During installation, care should be exercised to avoid
dragging of the rope in dirt or around objects which will scrape,
nick, crush, or induce sharp bends in it.
(e) Rope should be maintained in a well lubricated condition.
It is important that lubricant applied as part of a maintenance
program shall be compatible with the original lubricant, and
to this end, the rope manufacturer should be consulted; lubricant
applied shall be of the type which does not hinder visual inspection.
Those sections of rope which are located over sheaves or otherwise
hidden during inspection and maintenance procedures require
special attention when lubricating rope. The object of rope
lubrication is to reduce internal friction and to prevent corrosion.
(f) When an operating rope shows greater wear at well-defined
localized areas than on the remainder of the rope, rope life
can be extended (in cases where a reduced rope length is adequate)
by cutting off a section at the worn end, and thus shifting
the wear to different areas of the rope.
(5) Operating near electric power lines:
(a) Cranes shall be operated so that no part of the crane or
load enters into the danger zone.
Exceptions: The danger zone may be entered
if the electrical distribution and transmission lines have been
de-energized and visibly grounded at the point of work; or the
danger zone may be entered if insulating barriers (not a part
of nor an attachment to the crane) have been erected to prevent
physical contact with the lines.
(i) For lines rated 50 kV. or below, minimum clearance between
the lines and any part of the crane or load (including handling
appendages) shall be 10 feet (3 m).
(ii) Caution shall be exercised when working near overhead
lines because they can move horizontally or vertically due
to wind, moving the danger zone to new positions.
(iii) While in transit with no load and boom lowered, the
clearance shall be as specified in WAC
296-155-525 (3)(e).
(iv) A qualified signal person shall be assigned to observe
the clearance when the crane moves to within a boom's length
of the limits specified in WAC
296-155-525 (3)(e). The operator is not in the best position
to judge distance between the power line and the crane or
its protuberances.
(b) If cage-type boom guards, insulating links, or proximity
warning devices are used on cranes, such devices shall not be
a substitute for the requirements of WAC
296-155-525 (3)(e), even if such devices are required by
law or regulation. In view of the complex, invisible, and lethal
nature of the electrical hazard involved, and to lessen the
potential of false security, limitations of such devices, if
used, shall be understood by operating personnel and tested
in the manner and intervals prescribed by the manufacturer of
the device. Compliance with WAC
296-155-525 (3)(e) is the recommended practice of this regulation
in determining permissible proximity of the crane and its protuberances,
including load, to electrical power lines.
(c) Before the commencement of operations near electrical lines,
the person responsible for the job shall notify the owners of
the lines or their authorized representatives, provide them
with all pertinent information, and request their cooperation.
(d) Any overhead wire shall be considered to be an energized
line unless and until the person owning such line or the electrical
utility authorities verify that it is not an energized line.
(e) Exceptions to this procedure, if approved by the owner
of the electrical lines, may be granted by the administrative
or regulatory authority if the alternate procedure provides
protection and is set forth in writing.
(f) Durable signs shall be installed at the operator's station
and on the outside of the crane warning that electrocution or
serious bodily injury may occur unless a minimum clearance of
10 feet (3 m) is maintained between the crane or the load being
handled and energized power lines. Greater clearances are required
because of higher voltage as stated in WAC
296-155-525 (3)(e). These signs shall be revised when local
jurisdiction requires greater clearances.
(6) Site preparation and erection.
(a) All load bearing foundations, supports, and rail tracks
shall be constructed or installed to support the crane loads
and to transmit them to the soil or other support medium. In
addition to supporting vertical load, foundations and supports,
rail supports excepted, should be designed to provide a moment
resisting overturning equal to a minimum of 150% of the maximum
crane overturning moment.
(b) Rails should be level and straight, unless specifically
designed for curves or grades, and properly spaced for the crane
trucks in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications.
The track and support system should have sufficient rigidity
to limit dynamic oscillations and deviations from plumb.
(c) Rails shall be securely attached to the supporting surface
in a manner capable of resisting the horizontal and vertical
loads specified by the manufacturer. When applicable, provisions
should be made for thermal expansion and contraction.
(d) Splices in rail tracks (bolted or welded) shall have smooth
joints.
(e) When required, a designated portion of the track should
be arranged and constructed as an out-of-service parking area
complete with means needed for supporting the crane against
storm wind effects and anchoring it against unwanted movement
along the track; the parking track should be in place before
erection commences.
(f) Rails shall be electrically grounded when they carry cranes
electrically powered from an outside source.
(g) Both ends of all tracks shall be provided with stops or
buffers adjusted for simultaneous contact with both sides of
the travel base.
(h) When more than one crane will be operating on a run of
track, particular consideration should be given to the number
and disposition of parking areas.
(i) The hazard of earthquake effects appropriated to the site
or zone should be considered.
(j) The crane manufacturer shall provide maximum resulting
loads at the base of the crane, or wheel loads, for use in design
of the supports.
(7) General erection requirements.
(a) When cranes are erected, the manufacturer's or a qualified
person's written erection instructions and a list of the weights
of each component to be erected shall be at the site.
(b) Cranes shall be erected in accordance with the crane manufacturer's
or a qualified person's recommendations. Erection shall be performed
under the supervision of a qualified person.
(c) Procedures shall be established before erection work commences
to implement the erection instructions and to adapt them to
the particular needs of the site. The need for temporary guying
and bracing during erection shall be established.
(d) Before crane components are erected, they shall be visually
inspected for damage. Damaged members shall not be erected until
repaired in accordance with the manufacturer's or qualified
person's instructions, or replaced.
(e) Slings and lifting accessories shall be selected and arranged
to avoid damaging or marring crane members during erection.
(f) Wind velocity at the site at the time of erection should
be considered as a limiting factor that could require suspending
the erection operation.
(g) Crane towers shall be erected plumb to a tolerance that
is specified by the manufacturer.
(h) Cranes required to weathervane when out-of-service shall
be installed with clearance for the boom and superstructure
to swing a full 360o arc without striking a fixed object or
other crane.
For
printing