WAC
296-155-528 Crane or derrick suspended personnel platforms.
(1) Scope, application, and definitions.
(a) Scope and application. This standard applies to the design,
construction, testing, use and maintenance of personnel platforms,
and the hoisting of personnel platforms on the load lines of
cranes or derricks.
(b) Definitions. For the purposes of this section, the following
definitions apply:
(i) “Failure” means load refusal, breakage,
or separation of components.
(ii) “Hoist” (or hoisting) means
all crane or derrick functions such as lowering, lifting,
swinging, booming in and out or up and down, or suspending
a personnel platform.
(iii) “Load refusal” means the point
where the ultimate strength is exceeded.
(iv) “Maximum intended load” means the
total load of all employees, tools, materials, and other loads
reasonably anticipated to be applied to a personnel platform
or personnel platform component at any one time.
(v) “Runway” means a firm, level surface
designed, prepared, and designated as a path of travel for
the weight and configuration of the crane being used to lift
and travel with the crane suspended platform. An existing
surface may be used as long as it meets these criteria.
(2) General requirements. The use of a crane or derrick to hoist
employees on a personnel platform is prohibited, except when the
erection, use, and dismantling of conventional means of reaching
the worksite, such as a personnel hoist, ladder, stairway, aerial
lift, elevating work platform or scaffold, would be more hazardous,
or is not possible because of structural design or worksite conditions.
(3) Cranes and derricks.
(a) Operational criteria.
(b) Hoisting of the personnel platform shall be performed in
a slow, controlled, cautious manner with no sudden movements
of the crane or derrick, or the platform.
(c) Load lines shall be capable of supporting, without failure,
at least seven times the maximum intended load, except that
where rotation resistant rope is used, the lines shall be capable
of supporting without failure, at least ten times the maximum
intended load. The required design factor is achieved by taking
the current safety factor of 3.5 (required under WAC
296-155-525 (4)(b)) and applying the fifty percent derating
of the crane capacity which is required by (f) of this subsection.
(d) Load and boom hoist drum brakes, swing brakes, and locking
devices such as pawls or dogs shall be engaged when the occupied
personnel platform is in a stationary working position.
(e) The crane shall be uniformly level within one percent of
level grade and located on firm footing. Cranes equipped with
outriggers shall have them all fully deployed following manufacturer's
specifications, insofar as applicable, when hoisting employees.
(f) The total weight of the loaded personnel platform and related
rigging shall not exceed fifty percent of the rated capacity
for the radius and configuration of the crane or derrick.
(g) The use of machines having live booms (booms in which lowering
is controlled by a brake without aid from other devices which
slow the lowering speeds) is prohibited.
(h) Multiple-part line block: When a multiple-part line block
is in use, a substantial strap shall be used between the crane
hook and common ring, shackle, or other equivalent device, to
eliminate employee exposure to the lines running through the
block, and to the block itself.
(4) Instruments and components.
(a) Cranes and derricks with variable angle booms shall be
equipped with a boom angle indicator, readily visible to the
operator.
(b) Cranes with telescoping booms shall be equipped with a
device to indicate clearly to the operator, at all times, the
boom's extended length, or an accurate determination of the
load radius to be used during the lift shall be made prior to
hoisting personnel.
(c) A positive acting device shall be used which prevents contact
between the load block or overhaul ball and the boom tip (anti-two-blocking
device), or a system shall be used which deactivates the hoisting
action before damage occurs in the event of a two- blocking
situation (two block damage prevention feature).
(d) The load line hoist drum shall have a system or device
on the power train, other than the load hoist brake, which regulates
the lowering rate of speed of the hoist mechanism (controlled
load lowering). Free fall is prohibited.
(5) Rigging.
(a) Lifting bridles on box-type platforms shall consist of
four legs of equal length, with one end securely shackled to
each corner of the platform and the other end securely attached
to a common ring, shackle, or other equivalent device to accommodate
the crane hook, or a strap to the crane hook.
(b) Shackle bolts used for rigging of personnel platforms shall
be secured against displacement.
(c) A substantial safety line shall pass through the eye of
each leg of the bridle adjacent to the common ring, shackle,
or equivalent device.
(d) Securely fastened with a minimum amount of slack to the
lift line above the headache ball or to the crane hook itself.
(e) All eyes in wire rope slings shall be fabricated with thimbles.
(f) Wire rope, shackles, rings, master links, and other rigging
hardware must be capable of supporting, without failure, at
least five times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted
to that component. Where rotation resistant wire rope is used
for slings, they shall be capable of supporting without failure
at least ten times the maximum intended load.
(g) Hooks on headache ball assemblies, lower load blocks, or
other attachment assemblies shall be of a type that can be closed
and locked, eliminating the hook throat opening. Alternatively,
an alloy anchor type shackle with a bolt, nut and retaining
pin may be used.
(h) Bridles and associated rigging for attaching the personnel
platform to the hoist line shall be used only for the platform
and the necessary employees, their tools and the materials necessary
to do their work, and shall not be used for any other purpose
when not hoisting personnel.
(6) Personnel platforms - design criteria.
(a) The personnel platform and suspension system shall be designed
by a qualified engineer or a qualified person competent in structural
design.
(b) The suspension system shall be designed to minimize tipping
of the platform due to movement of employees occupying the platform.
(c) The personnel platform itself, except the guardrail system
and body harness anchorages, shall be capable of supporting,
without failure, its own weight and at least five times the
maximum intended load based on a minimum allowance of five hundred
pounds for the first person with light tools, and an additional
two hundred fifty pounds for each additional person.
(e) The personnel platform shall be conspicuously posted with
a plate or other permanent marking which indicates the weight
of the platform and its rated load capacity or maximum intended
load.
(7) Platform specifications.
(a) Each personnel platform shall be equipped with a guardrail
system which meets the requirements of chapter 296-155
WAC, Part K and, shall be enclosed at least from the toeboard
to mid-rail with either solid construction or expanded metal
having openings no greater than one-half inch (1.27 cm).
(b) A grab rail shall be installed inside the entire perimeter
of the personnel platform.
(c) Access gates, if installed, shall not swing outward during
hoisting.
(d) Access gates, including sliding or folding gates, shall
be equipped with a restraining device to prevent accidental
opening.
(e) Headroom shall be provided which allows employees to stand
upright in the platform.
(f) In addition to the use of hard hats, employees shall be
protected by overhead protection on the personnel platform when
employees are exposed to falling objects.
(g) All rough edges exposed to contact by employees shall be
surfaced or smoothed in order to prevent injury to employees
from punctures or lacerations.
(h) All welding of the personnel platform and its components
shall be performed by a qualified welder familiar with the weld
grades, types, and material specified in the platform design.
(i) Occupants of all personnel platforms shall wear a safety
belt or harness and lanyard which meets the requirements of
chapter
296-155 WAC, Part C-1.
(j) Box-type platform: The workers lanyard shall be secured
to an anchorage within the platform meeting the requirements
of chapter
296-155 WAC, Part C-1.
(k) Rescue platform:
(i) If the platform is used as a rescue vehicle, the injured
worker shall be strapped into the stretcher or basket.
(ii) The basket shall then be secured by lanyard to an anchorage
within the platform meeting the requirements of chapter
296-155 WAC, Part C-1.
(l) Boatswains chair: The workers lanyard shall be secured
to the lift line above the headache ball or to the crane hook
itself.
(m) Barrel-type platform:
(i) The workers lanyard shall be secured to the lift line
above the headache ball or to the crane hook itself.
(ii) A solid bar or rod shall be substantially attached in
a rigid position to the bottom or side of the platform.
(iii) The bottom of the barrel-type platform shall be of
a convex shape to cause the platform to lay on its side when
lowered to the ground or floor.
(iv) The bar or rod shall extend a minimum of eight feet
above the floor of the platform.
(v) Workers shall enter and exit from barrel-type platforms
only when they are in an upright position, stable, and securely
attached to the load line.
(vi) The employer shall use methods or devices which allow
employees to safely enter or exit barrel-type platforms.
(8) Personnel platform loading.
(a) The personnel platform shall not be loaded in excess of
its rated load capacity.
(b) The number of employees occupying the personnel platform
shall not exceed the number required for the work being performed.
(c) Personnel platforms shall be used only for employees, their
tools, and the materials necessary to do their work, and shall
not be used to hoist only materials or tools when not hoisting
personnel.
(d) Materials and tools for use during a personnel lift shall
be secured to prevent displacement.
(e) Materials and tools for use during a personnel lift shall
be evenly distributed within the confines of the platform while
the platform is suspended.
(9) Trial lift, inspection, and proof testing.
(a) A trial lift with the unoccupied personnel platform loaded
at least to the anticipated liftweight shall be made from ground
level, or any other location where employees will enter the
platform, to each location at which the personnel platform is
to be hoisted and positioned. This trial lift shall be performed
immediately prior to placing personnel on the platform. The
operator shall determine that all systems, controls, and safety
devices are activated and functioning properly; that no interferences
exist; and that all configurations necessary to reach those
work locations will allow the operator to remain under the fifty
percent limit of the hoist's rated capacity. Materials and tools
to be used during the actual lift can be loaded in the platform,
as provided in subsection (8)(d) and (e) of this section for
the trial lift. A single trial lift may be performed at one
time for all locations that are to be reached from a single
set-up position.
(b) The trial lift shall be repeated prior to hoisting employees
whenever the crane or derrick is moved and set up in a new location
or returned to a previously used location. Additionally, the
trial lift shall be repeated when the lift route is changed
unless the operator determines that the route change is not
significant (i.e., the route change would not affect the safety
of hoisted employees).
(c) After the trial lift, and just prior to hoisting personnel,
the platform shall be hoisted a few inches and inspected to
ensure that it is secure and properly balanced. Employees shall
not be hoisted unless the following conditions are determined
to exist:
(i) Hoist ropes shall be free of kinks;
(ii) Multiple part lines shall not be twisted around each
other;
(iii) The primary attachment shall be centered over the platform;
and
(iv) The hoisting system shall be inspected if the load rope
is slack to ensure all ropes are properly stated on drums
and in sheaves.
(d) A visual inspection of the crane or derrick, rigging, personnel
platform, and the crane or derrick base support or ground shall
be conducted by a competent person immediately after the trial
lift to determine whether the testing has exposed any defect
or produced any adverse effect upon any component or structure.
(e) Any defects found during inspections which create a safety
hazard shall be corrected before hoisting personnel.
(f) At each job site, prior to hoisting employees on the personnel
platform, and after any repair or modification, the platform
and rigging shall be proof tested to one hundred twenty-five
percent of the platform's rated capacity by holding it in a
suspended position for five minutes with the test load evenly
distributed on the platform (this may be done concurrently with
the trial lift). After proof testing, a competent person shall
inspect the platform and rigging. Any deficiencies found shall
be corrected and another proof test shall be conducted. Personnel
hoisting shall not be conducted until the proof testing requirements
are satisfied.
(10) Work practices.
(a) Employees shall keep all parts of the body inside the platform
during raising, lowering, and positioning. This provision does
not apply to an occupant of the platform performing the duties
of a signal person.
(b) Before employees exit or enter a hoisted personnel platform
that is not landed, the platform shall be secured to the structure
where the work is to be performed, unless securing to the structure
creates an unsafe situation.
(c) Tag lines shall be used unless their use creates an unsafe
condition.
(d) The crane or derrick operator shall remain at the controls
at all times when the crane engine is running and the platform
is occupied.
(e) Hoisting of employees shall be promptly discontinued upon
indication of any dangerous weather conditions or other impending
danger.
(f) Employees being hoisted shall remain in continuous sight
of and in direct communication with the operator or signal person.
In those situations where direct visual contact with the operator
is not possible, and the use of a signal person would create
a greater hazard for that person, direct communication alone
such as by radio may be used.
(g) Hand signals to the operator shall be in accordance with
WAC
296-155-525 (2)(c).
(h) Except over water, employees occupying the personnel platform
shall use a full body harness system with lanyard appropriately
attached to the lower load block or overhaul ball, or to a structural
member within the personnel platform capable of supporting a
fall impact for employees using the anchorage as specified in
chapter
296-155 WAC, Part C-1. When working over water, the requirements
of WAC
296-155-235 shall apply.
No lifts shall be made on another of the crane's or derrick's
load lines while personnel are suspended on a platform.
(11) Traveling.
(a) Hoisting of employees while the crane is traveling is prohibited,
except for portal, tower and locomotive cranes, or where the
employer demonstrates that there is no less hazardous way to
perform the work.
(b) Under any circumstances where a crane would travel while
hoisting personnel, the employer shall implement the following
procedures to safeguard employees:
(i) Crane travel shall be restricted to a fixed track or
runway;
(ii) Travel shall be limited to the load radius of the boom
used during the lift; and
(iii) The boom must be parallel to the direction of travel.
(c) A complete trial run shall be performed to test the route
of travel before employees are allowed to occupy the platform.
This trial run can be performed at the same time as the trial
lift required by subsection (9)(a) of this section which tests
the route of the lift.
(d) If travel is done with a rubber tired-carrier, the condition
and air pressure of the tires shall be checked. The chart capacity
for lifts on rubber shall be used for application of the fifty
percent reduction of rated capacity. Notwithstanding subsection
(3)(e) of this section, outriggers may be partially retracted
as necessary for travel.
(12) Prelift meeting.
(a) A meeting attended by the crane or derrick operator, signal
person(s) (if necessary for the lift), employee(s) to be lifted,
and the person responsible for the task to be performed shall
be held to review the appropriate requirements of this section
and the procedures to be followed.
(b) This meeting shall be held prior to the trial lift at each
new work location, and shall be repeated for any employees newly
assigned to the operation.
WAC
296-155-530 Material hoists, personnel hoists, and elevators.
(1) General requirements.
(a) The employer shall comply with the manufacturer's specifications
and limitations applicable to the operation of all hoists and
elevators. Where the manufacturer's specifications are not available,
the limitations assigned to the equipment shall be based on
the determinations of a professional engineer competent in the
field.
(b) The employer shall ensure that no person shall enter a
hoistway, elevator shaft, or similar enclosure in which the
hoisting apparatus or vehicle is installed and functioning unless
the power source operating those systems is locked out in accordance
with WAC
296-155-429.
(c) Rated load capacities, recommended operating speeds, and
special hazard warning or instructions shall be posted on cars
and platforms.
(d) Wire rope shall be removed from service when any of the
following conditions exists:
(i) In hoisting ropes, six randomly distributed broken wires
in one rope lay or three broken wires in one strand in one
rope lay;
(ii) Abrasion, scrubbing, flattening, or peening, causing
loss of more than one-third of the original diameter of the
outside wires;
(iii) Evidence of any heat damage resulting from a torch
or any damage caused by contact with electrical wires;
(iv) Reduction from nominal diameter of more than three sixty-fourths
inch for diameters up to and including three-fourths inch;
one-sixteenth inch for diameters seven-eighths to 1 1/8 inches;
and three thirty-seconds inch for diameters 1 1/4 to 1 1/2
inches.
(e) Hoisting ropes shall be installed in accordance with the
wire rope manufacturer's recommendations.
(f) The installation of live booms on hoists is prohibited.
(g) The use of endless belt-type man lifts on construction
shall be prohibited.
(h) Employees shall not be permitted to ride on top of material
hoists, personnel hoists or permanent elevators except for purposes
of inspection, maintenance, elevator installation or dismantling
work.
(2) Material hoists,
(a) (i) Operating rules shall be established and posted at
the operator's station of the hoist. Such rules shall include
signal system and allowable line speed for various loads.
Rules and notices shall be posted on the car frame or crosshead
in a conspicuous location, including the statement “No
riders allowed.”
(ii) No person shall be allowed to ride on material hoists
except for the purposes of inspection and maintenance.
(b) All entrances of the hoistways shall be protected by substantial
gates or bars which shall guard the full width of the landing
entrance. All hoistway entrance bars and gates shall be painted
with diagonal contrasting colors, such as black and yellow stripes.
(i) Bars shall be not less than 2- by 4-inch wooden bars
or the equivalent, located 2 feet from the hoistway line.
Bars shall be located not less than 36 inches nor more than
42 inches above the floor.
(ii) Gates or bars protecting the entrances to hoistway shall
be quipped with a latching device.
(c) Overhead protective covering of two-inch planking, 3/4-inch
plywood or other solid material of equivalent strength shall
be provided on the top of every material hoist cage or platform
to prevent objects falling on the workers loading or unloading
the hoist.
(i) The protective covering on the top of the cage or platform
may be made in hinged sections that may be raised when hoisting
long material.
(ii) When using a cage or platform for long material, the
several pieces of the material shall be securely fastened
together and made fast to the cage or platform, so that no
part of the load can fall or project beyond the sides of the
cage or platform.
(d) The operator's station of a hoisting machine shall be provided
with overhead protection equivalent to tight planking not less
than 2 inches thick. The support for the overhead protection
shall be of equal strength.
(e) Hoist towers may be used with or without an enclosure on
all sides. However, whichever alternative is chosen, the following
applicable conditions shall be met:
(i) When a hoist tower is enclosed, it shall be enclosed
on all sides for its entire height with a screen enclosure
of 1/2-inch mesh, No. 18 U.S. gauge wire or equivalent, except
for landing access.
(ii) When a hoist tower is not enclosed, the hoist platform
or car shall be totally enclosed (caged) on all sides for
the full height between the floor and the overhead protective
covering with 1/2-inch mesh of No. 14 U.S. gauge wire or equivalent.
The hoist platform enclosure shall include the required gates
for loading and unloading. A 6-foot high enclosure shall be
provided on the unused sides of the hoist tower at ground
level.
(f) Car arresting devices shall be installed to function in
case of rope failure.
(g) All material hoist towers shall be designed by a licensed
professional engineer.
(h) All material hoists shall conform to the requirements of
ANSI A10.5-1969, Safety Requirements for Material Hoists.
(3) Personnel hoists.
(a) Personnel hoists shall be provided for access and egress
on all multi story buildings where vertical travel exceeds sixty
feet from a ground level access point.
(b) Hoist towers outside the structure shall be enclosed for
the full height on the side or sides used for entrance and exit
to the structure. At the lowest landing, the enclosure on the
sides not used for exit or entrance to the structure shall be
enclosed to a height of at least 10 feet. Other sides of the
tower adjacent to floors or scaffold platforms shall be enclosed
to a height of 10 feet above the level of such floors or scaffolds.
(c) Towers inside of structures shall be enclosed on all four
sides throughout the full height.
(d) Towers shall be anchored to the structure at intervals
not exceeding 25 feet. In addition to tie-ins, a series of guys
shall be installed. Where tie-ins are not practical the tower
shall be anchored by means of guys made of wire rope at least
one-half inch in diameter, securely fastened to anchorages to
ensure stability.
(e) Hoistway doors or gates shall be not less than 6 feet 6
inches high and shall be provided with mechanical locks which
cannot be operated from the landing side, and shall be accessible
only to persons on the car.
(f) Cars shall be permanently enclosed on all sides and the
top, except sides used for entrance and exit, which have car
gates or doors.
(g) A door or gate shall be provided at each entrance to the
car which shall protect the full width and height of the car
entrance opening.
(h) Overhead protective covering of 2-inch planking, 3/4-inch
plywood or other solid material of equivalent strength shall
be provided on the top of every personnel hoist.
(i) Doors or gates shall be provided with electric contacts
which do not allow movement of the hoist when door or gate is
open.
(j) A signal device shall be installed in the elevator car
and only operated by an attendant who shall give the signals
for operation, when transporting workers.
(k) An electrical push button signalling device or other approved
signalling system shall be provided at each floor landing connected
to an annunciator in the car. The signal code shall be posted
adjacent to the signal device at each and every work level and
at operator's work level. All wording shall be black on a white
card, in large clear letters.
(l) The elevator machine and controls shall be housed in as
a protection against accidents and the weather, and the door
kept locked against unauthorized entrance when operator is not
in attendance.
(m) Safeties shall be capable of stopping and holding the car
and rated load when traveling at governor tripping speed.
(n) Cars shall be provided with a capacity and data plate secured
in a conspicuous place on the car or crosshead.
(o) Internal combustion engines shall not be permitted for
direct drive.
(p) Normal and final terminal stopping devices shall be provided.
(q) An emergency stop switch shall be provided in the car and
marked “stop.”
(r) Ropes:
(i) The minimum number of hoisting ropes used shall be three
for traction hoists and two for drum-type hoists.
(ii) The minimum diameter of hoisting and counterweight wire
ropes shall be 1/2-inch.
(iii) Safety factors:
Minimum Factors of Safety
for Suspension Wire Ropes
Rope
speed in feet per minute:
Minimum
factor of Safety:
50
7.60
75
7.75
100
7.95
125
8.10
150
8.25
175
8.40
200
8.60
225
8.75
250
8.90
300
9.20
350
9.50
400
9.75
450
10.00
500
10.25
550
10.45
600
10.70
(s) Following assembly and erection of hoists, and before being
put in service, an inspection and test of all functions and
safety devices shall be made under the supervision of a competent
person. A similar inspection and test is required following
major alteration of an existing installation. All hoists shall
be inspected and tested at not more than 3-month intervals.
Records shall be maintained and kept on file for the duration
of the job.
(t) All personnel hoists used by employees shall be constructed
of materials and components which meet the specifications for
materials, construction, safety devices, assembly, and structural
integrity as stated in the American National Standard A10.4-1963,
Safety Requirements for Workmen's Hoists. The requirements of
this subdivision do not apply to cantilever type personnel hoists.
(u) Wire rope shall be taken out of service when any of the
following conditions exist:
(i) In running ropes, six randomly distributed broken wires
in one lay or three broken wires in one strand in one lay;
(ii) Wear of one-third the original diameter of outside individual
wires. Kinking, crushing, bird caging, or any other damage
resulting in distortion of the rope structure;
(iii) Evidence of any heat damage from any cause;
(iv) Reductions from nominal diameter of more than three-sixty-fourths
inch for diameters to and including three-fourths inch, one
sixteenth inch for diameter seven-eights inch to 1 1/8 inches
inclusive, three-thirty-seconds inch for diameters 1 1/4 to
1 1/2 inches inclusive;
(v) In standing ropes, more than two broken wires in one
lay in sections beyond end connections or more than one broken
wire at an end connection.
(v) (i) Personnel hoists used in bridge tower construction
shall be approved by a registered professional engineer
and erected under the supervision of a qualified engineer
competent in this field.
(ii) When a hoist tower is not enclosed, the hoist platform
or car shall be totally enclosed (caged) on all sides for
the full height between the floor and the overhead protective
covering with 3/4-inch mesh of No. 14 U.S. gauge wire or
equivalent. The hoist platform enclosure shall include the
required gates for loading and unloading.
(iii) These hoists shall be inspected and maintained on
a weekly basis. Whenever the hoisting equipment is exposed
to winds exceeding 35 miles per hour it shall be inspected
and put in operable condition before reuse.
(4) All elevators, manlifts or other lifting devices must be
installed and maintained in conformity with the requirements specified
in the Washington State elevator laws and regulations adopted
by the elevator section of the department of labor and industries.
Note: For additional information refer to
chapter 296-100 WAC, safety requirements for material hoists.
(a) Exposed moving parts such as gears, projecting screws,
setscrews, chain, cables, chain sprockets, and reciprocating
or rotating parts, which constitute a hazard, shall be guarded.
(b) All controls used during the normal operation cycle shall
be located within easy reach of the operator's station.
(c) Electric motor operated hoists shall be provided with:
(i) A device to disconnect all motors from the line upon
power failure and not permit any motor to be restarted until
the controller handle is brought to the “off”
position;
(ii) Where applicable, an overspeed preventive device;
(iii) A means whereby remotely operated hoists stop when
any control is ineffective.
(d) All base-mounted drum hoists in use shall meet the applicable
requirements for design, construction, installation, testing,
inspection, maintenance, and operation, as prescribed by the
manufacturer.
(a) The safe working load of the overhead hoist, as determined
by the manufacturer, shall be indicated on the hoist, and this
safe working load shall not be exceeded.
(b) The supporting structure to which the hoist is attached
shall have a safe working load equal to that of the hoist.
(c) The support shall be arranged so as to provide for free
movement of the hoist and shall not restrict the hoist from
lining itself up with the load.
(d) The hoist shall be installed only in locations that will
permit the operator to stand clear of the load at all times.
(e) Air hoists shall be connected to an air supply of sufficient
capacity and pressure to safely operate the hoist. All air hoses
supplying air shall be positively connected to prevent their
becoming disconnected during use.
(f) All overhead hoists in use shall meet the applicable requirements
for construction, design, installation, testing, inspection,
maintenance, and operation, as prescribed by the manufacturer.
(1) All conveyors in use shall meet the applicable requirements
for design, construction, inspection, testing, maintenance, and
operation, as prescribed in ANSI B20.1-1976, Safety Code for Conveyors,
Cableways, and Related Equipment.
(2) Starting precautions.
(a) When the entire length of a conveyor is visible from the
starting switch, the operator shall visually check to make certain
that all persons are in the clear before starting the conveyor.
(b) When the entire length of the conveyor is not visible from
the starting switch, a positive audible or visible warning system
shall be installed and operated to warn persons that the conveyor
will be started.
(c) All reasonable precautions shall be taken by the operator
prior to starting a conveyor, to assure that no person is in
a hazardous location where they may be injured when the conveyor
is started.
(3) Riding and walking on conveyors.
(a) Riding on conveyor chains, belt, or bucket elevators shall
be prohibited.
(b) Persons shall not be allowed to walk on conveyors except
for emergency purposes and then only after the conveyor has
been de-energized and the person can do so safely.
(c) Riding of conveyors shall only be permitted on the manlift
steps and platforms with handholds attached and other safety
factors as specified in chapter 296-96 WAC, Safety regulations
and fees for all elevators, dumbwaiters, escalators, and other
conveyances.
(4) Stop controls.
(a) Means for stopping the motor or engine of a conveyor shall
be provided at the operator's station.
(b) If the operator's station is at a remote point, similar
provisions for stopping the motor or engine shall be provided
at the motor or engine location.
(5) Emergency controls. Emergency stop switches shall be arranged
so that the conveyor cannot be started again until the actuating
stop switch has been reset to running or “on” position.
(6) Screw type conveyors. Screw or auger type conveyors shall
be guarded to prevent employee contact with turning flights.
(7) Overhead conveyors.
(a) Where a conveyor passes over work areas, aisles, or thoroughfares,
guards shall be provided to protect persons required to work
below the conveyors.
(b) Where a conveyor crosses over an aisle or passageway, it
shall be conspicuously marked by suitable signs, as required
by Part E of this chapter.
(c) When the return strand of a conveyor operates within seven
feet of the floor there shall be a trough provided of sufficient
strength to carry the weight resulting from a broken chain.
If the strands are over a passageway, a means shall be provided
to catch and support the ends of the chain in the event of a
break.
(8) Emergency stop.
(a) Conveyors shall be provided with an emergency stopping
device (panic-type) which can be reached from the conveyor.
(b) The emergency stopping device shall be located near the
material entrance and shall stop the conveyor a sufficient distance
away from the hazard to prevent injury.
(c) Where the conveyor leading into such equipment is under
constant control of an operator who has full view of the material
entrance who is located or restrained where they cannot possibly
fall onto the conveyor an emergency stopping device is not mandatory.
(9) Conveyor lockout.
(a) Conveyors shall be locked out with a padlock at any time
repair, maintenance, or clean-up work is being performed on
the conveyor.
(b) Tags or push-button stops are not acceptable.
(10) Where conveyors are in excess of seven feet in height, means
shall be provided to safely permit essential inspection and maintenance
operations.
(11) Conveyor repair.
(a) Any part showing signs of significant wear shall be inspected
carefully and replaced prior to reaching a condition where it
may create a hazard.
(b) Replacement parts shall be equal to or exceed the manufacturer's
specifications.
(1) Cableways shall be designed to withstand the maximum required
load with a safety factor of five (5) on all its parts.
(2) Safety stay lines shall be installed at anchor ends and equal
in strength to the cableway.
(3) Where towers are required they shall be securely guyed or
constructed to carry the maximum sustained load.
(4) Towers shall be provided with ladderways to facilitate
safe access for repairs and inspections.
(5) Towers shall have sufficient elevation to provide substantial
clearance for cableway and loads carried over all contemplated
work.
(6) Running lines and sheaves, where accessible, shall be guarded.
(7) The carrier, carrier sheaves, bearings, bucket latch and
all working parts shall be lubricated and visually inspected daily.
(8) All the wire ropes shall be kept lubricated with proper lubricant.
(9) Daily visual inspection shall be made of the button line,
especially at the buttons where abrasion is caused by the carrier
rebound. Rubber and steel ferrule shock absorbers shall be placed
at each end of buttons.
(10) All loading, unloading and working stations shall be adequately
lighted for night operation. Clearance lights shall be installed
on all high points under cableway.
(1) Gin poles shall be properly guyed according to the type used.
(2) Anchors may be of “dead men” or attached to some
permanent stable structure.
(3) When the guy lines are anchored to a permanent structure,
the anchors shall be distant at least one-half the height of the
pole from its base, and when “dead men” are used,
they shall be located a distant from the base at least one and
one-half times the height of the pole.
(4) The pole shall be securely fastened at the foot to prevent
kicking out during operation.
(5) Gin poles shall be of selected timber, sound and free from
knots or other injurious defects.
(6) Allowable loads for spruce timbers used as gin poles. The
allowable loads and the limiting lengths given are based on the
U.S. Forest Products Laboratory Standard Recommendations for Spruce
of Common Grade, based on pin connected ends for columns.
Actual
Length
in feet
Allowable
load capacity in tons
6"x6"
10
10.4
6"x6"
15
6.6
6"x6"
20
3.7
6"x6"
25 Max.
2.4
8"x8"
20
11.7
8"x8"
25
7.5
8"x8"
30
5.2
8"x8"
33 4"
Max.
4.2
10"x10"
25
18.2
10"x10"
30
12.7
10"x10"
35
9.3
10"x10"
41 8"
Max.
6.6
12"x12"
30
26.3
12"x12"
35
19.3
12"x12"
40
14.8
12"x12"
45
11.7
12"x12"
50 Max.
9.5
(7) When gin poles are spliced to increase their length, the
splicing shall be made with heavy planking at least four feet
long securely bolted to all four (4) sides of the pole. If splicing
planks are spiked, they shall be securely lashed at the same points.
(8) Additional guy lines shall be attached at the point of splice.
(1) A concrete bucket tower located inside a structure, and which
is three feet or less from any scaffold or the edge of the shaftway
or floor opening in which it is installed, shall be enclosed on
all sides with heavy wire netting formed of number sixteen U.S.
gauge one and one-half inch mesh. Wood slats placed vertically
and spaced not more than one and one-half inches apart may be
used instead of the netting.
The enclosure shall extend at least eight feet above such scaffold
or floor.
(2) A concrete bucket tower located outside a structure shall
be enclosed to a height of eight feet at lower landing with heavy
wire netting formed of number sixteen U.S. gauge wire one and
one-half inch mesh or other suitable material.
(3) Openings with platforms shall be formed at each floor level,
and the runway leading to the tower shall be guarded with standard
railings and toeboards.
(4) If the bucket is discharged into a chute, the chute shall
be substantially constructed of wood or metal and extend from
the tower to the point where the concrete is to be poured, or
transferred to vehicles or hoppers, and the chute shall be substantially
supported.
(5) The pit shall be drained and deep enough so that any spill
from the bucket will fall below the blocking on which the bucket
rests while being filled.
(6) Persons shall not be allowed to work in the pit without first
resting the bucket on strong timbers supported on two sides of
the tower.
(7) The bucket tower shall be securely guyed at two or more elevations
as may be necessary.
(8) The guide rails shall be carefully aligned and kept in good
condition to prevent the bucket being caught or clogged while
being hoisted.
(9) The sheaves over which the cable passes shall be firmly secured
to overhead sheave beams and supporting frame work and the sheaves
shall be kept lubricated.
(10) The hoisting cable shall be frequently inspected and renewed
when broken wires or other defects are discovered.
(11) A platform provided with standard railings and toeboards
shall be constructed at the point where the concrete is dumped
into the chute. A ladder shall be fastened to one side of the
tower to enable a person to reach the platform in safety.
(12) Workers shall be prohibited from riding in or on the bucket.
(1) All gearing on hoisting engines shall be enclosed. Steam
piping subject to contact shall be insulated and if electrical
equipment is used, it shall be grounded.
(2) Hoisting engines shall be of ample capacity and equipped
with brakes capable of sustaining one hundred and fifty percent
of rated load for stopping and sustaining the maximum load in
any position.
(3) Hoisting engines shall be protected against the weather and
falling objects by a substantial cover.
(4) All hoisting equipment shall be frequently inspected, and
brakes, gears and operating levers kept in working condition.
(5) Guards shall be provided to prevent persons coming in contact
with hoisting cables.
(6) Brake drums shall be kept free of oil or grease.
(7) A positive operated pawl shall be used in addition to the
brake to hold the load when it is suspended. Counter weight operated
dogs are prohibited.
(8) Hoisting engines shall not be set up in the street when it
can be avoided; but, if so located, they shall be completely housed.
(9) Only competent personnel shall operate material hoists.
(10) The operator shall not lift a load when a person is on the
hoist, and all towers shall be posted to that effect, except as
provided in other sections of this part.
(11) The operator shall be notified when any person goes up the
tower ladder, or before any work is done on any part of the tower,
overhead work, hoist or in the pit.
(12) The operator shall make daily inspections of all equipment
before starting operations.
(13) When the hoisting engine is located close to the building
operation, it shall be covered with a strong plank roof covering
to protect the operator from falling objects.
(14) Exhaust steam pipes shall discharge overhead so as not to
obstruct the view of the operator or scald persons.
(15) In the operation of hoists, the operator shall always give
a warning sign or signal before starting.
(16) When hoisting machinery is set on an elevated platform such
platform shall be of substantial construction and standard guard
rails and toeboards shall be provided along all open sides of
the platform.
(17) Material hoists of more than one drum capacity shall be
equipped with brake controls.
(18) A safety strap shall be provided on the foot block of all
hoists.
(19) When electric motors are used for hoisting equipment, they
shall be operated only by qualified personnel.
(a) Installations shall be made in accordance with provisions
of local and national electrical safety codes, and shall be
made by experienced workers only.
(b) Inclosed switches and fuses shall always be used.
(c) Switchboards shall be screened, and a sign placed warning
unauthorized persons to keep clear.
(1) Whenever used in connection with work, employment, occupations
or uses to which these standards are applicable, wire rope shall
not be subjected to loads in excess of one-fifth the breaking
load as given in the schedule of the cable manufacturer.
(2) Any wire rope showing 10% of its wires broken in a three
foot length shall not be used. When cables deteriorate through
rusting, wear, undue strain or other conditions to the extent
of 15% of their original strength, use of cable shall be discontinued.
(3) Wire rope shall be frequently inspected for wear and other
defects which may reduce the strength below the point of safe
operation.
(4) If wire rope is received in a coil it shall be rolled out,
on a surface free from grit, like a hoop and straightened out
before being put on the sheaves. If it is received on a reel,
the reel shall be mounted on a spindle or turntable and the rope
then unwound.
(5) Wire rope shall be lubricated. A lubricant recommended by
a wire rope manufacturer shall be used.
(6) Wire rope shall be securely fastened to drums by zinc plugs
or suitable clamps, and at least two full turns of the rope shall
remain on the winding drum.
(7) Wire rope shall be wound evenly on the drum and not allowed
to lap one layer on another in an irregular fashion.
(8) Care shall be taken to prevent friction of wire ropes with
other objects which could cause chafing or breaking of wires.
(9) In attaching U-type cable clamps, the U shall always be placed
over the short end of the cable.
(10) The clamp nuts shall be tightened up frequently during the
operation to prevent slipping.
(11) Thimbles shall be used in cable eyes whenever practicable.
(12) Fair leads shall be used ahead of cable drums, whenever
practicable, and the fleet angle kept as flat as possible to promote
proper spooling.
(13) All running lines of hoisting equipment, located within
seven (7) feet of the ground or working level shall be boxed,
railed off or otherwise guarded, or the operating area restricted.
(14) Wire rope which has been welded or been subject to welding
of any kind shall not be used.
(15) No open hook shall be used to hoist a bucket, cage, spreader,
or skip, nor in any circumstances where the dislodgement of the
hook could cause a risk of injury to workers. A safety-hook, mousing,
or shackle shall be employed in such circumstances.
(16) When shackles are used, shackle pins shall be secured to
prevent accidental withdrawal.
(17) Where a wedge socket connector is used as a wire rope terminal,
a single wire rope clip shall be installed in accordance with
WAC
296-155-330 (3)(g).
(18) The wire rope shall not be burned off with heat. This may
weld the ends of the wires and strands together.
For
printing