Safety Standards for Construction Work |
Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators, and ConveyorsChapter 296-155 - Part L |
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296-155-525 Cranes and derricks.
296-155-526 Crane attached
personnel platforms.
296-155-527 Appendix A to
WAC 296-155-525.
296-155-528
Crane or derrick suspended personnel platforms.
296-155-529 Scope.
296-155-52902 Definitions.
296-155-530
Material hoists, personnel hoists, and elevators.
296-155-531 Crane certifier accreditation
process.
296-155-53100 Accreditation of
crane certifiers of cranes and derricks-Requirements.
296-155-53102 Accreditation-Application
form and applicant qualifications.
296-155-53104 Issuance of accreditation.
296-155-53106 Accreditation application-Processing
time.
296-155-53108 Duration and renewal
of an accreditation.
296-155-53110 Revocation or suspension
of an accreditation.
296-155-53112 Monitoring of accredited
crane certifiers.
296-155-53114 Issuance of temporary
and annual certificates of operation.
296-155-532 Crane certification
requirements for cranes.
296-155-53200 General inspection
criteria, wire rope inspection and removal criteria, and preproof
load test requirements for all cranes.
296-155-53202 Additional inspection
criteria and proof load testing-Mobile cranes.
296-155-53204 Additional inspection
criteria and proof load testing-Articulating boom cranes.
296-155-53206 Additional inspection
criteria and proof load testing-Tower cranes.
296-155-53208 Additional inspection
criteria and proof load testing-Self-erecting tower cranes.
296-155-53210 Additional inspection
criteria and proof load testing-Overhead and bridge cranes.
296-155-53212 Additional inspection
criteria and proof load testing-Derricks.
296-155-53214 Crane decertification
and reinstatement.
296-155-533 Crane operator qualifications
and certification.
296-155-53300 Operator qualifications
and certification.
296-155-535
Base-mounted drum hoists.
296-155-540
Overhead hoists.
296-155-545
Conveyors.
296-155-550
Aerial cableways.
296-155-555
Gin poles.
296-155-560
Concrete bucket towers.
296-155-565
Hoisting engines.
296-155-570
Rigging-Wire rope.
296-155-575
Helicopters.
WAC 296-155-525 Cranes and derricks.
(1) Definitions applicable to this part:
Accessory - a secondary part or assembly of parts which contributes to the overall function and usefulness of a machine.
Administrative or regulatory authority - a governmental agency, or the employer in the absence of governmental jurisdiction.
Angle indicator (boom) - an accessory which measures the angle of the boom to the horizontal.
Appointed - assigned specific responsibilities by the employer or the employer's representative.
Authorized person - means a person approved or assigned by the employer to perform a specific type of duty or duties or be at a specific location or locations at the workplace.
Auxiliary hoist - a secondary hoist rope system used either in conjunction with, or independently of, the main hoist system.
Axis of rotation - the vertical axis around which the crane superstructure rotates.
Axle - the shaft or spindle with which or about which a wheel rotates. On wheel-mounted cranes it refers to a type of axle assembly including housings, gearing, differential, bearings, and mounting appurtenances.
Axle (bogie) - two or more axles mounted in tandem in a frame so as to divide the load between the axles and permit vertical oscillation of the wheels.
Ballast - weight used to supplement the weight of the machine in providing stability for lifting working loads (the term ballast is normally associated with locomotive cranes).
Base, anchor bolt - a crane base that is bolted to a footing.
Base, expendable - for static-mounting cranes, a style of bottom mast section or member that is cast into a concrete footing block; all or part of this component is lost to future installations.
Base, fixed - a crane base that does not travel. It may be expendable, knee braced, or anchor bolted.
Base (mounting) - the traveling base on which the rotating superstructure of a locomotive or crawler crane is mounted.
Base, tower crane - the lowermost supporting component of the crane.
Base, travel - a crane base that is a ballasted platform mounted on trucks that ride along rails.
Boom (crane) - a member hinged at the rotating superstructure and used for supporting the existing tackle.
Boom angle - the angle above or below horizontal of the longitudinal axis of the base boom section.
Boom hoist mechanism - means for supporting the boom and controlling the boom angle.
Boom point - the outer extremity of the crane boom, containing the hoist sheave assembly.
Boom point sheave assembly - an assembly of sheaves and pin built as an integral part of the boom point.
Boom stop - a device used to limit the angle of the boom at the highest recommended position.
Brake - a device used for retarding or stopping motion.
Brace, tower - a structural attachment placed between a crane tower and an adjacent structure to pass loads to the adjacent structure and permit the crane to be erected to greater than free standing height.
Buffer - an energy absorbing device for reducing impact when a moving crane or trolley reaches the end of its permitted travel.
Cab - a housing which covers the rotating superstructure machinery, or the operator's or driver's station.
Climbing frame - a frame used with climbing cranes to transmit operational and climbing reactions to the host building frame.
Climbing ladder - a steel member with crossbars (used in parts) suspended from a climbing frame and used as jacking support points when some cranes climb.
Clutch - a means for engagement or disengagement of power.
Commercial truck vehicle - a commercial motor vehicle designed primarily for the transportation of property in connection with business and industry.
Counterweight - weight used to supplement the weight of the machine in providing stability for lifting working loads.
Counterweight jib - a horizontal member of a crane on which the counterweights and usually the hoisting machinery are mounted.
Crane carrier - the undercarriage of a wheel-mounted crane specifically designed for transporting the rotating crane superstructure. It may or may not provide its own travel mechanism. It is distinguished from a commercial truck vehicle in that it is not designed to transport personnel, materials, or equipment other than the crane-rotating superstructure.
Cross-over points - in multiple layer spooling of rope on a drum, those points of rope contact where the rope crosses the preceding rope layer.
Designated - selected or assigned by the employer or the employer's representative as being competent to perform specific duties.
Drum - the cylindrical member around which a rope is wound for lifting and lowering the load or boom.
Dynamic (loading) - loads introduced into the machine or its components due to accelerating or decelerating forces.
Flange point - a point of contact between rope and drum flange where the rope changes layers.
Free standing height - that height of a crane which is supported by the tower (mast) alone without assistance from braces, guys, or other means.
Gage, track - the horizontal distance between two rails measured perpendicular to the direction of travel.
Gantry (A-frame) - a structural frame, extending above the superstructure, to which the boom support ropes are reeved.
High strength (traction) bolts - high strength tensile bolts used in the assembly of crane sections. The bolts are installed in tension by torquing or other means at a level greater than that produced by in-or out-of-service loads for the purpose of reducing the likelihood of bolt fatigue failure.
Hoist mechanism - a hoist drum and rope reeving system used for lifting and lowering loads.
Jib - an extension attached to the boom point to provide added boom length for lifting specified loads. The jib may be in line with the boom or offset to various angles in the vertical plane of the boom.
Jib backstop - a device which will restrain the jib from turning over backward.
Job site - work area defined by the construction contract.
Limiting device - a mechanical device which is operated by some part of a power driven machine or equipment to control loads or motions of the machine or equipment.
Load (working) - the external load in pounds (kilograms) applied to the crane, including the weight of load-attaching equipment such as lower load block, shackles, and slings.
Load block, lower - the assembly of hook or shackle, swivel, sheaves, pins, and frame suspended by the hoisting ropes.
Load block, upper - the assembly of shackle, swivel, sheaves, pins, and frame suspended from the boom point.
Load ratings - crane ratings in pounds (kilograms) established by the manufacturer.
Mast (boom) - a frame hinged at or near the boom hinge for use in connection with supporting a boom. The head of the mast is usually supported and raised or lowered by the boom hoist ropes.
Mast (jib) - a frame hinged at or near the boom point for use in connection with supporting a jib.
Normal operating conditions.
Cab- or station-operated cranes - conditions during which a crane is performing functions within the manufacturer's operating recommendations. Under these conditions, the operator is at the operating control devices on the crane, and no other persons except those appointed are to be on the crane.
Ground- or floor-operated cranes - conditions during which a crane is performing functions within the manufacturer's operating recommendations. Under these conditions, the operator is at the operating control devices that are mounted to the crane but operated with the operator off the crane, and no other persons except those appointed are to be on the crane.
Remote-operated cranes - conditions during which a crane is performing functions within the manufacturer's operating recommendations. Under these conditions, the operator is at the operating control devices that are mounted to any part of the crane, and no other persons except those appointed are to be on the crane.
Out-of-service - the condition of a crane when unloaded, without power and with the controls unattended and prepared to endure winds above the in-service level.
Outriggers - extendable or fixed members attached to the mounting base, which rest on supports at the outer ends used to support the crane.
Pawl (dog) - a device for positively holding a member against motion in one or more directions.
Payload - that load or loads being transported by the commercial truck chassis from place to place.
Pendant - a rope or strand of specified length with fixed end connections.
Pitch diameter - the diameter of a sheave or rope drum measured at the center line of the rope.
Power-controlled lowering - a system or device in the power train, other than the load hoist brake, which can control the lowering rate of speed of the load hoist mechanism.
Qualified person - a person who, by possession of a recognized degree or certificate of professional standing, or who, by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter and work.
Radius (load) - the horizontal distance from a projection of the axis of rotation to the base of the crane, before loading, to the center of the vertical hoist line or tackle with load applied.
Rail clamp - a tong-like metal device mounted on a locomotive crane car, which can be connected to the track.
Reeving - a rope system in which the rope travels around drums and sheaves.
Remote control station - a location, not on the crane, from which the operator can control all the crane movements.
Repetitive pickup point - when operating on a short cycle operation, the rope being used on a single layer and being spooled repetitively over a short portion of the drum.
Rope - refers to wire rope unless otherwise specified.
Rotation resistant rope - a wire rope consisting of an inner layer of strand laid in one direction covered by a layer of strand laid in the opposite direction. This has the effect of counteracting torque by reducing the tendency of the finished rope to rotate.
Running rope - a rope which travels around sheaves or drums.
Shall - this word indicates that the rule is mandatory and must be followed.
Service, light - service that involves irregular operation with loads generally about one-half or less of the rated load; a service crane at a storage yard or building site would be an example.
Service, normal - service that involves operating occasionally at rated load but normally at less than eighty-five percent of the rated load and not more than ten lift cycles per hour except for isolated instances; a crane used for concrete placement at a building site would be an example.
Service, heavy - service that involves operating at eighty-five percent to one hundred percent of the rated load or in excess of ten lift cycles per hour as a regular specified procedure; some cranes operating at material yards or in industrial applications may fall into this category.
Sheave - a grooved wheel or pulley used with a rope to change the direction and point of application of a pulling force.
Should - this word indicates that the rule is a recommendation, the advisability of which depends on the facts in each situation.
Side loading - a load applied to an angle to the vertical plane of the boom.
Stabilizer - stabilizers are extendable or fixed members attached to the mounting base to increase the stability of the crane, but which may not have the capability of relieving all of the weight from wheels or tracks.
Standby crane - a crane which is not in regular service but which is used occasionally or intermittently as required.
Standing (guy) rope - a supporting rope which maintains a constant distance between the points of attachment to the two components connected by the rope.
Structural competence - the ability of the machine and its components to withstand the stresses imposed by applied loads.
Superstructure - the rotating upper frame structure of the machine and the operating machinery mounted thereon.
Swing - rotation of the superstructure for movement of loads in a horizontal direction about the axis of rotation.
Swing mechanism - the machinery involved in providing rotation of the superstructure.
Swivel - a load carrying member with thrust bearings to permit rotation under load in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the load.
Swiveling - the rotation of the load attachment portion (hook or shackle) of a load block (lower) or hook assembly about its axis of suspension in relation to the load line(s).
Tackle - an assembly of ropes and sheaves arranged for lifting, lowering, or pulling.
Telescoping boom - consists of a base boom from which one or more boom sections are telescoped for additional length.
Telescoping (tower crane) - a process whereby the height of a traveling or fixed base crane is increased typically by raising the inner tower and then adding sections at the top of the outer tower; there are also cranes that are telescoped by adding to the inner tower from below.
Tower (mast) - a vertical structural frame consisting of columns and bracing capable of supporting an upperstructure with its working and dynamic loads and transmitting them to the supporting surface or structure.
Traction (high strength) bolts - see high strength bolts.
Transit - the moving or transporting of a crane from one job site to another.
Travel - the function of the machine moving under its own power from one location to another on a job site.
Trolley - the device that travels along the load jib and contains the upper load block.
Two-blocking - the condition in which the lower load block or hook assembly comes in contact with the upper load block or boom point sheave assembly.
Weathervaning - wind induced rotation of a crane upperstructure, when out-of-service, to expose minimal surface area to the wind.
Wedge - a tapered wood or steel device used to provide stability to cranes during use as a climber. When the wedges are tightened against the four main legs of the tower, they convert overturning moments into horizontal forces to be resisted by the floor framing or slab.
Wheel base - the distance between centers of front and rear axles. For a multiple axle assembly the axle center for wheel base measurement is taken as the midpoint of the assembly.
Whipline (runner or auxiliary) - a secondary rope system usually of lighter load capacity than that provided by the main rope system.
Winch head - a power driven spool for handling of loads by means of friction between fiber or wire rope and the spool.
(2) General requirements.
(a) The employer shall comply with the manufacturer's specifications and limitations applicable to the operation of any and all cranes and derricks. Where manufacturer's specifications are not available the limitations assigned to the equipment shall be based on the determinations of a qualified engineer, competent in this field and such determinations will be appropriately documented and recorded. Attachments used with cranes shall not exceed the capacity, rating, or scope recommended by the manufacturer.
(b) Rated load capacities, and recommended operating speeds, and special hazard warnings, or instruction, shall be conspicuously posted on all equipment. Instructions or warnings shall be visible to the operator while at the control station.
(c) Hand signals to crane and derrick operators shall be those prescribed by the applicable ANSI standard for the type of crane in use. An illustration of the signals shall be posted at the job site.
(d) The employer shall designate a competent person who shall inspect all machinery and equipment prior to each use, and periodically during use to make sure it is in safe operating condition. Any deficiencies shall be repaired, or defective parts replaced, before continued use.
(e) A thorough, annual inspection of the hoisting machinery shall be made by a competent person, or by a government or private agency recognized by the department. The employer shall maintain a permanent record of the dates and results of all inspections for each hoisting machine and piece of equipment.
(f) A tag line or guide rope shall be used on all loads that swing freely. Guide ropes or tag lines shall be held by experienced persons.
(g) Care shall be taken to guard against injury to workers, or damage to scaffolds or buildings, from swinging loads.
(h) The operator shall avoid carrying loads over people.
(i) When work is stopped or when the derrick is not in operation, the boom shall be lowered to a horizontal position or tied in place to prevent it whipping with the wind or other external force.
(j) Only authorized personnel shall make sling hitches on loads.
(k) Workers shall not be allowed to ride on loads handled by derricks.
(l) Operators shall observe signals only from duly authorized persons. Under no circumstances shall a load be moved until the signal is received from authorized personnel.
(m) Belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, fly wheels, chains, or other reciprocating, rotating, or other moving parts or equipment shall be guarded if such parts are exposed to contact by employees, or otherwise create a hazard. Guarding shall meet the requirements of chapter 296-806 WAC, Machine safety.
(n) A minimum distance of thirty inches clearance shall be maintained between the swing radius of the greatest extension of the crane superstructure or counterweights and a stationary object, including the crane itself, while the crane is in operation. When this clearance cannot be maintained, suitable barricades or safeguards shall be used to isolate the pinch point hazard area.
(o) All exhaust pipes shall be guarded or insulated where contact by employees, in the performance of normal duties, is possible.
(3) Additional requirements.
(a) Whenever internal combustion engine powered equipment exhausts in enclosed spaces, tests shall be made and recorded to see that employees are not exposed to unsafe concentrations of toxic gases or oxygen deficient atmospheres. (See chapter 296-62 WAC, the general occupational health standards and chapter 298-841-WAC, identifying and controlling respiratory hazards.)
(b) All cab glazing shall be safety glazing material. Windows shall be provided in the front and on both sides of the cab or operator's compartment with visibility forward and to either side. Visibility forward shall include a vertical range adequate to cover the boom point at all times. The front window may have a section which can be readily removed or held open, if desired. If the section is of the type held in the open position, it shall be secured to prevent inadvertent closure. A windshield wiper should be provided on the front window.
(c) (i) Where necessary for rigging or service requirements, a ladder or steps shall be provided to give access to a cab roof.
(ii) On cranes, guardrails, handholds and steps shall be provided for easy access to the car and cab in accordance with chapter 296-155 WAC, Part C-1 and Part J.
(iii) Platforms and walkways shall have anti-skid surfaces.
(d) Fuel tank filler pipe shall be located in such a position, or protected in such manner, as to not allow spill or overflow to run onto the engine, exhaust, or electrical equipment of any machine being fueled.
(i) An accessible fire extinguisher of 5BC rating, or higher, shall be available at all operator stations or cabs of equipment.
Note: For additional requirements relating to portable fire extinguishers see WAC 296-800-300.
(ii) All fuels shall be transported, stored, and handled to meet the rules of Part D of this chapter. When fuel is transported by vehicles on public highways, department of transportation rules concerning such vehicular transportation are considered applicable.
(e) Except where electrical distribution and transmission lines have been deenergized and visibly grounded at point of work or where insulating barriers, not a part of or an attachment to the equipment or machinery, have been erected to prevent physical contact with the lines, equipment or machines shall be operated proximate to power lines only in accordance with the following:
(i) For lines rated 50 kV. or below, minimum clearance between the lines and any part of the crane or load shall be 10 feet;
(ii) For lines rated over 50 kV., minimum clearance between the lines and any part of the crane or load shall be 10 feet plus 0.4 inch for each 1 kV. over 50 kV., or twice the length of the line insulator, but never less than 10 feet;
(iii) In transit with no load and boom lowered, the equipment clearance shall be a minimum of 4 feet for voltages less than 50 kV., and 10 feet for voltages over 50 kV. up to and including 345 kV., and 16 feet for voltages up to and including 750 kV;
(iv) A person shall be designated to observe clearance of the equipment and give timely warning to insure that the required separation is maintained for all operations where it is difficult for the operator to maintain the desired clearance by visual means;
(v) Cage-type boom guards, insulating links, or proximity warning devices may be used on cranes, but the use of such devices shall not alter the requirements of any other regulation of this part even if such device is required by law or regulation;
(vi) Any overhead wire shall be considered to be an energized line unless and until the person owning such line or the electrical utility authorities indicate that it is not an energized line and it has been visibly grounded;
(vii) Prior to work near transmitter tower where an electrical charge can be induced in the equipment or materials being handled, the transmitter shall be deenergized or tests shall be made to determine if electrical charge is induced on the crane.
(f) The following precautions shall be taken when necessary to dissipate induced voltage:
(i) The equipment shall be provided with an electrical ground directly to the upper rotating structure supporting the boom; and
(ii) Ground jumper cables shall be attached to materials being handled by boom equipment when electrical charge is induced while working near energized transmitters. Crews shall be provided with nonconductive poles having large alligator clips or other similar protection to attach the ground cable to the load.
(iii) Combustible and flammable materials shall be removed from the immediate area prior to operations.
(g) No modifications or additions which affect the capacity or safe operation of the equipment shall be made by the employer without the manufacturer's or a qualified engineer's written approval. If such modifications or changes are made, the capacity, operation, and maintenance instruction plates, tags, or decals, shall be changed accordingly. In no case shall the original safety factor of the equipment be reduced.
(h) The employer shall comply with Power Crane and Shovel Association, Mobile Hydraulic Crane Standard No. 2.
(i) Sideboom cranes mounted on wheel or crawler tractors shall meet the requirements of SAE J743a-1964.
(4) Crawler, locomotive, and truck cranes.
(a) All jibs shall have positive stops to prevent their movement of more than 5° above the straight line of the jib and boom on conventional type crane booms. The use of cable type belly slings does not constitute compliance with this standard.
(b) All crawler, truck or locomotive cranes in use shall meet the applicable requirements for design, inspection, construction, testing, maintenance and operation as prescribed in the ANSI B30.5-1989, Safety Code for Crawler, Locomotive and Truck Cranes.
(5) Tower cranes.
(a) Tower cranes shall be erected, jumped and dismantled under the immediate supervision of a competent person, designated by the employer.
(b) Tower cranes shall be erected, maintained and used in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications, recommendations and procedures. All modifications shall be approved by the manufacturer and engineered by a professional engineer. The safety factors shall not be reduced by any modifications. The crane plates and charts shall be changed to reflect any modifications made.
(c) A professional engineer shall certify that the crane foundations and underlying soil are adequate support for the tower crane with its maximum overturning movement.
(d) Tower cranes shall be positioned whereby they can swing 360° without either the counterweight or jib striking any building, structure or other object, except:
(i) If the crane can strike an object or another crane, suitable limit switches shall be installed which will prohibit contact with such objects, or;
(ii) Direct voice communications shall be established between any operator of the tower crane(s) involved and a signalperson so stationed where the boom and/or counterweight movement, and the object with which it may contact can be observed so that the operator(s) can be warned of imminent danger.
(iii) A secondary means of positive communications shall be established as a back-up for possible direct voice communication failure.
(iv) Radio communication systems without tone coded squelch are prohibited. Citizens band radios shall not be used as a means of communications for tower cranes.
(e) Prior to installing a climbing tower crane within an existing building or new construction, a structural engineer shall certify that the building is designed to withstand the torque and floor loading created by the crane to be installed.
(f) Tower cranes erected on a new foundation shall be tested in accordance with ANSI B30.3-1990 Chapter 3-1.
(i) The test shall consist of suspending a load of not less than 110% of the rated capacity for 15 minutes. The load shall be suspended from the furthest point of the length of boom (jib) to be used. The results of this test shall be within the manufacturer's recommendations and/or specifications.
(ii) A record of each test shall be made and signed by the person responsible for conducting the test. Such records shall be maintained on the construction site for the duration of the construction work for which it was erected and subsequently made a part of the firm's permanent equipment records. Records shall be made available to authorized representatives of the department, upon request.
(g) A capacity chart shall be furnished by each crane manufacturer which shall include a full and complete range of crane load ratings at all stated operating radii for each allowable speed and each recommended counterweight load.
(i) Such chart shall be posted in the operator's cab or at the remote control stand in use. In lieu of the chart at the remote control stand, a minimum of two weight capacity signs shall be affixed to the jib or boom.
(ii) The chart shall be visible and readable to the operator while at the normal operating position.
(h) Operating controls shall be properly marked to indicate the function of the controls in each position.
(i) An operating and maintenance manual written in the English language shall be provided with each tower crane.
(j) Limit switches shall be installed and shall be kept properly adjusted. They shall be protected or isolated in a manner which will prevent unauthorized tampering. Limit switches shall provide the following functions:
(i) Safely limit the travel of the trolley to prevent it from hitting the outer end of the jib.
(ii) Limit the upward travel of the load block to prevent two-blocking.
(iii) Lower over travel limiting devices shall be provided for all load hoists where the hook area is not visible to the operator.
(iv) Limit the load being lifted in a manner whereby no more than 110% of the maximum rated load can be lifted or moved.
(k) The crane shall not be used to pull vehicles of any type, remove piling, loosen form work, pull away loads which are attached to the ground or walls, or for any operation other than the proper handling of freely suspended loads.
(l) When the operator may be exposed to the hazard of falling objects, the tower crane cab and/or remote control station shall have adequate overhead protection.
(m) The operator shall be protected from the weather. If enclosed cabs are provided they shall provide clear visibility in all directions and glass shall be approved safety glass or the equivalent.
(n) An approved and safe means shall be provided for access to operator's cab and machinery platform.
(o) When necessary for inspection or maintenance purposes, ladders, walkways with railing or other devices shall be provided.
(p) Each tower crane shall be provided with a slewing brake capable of preventing the jib or boom from rotating in either direction and stopping the rotation of the jib or boom while loaded, when desired. Such brake shall have a holding device which, when set, will hold the jib or boom in a fixed location without additional attention of the operator. When the crane is out of operation, the jib or boom shall be pointed downwind and the slewing brake shall be released so as to permit the jib or boom to weathervane, providing the jib or boom has a clear 360 degree rotation. Where a 360 degree rotation is not provided, the jib or boom shall be pointed downwind from the prevailing wind and the slewing brake set.
(q) Each tower crane shall be provided with a braking system on the trolley capable of stopping and holding the trolley in any desired position while carrying a maximum load. This brake shall be capable of being locked in a fixed location without additional attention of the operator. An automatic brake or device shall be installed which will immediately stop and lock the trolley in position in the event of a breakage of the trolley rope.
(r) All electrical equipment shall be properly grounded and protection shall be provided against lightning.
(s) When the operator is actually operating the crane, the operator shall remain in a stationary position.
(t) All crane brakes shall automatically set in event of power failure. Swing brakes shall also function in this manner or be capable of being set manually.
(u) Climbing jack systems used for raising a tower crane shall be equipped with over-pressure relief valves, direct-reading pressure gauges, and pilot-operated hydraulic check valves installed in a manner which will prevent jack from retracting should a hydraulic line or fitting rupture or fail.
(v) During periods of high winds or weather affecting visibility, i.e., fog, etc., only loads shall be handled that are consistent with good safety practices. Good safety practices shall be mutually agreed upon by the operator and the person in charge of the construction job, with due consideration given to manufacturer's specifications and recommendations.
(w) Counterweights shall be securely fastened in place and shall not exceed the weight as recommended by the manufacturer for the length of jib being used. However, an amount of counterweight as recommended by the manufacturer shall be used.
(x) Tower cranes shall be inspected and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations or more frequently if there is reason to suspect a possible defect or weakening of any portion of the structure or equipment.
(y) Guy wires, wedges, braces or other supports shall be inspected at the beginning and at midpoint of each working shift to ascertain that they are functioning as intended.
(6) Additional tower crane requirements.
(a) An approved method must be instituted for transmitting signals to the operator. Standard hand signals for crane operations must be used, whenever possible; however, if conditions are such that hand signals are ineffective, radio-controlled or electric-whistle signal or two-way voice communication must be used. (See WAC 296-155-525 (5)(d).)
(b) Tower cranes shall not be erected or raised when the wind velocity at the worksite exceeds 20 m.p.h. or that specified by the manufacturer.
(c) Tower crane operators shall be trained and experienced in tower crane operations; however, for gaining experience, persons may operate the tower crane if under the immediate supervision of an experienced operator.
(d) Adequate clearance shall be maintained between moving and rotating structures of the crane and fixed objects to allow the passage of employees without harm.
(e) Employees required to perform duties on the horizontal boom of hammerhead tower cranes shall be protected against falling by guardrails or by a full body harness and lanyards attached to crane or to lifelines in conformance with Part C-1 of this chapter.
(f) Buffers shall be provided at both ends of travel of the trolley.
(g) Cranes mounted on rail tracks shall be equipped with limit switches limiting the travel of the crane on the track and stops or buffers at each end of the tracks.
(h) All hammerhead tower cranes in use shall meet the applicable requirements for design, construction, installation, testing, maintenance, inspection, and operation as prescribed by the manufacturer.
(i) Access ladders inside the telescoping sections of tower cranes are exempt from those sections of the safety standards pertaining to cleat length and cleat spacing, but shall conform to manufacturer's recommendations and specifications.
(7) Overhead and gantry cranes.
(a) The rated load of the crane shall be plainly marked on each side of the crane, and if the crane has more than one hoisting unit, each hoist shall have its rated load marked on it or its load block, and this marking shall be clearly legible from the ground or floor.
(b) Bridge trucks shall be equipped with sweeps which extend below the top of the rail and project in front of the truck wheels.
(c) Except for floor-operated cranes, a gong or other effective audible warning signal shall be provided for each crane equipped with a power traveling mechanism.
(d) All overhead and gantry cranes in use shall meet the applicable requirements for design, construction, installation, testing, maintenance, inspection, and operation as prescribed in ANSI B30.2.0-1990, Safety Code for Overhead and Gantry Cranes.
(8) Derricks. All derricks in use shall meet the applicable requirements for design, construction, installation, inspection, testing, maintenance, and operation as prescribed in American National Standard Institute B30.6-1990, Safety Code for Derricks.
(9) Floating cranes and derricks.
(a) Mobile cranes mounted on barges.
(i) When a mobile crane is mounted on a barge, the rated load of the crane shall not exceed the original capacity specified by the manufacturer.
(ii) A load rating chart, with clearly legible letters and figures, shall be provided with each crane, and securely fixed at a location easily visible to the operator.
(iii) When load ratings are reduced to stay within the limits for list of the barge with a crane mounted on it, a new load rating chart shall be provided.
(iv) Mobile cranes on barges shall be positively secured.
(b) Permanently mounted floating cranes and derricks.
(i) When cranes and derricks are permanently installed on a barge, the capacity and limitations of use shall be based on competent design criteria.
(ii) A load rating chart with clearly legible letters and figures shall be provided and securely fixed at a location easily visible to the operator.
(iii) Floating cranes and floating derricks in use shall meet the applicable requirements for design, construction, installation, testing, maintenance, and operation as prescribed by the manufacturer.
(c) Protection of employees working on barges. The employer shall comply with the applicable requirements for protection of employees as specified in WAC 296-155-630.
(10) Mobile cranes and excavation machines.
(a) In all power driven shovel operations the person in charge shall issue instructions necessary to prevent accidents, to detect and correct unsafe acts and dangerous conditions, and to enforce all safety rules and regulations.
The person in charge shall also issue instructions on the proper method of using tools and handling material.
(b) Where the ground is soft or uneven, timbering and planking shall be used to provide firm foundation and distribute the load.
(c) In case of a breakdown, the shovel shall be moved away from the foot of the slope before repairs are made.
(d) All persons shall keep away from the range of the shovel's swing and shall not be permitted to stand back of the shovel or in line with the swing of the dipper during operation or moving of shovel.
(e) Unauthorized persons shall not be allowed on the shovel during operations, and the operator shall not converse with other persons while operating machine.
(f) The shovel dipper shall rest on the ground or on blocking during shut down periods.
(g) Shovels shall be inspected daily and all defects promptly repaired.
(h) All rubber tired mobile cranes shall be equipped with outriggers and sufficient blocking to properly stabilize crane while operating.
(i) Rubber tired mobile cranes shall be equipped with rear view mirrors.
(j) Positive boom stops shall be provided on all mobile cranes of the wheel and crawler type.
(k) Length of a crane boom and amount of counterweight shall not exceed manufacturer's rated capacity for equipment involved; except on isolated cases where permission is granted by the department.
(l) On all cranes where wedge brackets are used as terminal connections, the proper size wedge shall be used.
(m) On all mobile cranes, the hoist and boom drums shall be provided with a positive operated pawl or dog which shall be used in addition to the brake to hold the load and boom when they are suspended. Counterweight operated dogs are prohibited.
(n) Oiling and greasing shall be done under safe conditions with machine at rest, except when motion of machine is necessary.
(o) All steps, running boards, and boom ladder shall be of substantial construction and in good repair at all times.
(p) Operators shall not leave the cab while master clutch is engaged.
(q) Fire extinguishers shall be readily accessible and within reach of operator at all times.
(r) All shovel and crane cabs shall be kept clean and free of excess oil and grease on floor and machinery. Oily and greasy rags shall be disposed of immediately after use and not allowed to accumulate.
(s) Tools shall not be left on the cab floor. Spare cans of oil or fuel, and spare parts, shall not be stored in cabs, except in approved racks provided for that purpose.
(t) Mats or planking shall be used in moving shovels or cranes over soft or uneven ground.
(u) Cranes or shovels setting on steep grades shall be securely blocked or secured with a tail hold.
(v) Smoking shall be prohibited while fueling or oiling machines.
(w) Gasoline powered motors shall be stopped during refueling.
(x) Handling of movable feed line (bologna) shall be accomplished with insulated hooks and lineman's rubber gloves.
(y) Where cables cross roads they shall be elevated or placed in a trench.
(z) On all power shovels, including back-hoe types, of one-half cubic yard capacity or over, and on all dragline cranes or all-purpose cranes of the crawler or wheel type, two persons shall constitute the minimum working crew. It is mandatory that one be a qualified operator of the equipment in use. The job title of the other crew member may be oiler, rigger, signal person, or a laborer. The primary purpose of the second crew member is to signal the operator when the operator's vision is impaired or obscured and to be on-hand in case of emergency.
(i) Second-crew persons shall be properly trained in their second-person required skills.
(ii) The second crew member shall be close enough to the machine in operation to be aware of any emergency, if one arises, and to assure the machine is operated with necessary and appropriate signals to the operator.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 05-03-093 (Order 04-41), § 296-155-525, filed 01/18/05, effective 03/01/05. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 04-14-028 (Order 01-12), § 296-155-525, filed 06/29/04, effective 01/01/05. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 02-12-098 (Order 00-20), § 296-155-525, filed 06/05/02, effective 08/01/02. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 95-17-036 (Order 95-04), § 296-155-525, filed 8/9/95, effective 9/25/95; 91-03-044 (Order 90-18), § 296-155-525, filed 1/10/91, effective 2/12/91; Order 76-29, § 296-155-525, filed 9/30/76; Order 74-26, § 296-155-525, filed 5/7/74, effective 6/6/74.]
WAC 296-155-526 Crane attached personnel platforms.
(1) Scope, application, and definitions.
(a) Scope and application. This standard applies to the design, construction, testing, use and maintenance of personnel platforms, and the hoisting of personnel platforms attached to the boom of cranes. Crane attached personnel platforms must meet the applicable requirements for design, inspection, construction, testing, maintenance, and operation as prescribed in the ASME B30.23-1998 safety code for Personnel Lifting Systems.
(b) Definitions. For the purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:
“Failure” means load refusal, breakage, or separation of components.
“Lift” (or lifting) refers to all crane functions such as hoisting, lowering, swinging, booming in and out or up and down, or moving an attached personnel platform.
“Load refusal” means the point where the ultimate strength is exceeded.
“Runway” means a firm, level surface, designed, prepared, and designated as a path of travel for the weight and configuration of the crane being used to lift and travel with the attached crane platform. An existing surface may be used as long as it meets these criteria.
(2) General requirements. The use of a crane to hoist employees on a personnel platform is prohibited, except when the erection, use, and dismantling of conventional means of reaching the worksite, such as a personnel hoist, ladder, stairway, aerial lift, elevating work platform or scaffold, would be more hazardous, or is not possible because of structural design or worksite conditions.
(3) Cranes requirements.
(a) All lifting operations must be performed in accordance with the manufacturer's requirements.
(b) Hoist lines must be removed and stowed or an anti two-block device installed.
(c) Lifting of the personnel platform must be performed in a slow, controlled manner with no sudden movements of the crane or the platform.
(d) Load and boom hoist drum brakes, swing brakes, and locking devices, such as pawls or dogs, must be engaged when the personnel platform is occupied in a stationary working position.
(e) The crane must be uniformly level within one percent of level grade and located on firm footing. Cranes equipped with outriggers must follow manufacturer's requirements for use.
(f) The total weight of the loaded personnel platform must not exceed fifty percent of the rated capacity for the radius and configuration of the crane as required by load chart specifications.
(g) The use of machines having live booms (booms in which lowering is controlled by a brake without aid from other devices which slow the lowering speeds) is prohibited.
(4) Instruments and components.
(a) Cranes with variable angle booms must be equipped with a boom angle indicator, readily visible to the operator.
(b) Cranes with telescoping booms must be equipped with a device that at all times clearly indicates the boom's extended length to the operator. An accurate determination of the load radius, to be used during the lift, must be made before hoisting personnel.
(5) Personnel platforms - design criteria.
(a) A qualified engineer must design the personnel platform and attachment system.
(b) The attachment system must be designed to minimize tipping of the platform to no more than ten degrees from horizontal.
(c) The platform design must incorporate a motion control device that stabilizes the platform while being held in a working position.
(d) The personnel platform, excluding the guardrail system and body harness anchorages, must be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least five times the maximum intended load-based on a minimum allowance of five hundred pounds for the first person with light tools, and an additional two hundred fifty pounds for each additional person.
(e) Criteria for guardrail systems contained in chapter 296-155 WAC, Part K and body harness anchorages are contained in chapter 296-155 WAC, Part C will be followed.
(f) A plate or other permanent marking which indicates the weight of the platform and its rated load capacity or maximum intended load, must be conspicuously posted on the personnel platform.
(6) Platform specifications.
(a) Each personnel platform must be equipped with a guardrail system which meets the requirements of chapter 296-155 WAC, Part K. The personnel platform must also be enclosed at least from the toeboard to mid-rail with either solid construction or expanded metal having openings no greater than one-half inch (1.27 cm).
(b) A grab rail must be installed inside the entire perimeter of the personnel platform.
(c) Access gates, if installed, must not swing outward during hoisting.
(d) Access gates, including sliding or folding gates, must be equipped with a restraining device to prevent accidental opening.
(e) Employees must have sufficient headroom to stand upright on the platform.
(f) All rough edges exposed to contact by employees must be surfaced or smoothed in order to prevent injury to employees from punctures or lacerations.
(g) A qualified welder familiar with the weld grades and types must perform all welding of the personnel platform and its components, with material specified in the platform design.
(7) Personnel platform loading.
(a) The personnel platform must not be loaded in excess of its rated load capacity.
(b) The number of employees on the personnel platform must not exceed the number required for the work to be performed.
(c) Personnel platforms must be used only for employees, tools, and materials necessary to do the work. Personnel platforms will not be used to hoist materials or tools without an employee on the platform (except to perform a trial lift or proof test as described in subsection (8) of this section).
(d) Materials and tools must be secured to prevent displacement.
(e) Materials and tools must be evenly distributed, within the confines of the platform, while work is being performed.
(f) Employees must keep their feet in contact with the floor of the platform at all times.
(8) Prelift meeting.
(a) A meeting attended by the crane operator, signal person(s) (if necessary for the lift), employee(s) to be lifted, and the person responsible for the task to be performed must be held to review the appropriate requirements of this section and the procedures to be followed.
(b) This meeting must be held before the trial lift at each new work location, and must be repeated for any employees newly assigned to the operation.
(9) Trial lift, inspection, and proof testing.
(a) A trial lift with an unoccupied personnel platform loaded at least to the anticipated lift weight must be made from ground level, or any other location where employees will enter the platform, to each location at which the personnel platform is to be hoisted and positioned. This trial lift must be performed immediately prior to allowing employees on the platform. The operator must determine that:
- All systems, controls, and safety devices are activated and functioning properly;
- No interferences exist; and
- All configurations necessary to reach work locations will allow the operator to remain under the fifty percent limit of the crane's rated capacity.
- Materials and tools to be used during the actual lift must be loaded in the platform, as provided in subsection (7) of this section, for the trial lift.
Note: A single trial lift may be performed for all locations that are to be reached from a single set-up position.
(b) The trial lift must be repeated:
- Prior to hoisting employees whenever the crane is moved and set up in a new location, or returned to a previously used location.
- A meeting attended by the crane operator, signal person(s) (if necessary for the lift), employee(s) to be lifted, and the person responsible for the task to be performed must be held to review the appropriate requirements of this section and the procedures to be followed.
(c) After the trial lift:
- But prior to hoisting personnel, the platform must be hoisted a few inches and inspected to ensure that it is secure and properly balanced.
- A visual inspection of the crane, personnel platform, and the crane base support or ground must be conducted by a competent person to determine whether the testing has exposed any defect or produced any adverse effect upon any component or structure.
(d) Deficiencies found during inspection, or operation, which create a safety hazard, must be corrected before hoisting personnel.
(e) The platform must be proof tested:
- At each job site;
- Prior to hoisting employees on the personnel platform; and
- After any repair or modification.
(i) For the proof test, one hundred twenty-five percent of the platform's rated capacity will be hoisted and held in a suspended position for five minutes. The proof test load must be evenly distributed on the platform.
(ii) After each proof test a competent person must inspect the platform and rigging.
(iii) Deficiencies found during proof testing must be corrected, and another proof test conducted. Employees must not be hoisted until a deficiency free proof test has been achieved.
Note: Proof testing may be done concurrently with the required trial lift.
(10) Work practices.
(a) Employees must keep all parts of the body inside the platform during raising, lowering, and positioning, except when performing the duties of a signal person.
(b) Before entering or exiting a personnel platform that is not landed, the platform must be secured to the structure where the work is to be performed, unless securing to the structure creates an unsafe situation.
(c) The crane operator must remain at the controls at all times when the platform is occupied.
(d) Employee lifting must be promptly discontinued upon indication of any dangerous weather conditions.
(e) Employees being lifted must remain in continuous sight of and in direct communication with the operator or signal person. Any disruption in communications will cause operations to be immediately discontinued. Signals to the operator will be in accordance with section 5-3.3, ASME B30.5 1994 and this section.
(f) In situations where direct visual contact with the operator is not possible, or the use of a signal person may be hazardous for that person, direct communication alone, such as by radio, may be used. If a secure radio frequency is not available, hard-wired voice communication will be used. When using voice commands, there will be a continuous pause between commands of one-second duration per ten feet to the desired lift height or any contact point.
(g) The following voice commands are recommended for use:
- Boom up.
- Boom down.
- Swing left.
- Swing Right.
- Extend out.
- Retract in.
- Stop.
Note: If special voice commands are required to perform the lift safely, they must be mutually agreed upon between the designated signal person and the crane operator before the lift procedure starts.
(h) Employees on a personnel platform must use a full body harness system with lanyard appropriately attached to a structural member within the personnel platform capable of supporting a fall impact for employees using the anchorage as specified in chapter 296-155 WAC, Part C.
(i) Lifts must not be made on the crane's load lines while personnel are working from an attached platform.
(11) Traveling.
(a) Lifting of employees while the crane is traveling is prohibited, except for portal, tower and locomotive cranes, or where the employer demonstrates that there is no less hazardous way to perform the work.
(b) Under any circumstances where a crane would travel while lifting personnel, the employer must implement the following procedures to safeguard employees:
(i) Crane travel must be restricted to a fixed track or runway;
(ii) Travel must be limited to the load radius of the boom used during the lift; and
(iii) The boom must be parallel to the direction of travel.
(c) A complete trial run must be performed before employees are allowed to occupy the platform.
Note: This trial run can be performed concurrent with the trial lift required by subsection (8) of this section.
(d) If travel is done with a rubber tired-carrier, the condition and air pressure of the tires must be checked. The chart capacity for lifts on rubber must be used for application of the fifty percent reduction of rated capacity. Notwithstanding the requirements of subsection (3) of this section, outriggers may be partially retracted as necessary for travel.
(12) Communication. When using verbal signals, clarity and precision are essential for safe operation. Operators must be able to communicate with others at the worksite sufficiently to understand the signs, notices, operation instructions, and the signal code to be used.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49-17.010, .040, .050. 00-15-028 (Order 99-39), § 296-155-526, filed 07/12/2000, effective 10/01/2000.]
WAC 296-155-527 Appendix A to WAC 296-155-525.
Due to crane design configuration to maintain mobility, sheave diameters and rope, design factors are limited. Because of these limited design parameters, inspection to detect deterioration in accordance with subsections below and timely replacement are essential.
(1) Frequent inspection.
(a) All running ropes in service should be visually inspected once each working day. A visual inspection shall consist of observation of all rope which can reasonably be expected to be in use during the day's operations. These visual observations should be concerned with discovering gross damage, such as listed below, which may be an immediate hazard:
(i) Distortion of the rope such as kinking, crushing, unstranding, birdcaging, main strand displacement, or core protrusion. Loss of rope diameter in a short rope length or unevenness of outer strands should provide evidence that the rope or ropes must be replaced.
(ii) General corrosion.
(iii) Broken or cut strands.
(iv) Number, distribution and type of visible broken wires. (See subsection below for further guidance.)
(v) Core failure in rotation resistant ropes. When such damage is discovered the rope shall be either removed from service or given an inspection as detailed in periodic inspection.
(b) Care shall be taken when inspecting sections of rapid deterioration such as flange points, crossover points and repetitive pickup points on drums.
(c) Care shall be taken when inspecting certain ropes such as the following:
(i) Rotation resistant ropes, because of their higher susceptibility to damage and increased deterioration when working on equipment with limited design parameters. The internal deterioration of rotation resistant ropes may not be readily observable.
(ii) Boom hoist ropes, because of the difficulties of inspection and the important nature of these ropes.
(2) Periodic inspection.
(a) The inspection frequency shall be determined by a qualified person and shall be based on such factors as expected rope life as determined by experience on the particular installation or similar installations, severity of environment, percentage of capacity lifts, frequency rates of operation, and exposure to shock loads. Inspections need not be at equal calendar intervals and should be more frequent as the rope approaches the end of its useful life. This inspection shall be performed at least annually.
(b) Periodic inspections shall be performed by a qualified person. This inspection shall cover the entire length of rope. Only the surface wires of the rope need be inspected. No attempt should be made to open the rope. Any deterioration resulting in an appreciable loss of original strength, such as described below, shall be noted and determination made as to whether further use of the rope would constitute a hazard:
(i) Points listed in subsection (1) of this section (Frequent inspection).
(ii) Reduction of rope diameter below nominal diameter due to loss of core support, internal or external corrosion, or wear of outside wires.
(iii) Severely corroded or broken wires at end connections.
(c) Care shall be taken when inspecting sections of rapid deterioration, such as the following:
(i) Sections in contact with saddles, equalizer sheaves, or other sheaves where rope travel is limited;
(ii) Sections of the rope at or near terminal ends where corroded or broken wires may protrude.
(3) Rope replacement.
(a) No precise rules can be given for determination of the exact time for replacement of rope, since many variable factors are involved. Continued use in this respect depends largely upon good judgment by an appointed or authorized person in evaluating remaining strength in a used rope after allowance for deterioration disclosed by inspection. Continued rope operations depends upon this remaining strength.
(b) Conditions such as the following shall be sufficient reason for questioning continued use of the rope or increasing the frequency of inspection:
(i) In running ropes, six randomly distributed broken wires in one lay or three broken wires in one strand in one lay (for special conditions relating to rotation resistant rope refer to paragraph 5-3.2.1.1(d)(1)(b) ANSIB30.5 1989).
(ii) One outer wire broken at the point of contact with the core of the rope which has worked its way out of the rope structure and protrudes or loops out from the rope structure. Additional inspection of this section is required.
(iii) Wear of one-third the original diameter of outside individual wires.
(iv) Kinking, crushing, birdcaging, or any other damage resulting in distortion of the rope structure.
(v) Evidence of any heat damage from any cause.
(vi) Reductions from nominal diameter of more than:
(A) 1/64 in. (0.4 mm) for diameters up to and including 5/16 in. (8.0 mm);
(B) 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) for diameters 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) to and including 1/2 in. (13.0 mm);
(C) 3/64 in. (1.2 mm) for diameters 9/16 in. (14.5 mm) to and including 3/4 in. (19.0 mm);
(D) 1/16 in. (1.6mm) for diameters 7/8 in. (22.0 mm) to and including 1 1/8 in. (29.0 mm);
(E) 3/32 in. (2.4 mm) for diameters 1 1/4 in. (32.0 mm) to and including 1 1/2 in. (38.0 mm).
(vii) In standing ropes, more than two broken wires in one lay in sections beyond end connections or more than one broken wire at an end connection.
(c) Replacement rope shall have a strength rating at least as great as the original rope furnished or recommended by the crane manufacturer. Any deviation from the original size, grade, or construction shall be specified by a rope manufacturer, the crane manufacturer or a qualified person.
(d) Rope not in regular use. All rope which has been idle for a period of a month or more due to shutdown or storage of a crane on which it is installed shall be given an inspection before it is placed in service. This inspection shall be for all types of deterioration and shall be performed by an appointed or authorized person.
(e) Inspection records:
(i) Frequent inspection; no records required.
(ii) Periodic inspection: In order to establish data as a basis for judging the proper time for replacement, a dated report of rope condition at each periodic inspection shall be kept on file. This report shall cover points of deterioration. If the rope is replaced only that part need be recorded.
(f) A long-range inspection program should be established and should include records on the examination of ropes removed from service so that a relationship can be established between visual observation and actual condition of the internal structure.
(4) Rope maintenance.
(a) Rope should be stored to prevent damage or deterioration.
(b) Unreeling or uncoiling of rope shall be done as recommended by the rope manufacturer and with care to avoid kinking or inducing a twist.
(c) Before cutting a rope, seizings shall be placed on each side of the place where the rope is to be cut to prevent unlaying of the strands. On preformed rope, one seizing on each side of the cut is required. On nonpreformed ropes of 7/8 in. (22 mm) diameter or smaller, two seizings on each side of the cut are required, and for nonpreformed rope of 1 in. (26 mm) diameter or larger, three seizings on each side of the cut are required.
(d) During installation, care should be exercised to avoid dragging of the rope in dirt or around objects which will scrape, nick, crush, or induce sharp bends in it.
(e) Rope should be maintained in a well lubricated condition. It is important that lubricant applied as part of a maintenance program shall be compatible with the original lubricant, and to this end, the rope manufacturer should be consulted; lubricant applied shall be of the type which does not hinder visual inspection. Those sections of rope which are located over sheaves or otherwise hidden during inspection and maintenance procedures require special attention when lubricating rope. The object of rope lubrication is to reduce internal friction and to prevent corrosion.
(f) When an operating rope shows greater wear at well-defined localized areas than on the remainder of the rope, rope life can be extended (in cases where a reduced rope length is adequate) by cutting off a section at the worn end, and thus shifting the wear to different areas of the rope.
(5) Operating near electric power lines:
(a) Cranes shall be operated so that no part of the crane or load enters into the danger zone.
Exceptions: The danger zone may be entered if the electrical distribution and transmission lines have been de-energized and visibly grounded at the point of work; or the danger zone may be entered if insulating barriers (not a part of nor an attachment to the crane) have been erected to prevent physical contact with the lines.
(i) For lines rated 50 kV. or below, minimum clearance between the lines and any part of the crane or load (including handling appendages) shall be 10 feet (3 m).
(ii) Caution shall be exercised when working near overhead lines because they can move horizontally or vertically due to wind, moving the danger zone to new positions.
(iii) While in transit with no load and boom lowered, the clearance shall be as specified in WAC 296-155-525 (3)(e).
(iv) A qualified signal person shall be assigned to observe the clearance when the crane moves to within a boom's length of the limits specified in WAC 296-155-525 (3)(e). The operator is not in the best position to judge distance between the power line and the crane or its protuberances.
(b) If cage-type boom guards, insulating links, or proximity warning devices are used on cranes, such devices shall not be a substitute for the requirements of WAC 296-155-525 (3)(e), even if such devices are required by law or regulation. In view of the complex, invisible, and lethal nature of the electrical hazard involved, and to lessen the potential of false security, limitations of such devices, if used, shall be understood by operating personnel and tested in the manner and intervals prescribed by the manufacturer of the device. Compliance with WAC 296-155-525 (3)(e) is the recommended practice of this regulation in determining permissible proximity of the crane and its protuberances, including load, to electrical power lines.
(c) Before the commencement of operations near electrical lines, the person responsible for the job shall notify the owners of the lines or their authorized representatives, provide them with all pertinent information, and request their cooperation.
(d) Any overhead wire shall be considered to be an energized line unless and until the person owning such line or the electrical utility authorities verify that it is not an energized line.
(e) Exceptions to this procedure, if approved by the owner of the electrical lines, may be granted by the administrative or regulatory authority if the alternate procedure provides protection and is set forth in writing.
(f) Durable signs shall be installed at the operator's station and on the outside of the crane warning that electrocution or serious bodily injury may occur unless a minimum clearance of 10 feet (3 m) is maintained between the crane or the load being handled and energized power lines. Greater clearances are required because of higher voltage as stated in WAC 296-155-525 (3)(e). These signs shall be revised when local jurisdiction requires greater clearances.
(6) Site preparation and erection.
(a) All load bearing foundations, supports, and rail tracks shall be constructed or installed to support the crane loads and to transmit them to the soil or other support medium. In addition to supporting vertical load, foundations and supports, rail supports excepted, should be designed to provide a moment resisting overturning equal to a minimum of 150% of the maximum crane overturning moment.
(b) Rails should be level and straight, unless specifically designed for curves or grades, and properly spaced for the crane trucks in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications. The track and support system should have sufficient rigidity to limit dynamic oscillations and deviations from plumb.
(c) Rails shall be securely attached to the supporting surface in a manner capable of resisting the horizontal and vertical loads specified by the manufacturer. When applicable, provisions should be made for thermal expansion and contraction.
(d) Splices in rail tracks (bolted or welded) shall have smooth joints.
(e) When required, a designated portion of the track should be arranged and constructed as an out-of-service parking area complete with means needed for supporting the crane against storm wind effects and anchoring it against unwanted movement along the track; the parking track should be in place before erection commences.
(f) Rails shall be electrically grounded when they carry cranes electrically powered from an outside source.
(g) Both ends of all tracks shall be provided with stops or buffers adjusted for simultaneous contact with both sides of the travel base.
(h) When more than one crane will be operating on a run of track, particular consideration should be given to the number and disposition of parking areas.
(i) The hazard of earthquake effects appropriated to the site or zone should be considered.
(j) The crane manufacturer shall provide maximum resulting loads at the base of the crane, or wheel loads, for use in design of the supports.
(7) General erection requirements.
(a) When cranes are erected, the manufacturer's or a qualified person's written erection instructions and a list of the weights of each component to be erected shall be at the site.
(b) Cranes shall be erected in accordance with the crane manufacturer's or a qualified person's recommendations. Erection shall be performed under the supervision of a qualified person.
(c) Procedures shall be established before erection work commences to implement the erection instructions and to adapt them to the particular needs of the site. The need for temporary guying and bracing during erection shall be established.
(d) Before crane components are erected, they shall be visually inspected for damage. Damaged members shall not be erected until repaired in accordance with the manufacturer's or qualified person's instructions, or replaced.
(e) Slings and lifting accessories shall be selected and arranged to avoid damaging or marring crane members during erection.
(f) Wind velocity at the site at the time of erection should be considered as a limiting factor that could require suspending the erection operation.
(g) Crane towers shall be erected plumb to a tolerance that is specified by the manufacturer.
(h) Cranes required to weathervane when out-of-service shall be installed with clearance for the boom and superstructure to swing a full 360o arc without striking a fixed object or other crane.
[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17.RCW. 97-11-055 (Order 96-15), § 296-155-527, filed 05/20/97, effective 08/01/97. 95-17-036 (Order 95-04), § 296-155-527, filed 8/9/95, effective 9/25/95.]
