WAC
296-155-528 Crane or derrick suspended personnel platforms.
(1) Scope, application, and definitions.
(a) Scope and application. This standard applies to the design,
construction, testing, use and maintenance of personnel platforms,
and the hoisting of personnel platforms on the load lines of
cranes or derricks.
(b) Definitions. For the purposes of this section, the following
definitions apply:
(i) “Failure” means load refusal, breakage,
or separation of components.
(ii) “Hoist” (or hoisting) means
all crane or derrick functions such as lowering, lifting,
swinging, booming in and out or up and down, or suspending
a personnel platform.
(iii) “Load refusal” means the point
where the ultimate strength is exceeded.
(iv) “Maximum intended load” means the
total load of all employees, tools, materials, and other loads
reasonably anticipated to be applied to a personnel platform
or personnel platform component at any one time.
(v) “Runway” means a firm, level surface
designed, prepared, and designated as a path of travel for
the weight and configuration of the crane being used to lift
and travel with the crane suspended platform. An existing
surface may be used as long as it meets these criteria.
(2) General requirements. The use of a crane or derrick to hoist
employees on a personnel platform is prohibited, except when the
erection, use, and dismantling of conventional means of reaching
the worksite, such as a personnel hoist, ladder, stairway, aerial
lift, elevating work platform or scaffold, would be more hazardous,
or is not possible because of structural design or worksite conditions.
(3) Cranes and derricks.
(a) Operational criteria.
(b) Hoisting of the personnel platform shall be performed in
a slow, controlled, cautious manner with no sudden movements
of the crane or derrick, or the platform.
(c) Load lines shall be capable of supporting, without failure,
at least seven times the maximum intended load, except that
where rotation resistant rope is used, the lines shall be capable
of supporting without failure, at least ten times the maximum
intended load. The required design factor is achieved by taking
the current safety factor of 3.5 (required under WAC
296-155-525 (4)(b)) and applying the fifty percent derating
of the crane capacity which is required by (f) of this subsection.
(d) Load and boom hoist drum brakes, swing brakes, and locking
devices such as pawls or dogs shall be engaged when the occupied
personnel platform is in a stationary working position.
(e) The crane shall be uniformly level within one percent of
level grade and located on firm footing. Cranes equipped with
outriggers shall have them all fully deployed following manufacturer's
specifications, insofar as applicable, when hoisting employees.
(f) The total weight of the loaded personnel platform and related
rigging shall not exceed fifty percent of the rated capacity
for the radius and configuration of the crane or derrick.
(g) The use of machines having live booms (booms in which lowering
is controlled by a brake without aid from other devices which
slow the lowering speeds) is prohibited.
(h) Multiple-part line block: When a multiple-part line block
is in use, a substantial strap shall be used between the crane
hook and common ring, shackle, or other equivalent device, to
eliminate employee exposure to the lines running through the
block, and to the block itself.
(4) Instruments and components.
(a) Cranes and derricks with variable angle booms shall be
equipped with a boom angle indicator, readily visible to the
operator.
(b) Cranes with telescoping booms shall be equipped with a
device to indicate clearly to the operator, at all times, the
boom's extended length, or an accurate determination of the
load radius to be used during the lift shall be made prior to
hoisting personnel.
(c) A positive acting device shall be used which prevents contact
between the load block or overhaul ball and the boom tip (anti-two-blocking
device), or a system shall be used which deactivates the hoisting
action before damage occurs in the event of a two- blocking
situation (two block damage prevention feature).
(d) The load line hoist drum shall have a system or device
on the power train, other than the load hoist brake, which regulates
the lowering rate of speed of the hoist mechanism (controlled
load lowering). Free fall is prohibited.
(5) Rigging.
(a) Lifting bridles on box-type platforms shall consist of
four legs of equal length, with one end securely shackled to
each corner of the platform and the other end securely attached
to a common ring, shackle, or other equivalent device to accommodate
the crane hook, or a strap to the crane hook.
(b) Shackle bolts used for rigging of personnel platforms shall
be secured against displacement.
(c) A substantial safety line shall pass through the eye of
each leg of the bridle adjacent to the common ring, shackle,
or equivalent device.
(d) Securely fastened with a minimum amount of slack to the
lift line above the headache ball or to the crane hook itself.
(e) All eyes in wire rope slings shall be fabricated with thimbles.
(f) Wire rope, shackles, rings, master links, and other rigging
hardware must be capable of supporting, without failure, at
least five times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted
to that component. Where rotation resistant wire rope is used
for slings, they shall be capable of supporting without failure
at least ten times the maximum intended load.
(g) Hooks on headache ball assemblies, lower load blocks, or
other attachment assemblies shall be of a type that can be closed
and locked, eliminating the hook throat opening. Alternatively,
an alloy anchor type shackle with a bolt, nut and retaining
pin may be used.
(h) Bridles and associated rigging for attaching the personnel
platform to the hoist line shall be used only for the platform
and the necessary employees, their tools and the materials necessary
to do their work, and shall not be used for any other purpose
when not hoisting personnel.
(6) Personnel platforms - design criteria.
(a) The personnel platform and suspension system shall be designed
by a qualified engineer or a qualified person competent in structural
design.
(b) The suspension system shall be designed to minimize tipping
of the platform due to movement of employees occupying the platform.
(c) The personnel platform itself, except the guardrail system
and body harness anchorages, shall be capable of supporting,
without failure, its own weight and at least five times the
maximum intended load based on a minimum allowance of five hundred
pounds for the first person with light tools, and an additional
two hundred fifty pounds for each additional person.
(e) The personnel platform shall be conspicuously posted with
a plate or other permanent marking which indicates the weight
of the platform and its rated load capacity or maximum intended
load.
(7) Platform specifications.
(a) Each personnel platform shall be equipped with a guardrail
system which meets the requirements of chapter 296-155
WAC, Part K and, shall be enclosed at least from the toeboard
to mid-rail with either solid construction or expanded metal
having openings no greater than one-half inch (1.27 cm).
(b) A grab rail shall be installed inside the entire perimeter
of the personnel platform.
(c) Access gates, if installed, shall not swing outward during
hoisting.
(d) Access gates, including sliding or folding gates, shall
be equipped with a restraining device to prevent accidental
opening.
(e) Headroom shall be provided which allows employees to stand
upright in the platform.
(f) In addition to the use of hard hats, employees shall be
protected by overhead protection on the personnel platform when
employees are exposed to falling objects.
(g) All rough edges exposed to contact by employees shall be
surfaced or smoothed in order to prevent injury to employees
from punctures or lacerations.
(h) All welding of the personnel platform and its components
shall be performed by a qualified welder familiar with the weld
grades, types, and material specified in the platform design.
(i) Occupants of all personnel platforms shall wear a safety
belt or harness and lanyard which meets the requirements of
chapter
296-155 WAC, Part C-1.
(j) Box-type platform: The workers lanyard shall be secured
to an anchorage within the platform meeting the requirements
of chapter
296-155 WAC, Part C-1.
(k) Rescue platform:
(i) If the platform is used as a rescue vehicle, the injured
worker shall be strapped into the stretcher or basket.
(ii) The basket shall then be secured by lanyard to an anchorage
within the platform meeting the requirements of chapter
296-155 WAC, Part C-1.
(l) Boatswains chair: The workers lanyard shall be secured
to the lift line above the headache ball or to the crane hook
itself.
(m) Barrel-type platform:
(i) The workers lanyard shall be secured to the lift line
above the headache ball or to the crane hook itself.
(ii) A solid bar or rod shall be substantially attached in
a rigid position to the bottom or side of the platform.
(iii) The bottom of the barrel-type platform shall be of
a convex shape to cause the platform to lay on its side when
lowered to the ground or floor.
(iv) The bar or rod shall extend a minimum of eight feet
above the floor of the platform.
(v) Workers shall enter and exit from barrel-type platforms
only when they are in an upright position, stable, and securely
attached to the load line.
(vi) The employer shall use methods or devices which allow
employees to safely enter or exit barrel-type platforms.
(8) Personnel platform loading.
(a) The personnel platform shall not be loaded in excess of
its rated load capacity.
(b) The number of employees occupying the personnel platform
shall not exceed the number required for the work being performed.
(c) Personnel platforms shall be used only for employees, their
tools, and the materials necessary to do their work, and shall
not be used to hoist only materials or tools when not hoisting
personnel.
(d) Materials and tools for use during a personnel lift shall
be secured to prevent displacement.
(e) Materials and tools for use during a personnel lift shall
be evenly distributed within the confines of the platform while
the platform is suspended.
(9) Trial lift, inspection, and proof testing.
(a) A trial lift with the unoccupied personnel platform loaded
at least to the anticipated liftweight shall be made from ground
level, or any other location where employees will enter the
platform, to each location at which the personnel platform is
to be hoisted and positioned. This trial lift shall be performed
immediately prior to placing personnel on the platform. The
operator shall determine that all systems, controls, and safety
devices are activated and functioning properly; that no interferences
exist; and that all configurations necessary to reach those
work locations will allow the operator to remain under the fifty
percent limit of the hoist's rated capacity. Materials and tools
to be used during the actual lift can be loaded in the platform,
as provided in subsection (8)(d) and (e) of this section for
the trial lift. A single trial lift may be performed at one
time for all locations that are to be reached from a single
set-up position.
(b) The trial lift shall be repeated prior to hoisting employees
whenever the crane or derrick is moved and set up in a new location
or returned to a previously used location. Additionally, the
trial lift shall be repeated when the lift route is changed
unless the operator determines that the route change is not
significant (i.e., the route change would not affect the safety
of hoisted employees).
(c) After the trial lift, and just prior to hoisting personnel,
the platform shall be hoisted a few inches and inspected to
ensure that it is secure and properly balanced. Employees shall
not be hoisted unless the following conditions are determined
to exist:
(i) Hoist ropes shall be free of kinks;
(ii) Multiple part lines shall not be twisted around each
other;
(iii) The primary attachment shall be centered over the platform;
and
(iv) The hoisting system shall be inspected if the load rope
is slack to ensure all ropes are properly stated on drums
and in sheaves.
(d) A visual inspection of the crane or derrick, rigging, personnel
platform, and the crane or derrick base support or ground shall
be conducted by a competent person immediately after the trial
lift to determine whether the testing has exposed any defect
or produced any adverse effect upon any component or structure.
(e) Any defects found during inspections which create a safety
hazard shall be corrected before hoisting personnel.
(f) At each job site, prior to hoisting employees on the personnel
platform, and after any repair or modification, the platform
and rigging shall be proof tested to one hundred twenty-five
percent of the platform's rated capacity by holding it in a
suspended position for five minutes with the test load evenly
distributed on the platform (this may be done concurrently with
the trial lift). After proof testing, a competent person shall
inspect the platform and rigging. Any deficiencies found shall
be corrected and another proof test shall be conducted. Personnel
hoisting shall not be conducted until the proof testing requirements
are satisfied.
(10) Work practices.
(a) Employees shall keep all parts of the body inside the platform
during raising, lowering, and positioning. This provision does
not apply to an occupant of the platform performing the duties
of a signal person.
(b) Before employees exit or enter a hoisted personnel platform
that is not landed, the platform shall be secured to the structure
where the work is to be performed, unless securing to the structure
creates an unsafe situation.
(c) Tag lines shall be used unless their use creates an unsafe
condition.
(d) The crane or derrick operator shall remain at the controls
at all times when the crane engine is running and the platform
is occupied.
(e) Hoisting of employees shall be promptly discontinued upon
indication of any dangerous weather conditions or other impending
danger.
(f) Employees being hoisted shall remain in continuous sight
of and in direct communication with the operator or signal person.
In those situations where direct visual contact with the operator
is not possible, and the use of a signal person would create
a greater hazard for that person, direct communication alone
such as by radio may be used.
(g) Hand signals to the operator shall be in accordance with
WAC
296-155-525 (2)(c).
(h) Except over water, employees occupying the personnel platform
shall use a full body harness system with lanyard appropriately
attached to the lower load block or overhaul ball, or to a structural
member within the personnel platform capable of supporting a
fall impact for employees using the anchorage as specified in
chapter
296-155 WAC, Part C-1. When working over water, the requirements
of WAC
296-155-235 shall apply.
No lifts shall be made on another of the crane's or derrick's
load lines while personnel are suspended on a platform.
(11) Traveling.
(a) Hoisting of employees while the crane is traveling is prohibited,
except for portal, tower and locomotive cranes, or where the
employer demonstrates that there is no less hazardous way to
perform the work.
(b) Under any circumstances where a crane would travel while
hoisting personnel, the employer shall implement the following
procedures to safeguard employees:
(i) Crane travel shall be restricted to a fixed track or
runway;
(ii) Travel shall be limited to the load radius of the boom
used during the lift; and
(iii) The boom must be parallel to the direction of travel.
(c) A complete trial run shall be performed to test the route
of travel before employees are allowed to occupy the platform.
This trial run can be performed at the same time as the trial
lift required by subsection (9)(a) of this section which tests
the route of the lift.
(d) If travel is done with a rubber tired-carrier, the condition
and air pressure of the tires shall be checked. The chart capacity
for lifts on rubber shall be used for application of the fifty
percent reduction of rated capacity. Notwithstanding subsection
(3)(e) of this section, outriggers may be partially retracted
as necessary for travel.
(12) Prelift meeting.
(a) A meeting attended by the crane or derrick operator, signal
person(s) (if necessary for the lift), employee(s) to be lifted,
and the person responsible for the task to be performed shall
be held to review the appropriate requirements of this section
and the procedures to be followed.
(b) This meeting shall be held prior to the trial lift at each
new work location, and shall be repeated for any employees newly
assigned to the operation.
(1) Except as provided in subsection (2) of this section, this
part applies to power-operated cranes and derricks used in construction
that can hoist, lower and horizontally move a suspended load (with
or without attachments). Such equipment includes, but is not limited
to: Articulating boom cranes (such as knuckle-boom cranes); crawler
cranes; floating cranes; cranes on barges; locomotive cranes;
mobile cranes (such as wheel-mounted, rough-terrain, all-terrain,
commercial truck-mounted, and boom truck cranes); multipurpose
machines when configured to hoist and lower (by means of a winch
or hook) and horizontally move a suspended load; industrial cranes
(such as carry-deck cranes); dedicated pile drivers; service/mechanic
trucks with a hoisting device; a crane on a monorail; tower cranes
(such as fixed jib ("hammerhead boom"), luffing boom
and self-erecting); pedestal cranes; portal cranes; overhead and
gantry cranes; straddle cranes; side-boom tractors; derricks;
and variations of such equipment.
(2) Exemptions. WAC 296-155-529 through 296-155-53214 do not
apply to the following:
(a) Cranes having a maximum rated capacity of one ton or less
are exempt from this rule for the purposes of crane certification
and operator certification.
(b) Equipment included in subsection (1) of this section while
it has been converted or adapted for nonhoisting/lifting use.
Such conversions/adaptations include, but are not limited to,
power shovels, excavators and concrete pumps.
(c) Power shovels, excavators, wheel loaders, backhoes, loader
backhoes, track loaders. This machinery is also excluded when
used with chains, slings or other rigging to lift suspended
loads.
(d) Automotive wreckers and tow trucks when used to clear
wrecks and haul vehicles.
(e) Service trucks with mobile lifting devices designed specifically
for use in the power line and electric service industries or
handling associated materials.
(f) Equipment originally designed as vehicle-mounted aerial
devices (for lifting personnel) and self-propelled elevating
work platforms.
(g) Hydraulic jacking systems, including telescopic/hydraulic
gantries.
(h) Stacker cranes.
(i) Powered industrial trucks (forklifts).
(j) Mechanic's truck with a hoisting device when used in activities
related to equipment maintenance and repair.
(k) Equipment that hoists by using a come-a-long or chainfall.
(l) Dedicated drilling rigs.
(m) Gin poles used for the erection of communication towers.
(n) Tree trimming and tree removal work.
(o) Anchor handling with a vessel or barge using an affixed
A-frame.
(p) Roustabouts.
(q) Service cranes with booms that rotate manually.
(r) Machines equipped with a boom that is limited to up and
down movement only and does not rotate.
(s) Conveyors.
(t) Pump hoists with booms that do not rotate.
(u) Cranes used on-site in manufacturing facilities or powerhouses
for occasional or routine maintenance and repair work; and
(v) Crane operators operating cranes on-site in manufacturing
facilities or powerhouses for occasional or routine maintenance
and repair work.
(3) Where provisions of this standard direct an operator, crewmember,
or other employee to take certain actions, the employer must establish,
effectively communicate to the relevant persons, and enforce work
rules, to ensure compliance with such provisions.
Accredited crane certifiermeans a crane inspector who
has been accredited by the department.
Apprentice operator or traineemeans a crane operator who
has not met requirements established by the department under RCW
49.17.430.
Articulating boom crane
means a crane whose boom consists of a series of folding, pin
connected structural members, typically manipulated to extend
or retract by power from hydraulic cylinders.
Audible signalmeans a signal made by a distinct
sound or series of sounds. Examples include, but are not limited
to, sounds made by a bell, horn, or whistle.
Bogie.
See "travel bogie."
Boom (equipment other than tower
crane) means an inclined spar,
strut, or other long structural member which supports the upper
hoisting tackle on a crane or derrick. Typically, the length and
vertical angle of the boom can be varied to achieve increased
height or height and reach when lifting loads. Booms can usually
be grouped into general categories of hydraulically extendible,
cantilevered type, latticed section, cable supported type or articulating
type.
Boom (tower cranes)
on tower cranes: If the "boom" (i.e., principal horizontal
structure) is fixed, it is referred to as a jib; if it is moveable
up and down, it is referred to as a boom.
Boom angle indicator
means a device which measures the angle of the boom relative to
horizontal.
Boom hoist limiting device
includes boom hoist disengaging device, boom hoist shut-off, boom
hoist disconnect, boom hoist hydraulic relief, boom hoist kick-outs,
automatic boom stop device, or derricking limiter. This type of
device disengages boom hoist power when the boom reaches a predetermined
operating angle. It also sets brakes or closes valves to prevent
the boom from lowering after power is disengaged.
Boom length indicator
indicates the length of the permanent part of the boom (such as
ruled markings on the boom) or, as in some computerized systems,
the length of the boom with extensions/attachments.
Boom stop
includes boom stops (belly straps with struts/standoff), telescoping
boom stops, attachment boom stops, and backstops. These devices
restrict the boom from moving above a certain maximum angle and
toppling over backward.
Boom suspension systems
means a system of pendants, running ropes, sheaves, and other
hardware which supports the boom tip and controls the boom angle.
Certified crane inspector
means a crane certifier accredited by the department.
Climbing
means the process in which a tower crane is raised to a new working
height, either by adding additional tower sections to the top
of the crane (top climbing), or by a system in which the entire
crane is raised inside the structure (inside climbing).
Counterjib (counterweight jib)
means a horizontal member of the tower crane on which the counterweights
and usually the hoisting machinery are mounted.
Counterweight
means weight used to supplement the weight of equipment in providing
stability for lifting loads by counterbalancing those loads.
Crane
means power-operated equipment used in construction that can hoist,
lower, and horizontally move a suspended load. "Crane"
includes, but is not limited to: Articulating boom cranes, such
as knuckle-boom cranes; crawler cranes; floating cranes; cranes
on barges; locomotive cranes; mobile cranes, such as wheel-mounted,
rough-terrain, all-terrain, commercial truck mounted, and boom
truck cranes; multipurpose machines when configured to hoist and
lower by means of a winch or hook and horizontally move a suspended
load; industrial cranes, such as carry-deck cranes; dedicated
pile drivers; service/mechanic trucks with a hoisting device;
a crane on a monorail; tower cranes, such as fixed jib, hammerhead
boom, luffing boom, and self-erecting; pedestal cranes; portal
cranes; overhead and gantry cranes; straddle cranes; side-boom
tractors; derricks; and variations of such equipment.
Crane/derrick type
means cranes or derricks as established by American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME). Crane operator means an individual
engaged in the operation of a crane.
Crawler crane
means equipment that has a type of base mounting which incorporates
a continuous belt of sprocket driven track.
Critical lift
means a lift that:
• Exceeds seventy-five
percent of the crane or derrick rated load chart capacity; or
• Requires the use of more
than one crane or derrick.
Crossover points
means locations on a wire rope which is spooled on a drum where
one layer of rope climbs up on and crosses over the previous layer.
This takes place at each flange of the drum as the rope is spooled
onto the drum, reaches the flange, and begins to wrap back in
the opposite direction.
Dedicated drilling rig
means a machine which creates bore holes and/or shafts in the
ground.
Dedicated pile-driver
is a machine that is designed to function exclusively as a pile-driver.
These machines typically have the ability to both hoist the material
that will be pile-driven and to pile-drive that material.
Derrick
is an apparatus consisting of a mast or equivalent member held
at the end by guys or braces, with or without a boom, for use
with a hoisting mechanism and operating ropes.
Directly under the load
means a part or all of an employee is directly beneath the load.
Dismantling
includes partial dismantling (such as dismantling to shorten a
boom or substitute a different component).
Drum rotation indicator
is a device on a crane or hoist which indicates in which direction
and at what relative speed a particular hoist drum is turning.
Electrical contact
means when a person, object, or equipment makes contact or comes
close in proximity with an energized conductor or equipment that
allows the passage of current.
Equipment
means equipment covered by this part.
Equipment criteria
means instructions, recommendations, limitations and specifications.
Fall protection equipment
means guardrail systems, safety net systems, personal fall arrest
systems, positioning device systems or fall restraint systems.
Flange points
means a point of contact between rope and drum flange where the
rope changes layers.
Floating cranes/derricks
means equipment designed by the manufacturer (or employer) for
marine use by permanent attachment to a barge, pontoons, vessel
or other means of flotation.
Free rated load test
means testing stability and operation of crane, carrier, wheels,
tires, tracks, brakes, etc., under load, when lifting without
outriggers and/or traveling with the load are permitted at the
activity for the type of crane being tested.
Hoist
means a mechanical device for lifting and lowering loads by winding
rope onto or off a drum.
Hoisting
means the act of raising, lowering or otherwise moving a load
in the air with equipment covered by this standard. As used in
this standard, "hoisting" can be done by means other
than wire rope/hoist drum equipment.
Jib
means an extension attached to the boom point to provide added
boom length for lifting specified loads. The jib may be in line
with the boom or offset to various angles in the vertical plane
of the boom. For tower cranes, see boom (tower cranes).
Land crane/derrick
means equipment not originally designed by the manufacturer for
marine use by permanent attachment to barges, pontoons, vessels,
or other means of flotation.
Load
is the weight of the object being lifted or lowered, including
the weight of the load-attaching equipment such as the load block,
ropes, slings, shackles, and any other auxiliary attachment.
Load moment (or rated capacity)
indicator means a system which
aids the equipment operator by sensing the overturning moment
on the equipment, i.e., load X radius. It compares this lifting
condition to the equipment's rated capacity, and indicates to
the operator the percentage of capacity at which the equipment
is working. Lights, bells, or buzzers may be incorporated as a
warning of an approaching overload condition.
Load moment (or rated capacity)
limiter means a system which
aids the equipment operator by sensing the overturning moment
on the equipment, i.e., load X radius. It compares this lifting
condition to the equipment's rated capacity, and when the rated
capacity is reached, it shuts off power to those equipment functions
which can increase the severity of loading on the equipment, e.g.,
hoisting, telescoping out, or luffing out. Typically, those functions
which decrease the severity of loading on the equipment remain
operational, e.g., lowering, telescoping in, or luffing in.
Locomotive crane
means a crane mounted on a base or car equipped for travel on
a railroad track.
Load sustaining/bearing parts
means those parts of a crane that support the crane or load and
upon failure could cause dropping, uncontrolled shifting, or uncontrolled
movement of the crane or load.
Luffing boom
is a member hinged to the rotating superstructure and used for
supporting the hoisting tackle.
Luffing jib limiting device
is similar to a boom hoist limiting device, except that it limits
the movement of the luffing jib.
Mobile cranes
means a lifting device incorporating a cable suspended latticed
boom or hydraulic telescopic boom designed to be moved between
operating locations by transport over the road. These are referred
to in Europe as a crane mounted on a truck carrier.
Multiple lift rigging
means a rigging assembly manufactured by wire rope rigging suppliers
that facilitates the attachment of up to five independent loads
to the hoist rigging of a crane.
Nationally recognized accrediting
agency is an organization
that, due to its independence and expertise, is widely recognized
as competent to accredit testing organizations.
Nonstandard tower crane base
means any deviation from the structural support or base configuration
recommended by the crane manufacturer.
Occasional or routine maintenance
and repair work means regular,
customary and foreseeable work necessary to keep equipment in
good repair and/or condition. This also includes regular, customary
and foreseeable work necessary to return equipment to sound condition
after damage.
Operational aid
means an accessory that provides information to facilitate operation
of a crane or that takes control of particular functions without
action of the operator when a limiting condition is sensed. Examples
of such devices include, but are not limited to, the following:
Anti-two-block device, rated capacity indicator, rated capacity
(load) limiter, boom angle or radius indicator, lattice boom hoist
disconnect device, boom length indicator, crane level indicator,
drum rotation indicator, load indicator, and wind speed indicator.
Operational controls
means levers, switches, pedals and other devices for controlling
equipment operation.
Operator
is a person who is operating the equipment.
Overhead and gantry cranes
includes overhead/bridge cranes, semigantry, cantilever gantry,
wall cranes, storage bridge cranes, launching gantry cranes, and
similar equipment, irrespective of whether it travels on tracks,
wheels, or other means.
Pendants
includes both wire and bar types. Wire type: A fixed length of
wire rope with mechanical fittings at both ends for pinning segments
of wire rope together. Bar type: Instead of wire rope, a bar is
used. Pendants are typically used in a latticed boom crane system
to easily change the length of the boom suspension system without
completely changing the rope on the drum when the boom length
is increased or decreased.
Powerhouse
means a plant wherein electric energy is produced by conversion
from some other form of energy (e.g., chemical, nuclear, solar,
mechanical, or hydraulic) by means of suitable apparatus. This
includes all generating station auxiliaries and other associated
equipment required for the operation of the plant. Not included
are stations producing power exclusively for use with communication
systems.
Power lines
means electrical distribution and electrical transmission lines.
Qualified crane operator
means a crane operator who meets the requirements established
by the department under RCW 49.17.430.
Qualified person
means a person who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate,
or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training
and experience, successfully demonstrated the ability to solve/resolve
problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project.
Rated capacity
means the maximum working load permitted by the manufacturer under
specified working conditions. Such working conditions typically
include a specific combination of factors such as equipment configuration,
radii, boom length, and other parameters of use.
Rated capacity indicator,
see load moment indicator.
Rated capacity limiter,
see load moment limiter.
RPE
means a registered professional engineer licensed under RCW 18.43.040(1).
RPSE
means a registered professional structural engineer licensed under
RCW 18.43.040(1).
Running wire rope
is a wire rope that moves over sheaves or drums.
Safety devices,
examples of safety devices are, but are not limited to, the following:
Horn, boom/jib or trolley stops, hydraulic holding device/check
valve, rail clamps, rail stops, brakes, deadman control or forced
neutral return control, emergency stop switch, guards, handrails,
audible and visual alarms, etc.
Safety or health standard
means a standard adopted under this chapter.
Taglines
means a rope (usually fiber) attached to a lifted load for purposes
of controlling load spinning and pendular motions or used to stabilize
a bucket or magnet during material handling operations.
Tower crane
means a type of lifting structure which utilizes a vertical mast
or tower to support a working boom (jib) suspended from the working
boom. While the working boom may be fixed horizontally or have
luffing capability, it can always rotate about the tower center
to swing loads. The tower base may be fixed in one location or
ballasted and moveable between locations.
Travel bogie (tower cranes)
means an assembly of two or more axles arranged to permit vertical
wheel displacement and equalize the loading on the wheels.
Two blocking
means a condition in which a component that is uppermost on the
hoist line such as the load block, hook block, overhaul ball,
or similar component, comes in contact with the boom tip, fixed
upper block or similar component. This binds the system and continued
application of power can cause failure of the hoist rope or other
component.
WAC 296-155-530 Material hoists, personnel hoists, and elevators.
(1) General requirements.
(a) The employer shall comply with the manufacturer's specifications
and limitations applicable to the operation of all hoists and
elevators. Where the manufacturer's specifications are not available,
the limitations assigned to the equipment shall be based on
the determinations of a professional engineer competent in the
field.
(b) The employer shall ensure that no person shall enter a
hoistway, elevator shaft, or similar enclosure in which the
hoisting apparatus or vehicle is installed and functioning unless
the power source operating those systems is locked out in accordance
with WAC
296-155-429.
(c) Rated load capacities, recommended operating speeds, and
special hazard warning or instructions shall be posted on cars
and platforms.
(d) Wire rope shall be removed from service when any of the
following conditions exists:
(i) In hoisting ropes, six randomly distributed broken wires
in one rope lay or three broken wires in one strand in one
rope lay;
(ii) Abrasion, scrubbing, flattening, or peening, causing
loss of more than one-third of the original diameter of the
outside wires;
(iii) Evidence of any heat damage resulting from a torch
or any damage caused by contact with electrical wires;
(iv) Reduction from nominal diameter of more than three sixty-fourths
inch for diameters up to and including three-fourths inch;
one-sixteenth inch for diameters seven-eighths to 1 1/8 inches;
and three thirty-seconds inch for diameters 1 1/4 to 1 1/2
inches.
(e) Hoisting ropes shall be installed in accordance with the
wire rope manufacturer's recommendations.
(f) The installation of live booms on hoists is prohibited.
(g) The use of endless belt-type man lifts on construction
shall be prohibited.
(h) Employees shall not be permitted to ride on top of material
hoists, personnel hoists or permanent elevators except for purposes
of inspection, maintenance, elevator installation or dismantling
work.
(2) Material hoists,
(a) (i) Operating rules shall be established and posted at
the operator's station of the hoist. Such rules shall include
signal system and allowable line speed for various loads.
Rules and notices shall be posted on the car frame or crosshead
in a conspicuous location, including the statement “No
riders allowed.”
(ii) No person shall be allowed to ride on material hoists
except for the purposes of inspection and maintenance.
(b) All entrances of the hoistways shall be protected by substantial
gates or bars which shall guard the full width of the landing
entrance. All hoistway entrance bars and gates shall be painted
with diagonal contrasting colors, such as black and yellow stripes.
(i) Bars shall be not less than 2- by 4-inch wooden bars
or the equivalent, located 2 feet from the hoistway line.
Bars shall be located not less than 36 inches nor more than
42 inches above the floor.
(ii) Gates or bars protecting the entrances to hoistway shall
be quipped with a latching device.
(c) Overhead protective covering of two-inch planking, 3/4-inch
plywood or other solid material of equivalent strength shall
be provided on the top of every material hoist cage or platform
to prevent objects falling on the workers loading or unloading
the hoist.
(i) The protective covering on the top of the cage or platform
may be made in hinged sections that may be raised when hoisting
long material.
(ii) When using a cage or platform for long material, the
several pieces of the material shall be securely fastened
together and made fast to the cage or platform, so that no
part of the load can fall or project beyond the sides of the
cage or platform.
(d) The operator's station of a hoisting machine shall be provided
with overhead protection equivalent to tight planking not less
than 2 inches thick. The support for the overhead protection
shall be of equal strength.
(e) Hoist towers may be used with or without an enclosure on
all sides. However, whichever alternative is chosen, the following
applicable conditions shall be met:
(i) When a hoist tower is enclosed, it shall be enclosed
on all sides for its entire height with a screen enclosure
of 1/2-inch mesh, No. 18 U.S. gauge wire or equivalent, except
for landing access.
(ii) When a hoist tower is not enclosed, the hoist platform
or car shall be totally enclosed (caged) on all sides for
the full height between the floor and the overhead protective
covering with 1/2-inch mesh of No. 14 U.S. gauge wire or equivalent.
The hoist platform enclosure shall include the required gates
for loading and unloading. A 6-foot high enclosure shall be
provided on the unused sides of the hoist tower at ground
level.
(f) Car arresting devices shall be installed to function in
case of rope failure.
(g) All material hoist towers shall be designed by a licensed
professional engineer.
(h) All material hoists shall conform to the requirements of
ANSI A10.5-1969, Safety Requirements for Material Hoists.
(3) Personnel hoists.
(a) Personnel hoists shall be provided for access and egress
on all multi story buildings where vertical travel exceeds sixty
feet from a ground level access point.
(b) Hoist towers outside the structure shall be enclosed for
the full height on the side or sides used for entrance and exit
to the structure. At the lowest landing, the enclosure on the
sides not used for exit or entrance to the structure shall be
enclosed to a height of at least 10 feet. Other sides of the
tower adjacent to floors or scaffold platforms shall be enclosed
to a height of 10 feet above the level of such floors or scaffolds.
(c) Towers inside of structures shall be enclosed on all four
sides throughout the full height.
(d) Towers shall be anchored to the structure at intervals
not exceeding 25 feet. In addition to tie-ins, a series of guys
shall be installed. Where tie-ins are not practical the tower
shall be anchored by means of guys made of wire rope at least
one-half inch in diameter, securely fastened to anchorages to
ensure stability.
(e) Hoistway doors or gates shall be not less than 6 feet 6
inches high and shall be provided with mechanical locks which
cannot be operated from the landing side, and shall be accessible
only to persons on the car.
(f) Cars shall be permanently enclosed on all sides and the
top, except sides used for entrance and exit, which have car
gates or doors.
(g) A door or gate shall be provided at each entrance to the
car which shall protect the full width and height of the car
entrance opening.
(h) Overhead protective covering of 2-inch planking, 3/4-inch
plywood or other solid material of equivalent strength shall
be provided on the top of every personnel hoist.
(i) Doors or gates shall be provided with electric contacts
which do not allow movement of the hoist when door or gate is
open.
(j) A signal device shall be installed in the elevator car
and only operated by an attendant who shall give the signals
for operation, when transporting workers.
(k) An electrical push button signalling device or other approved
signalling system shall be provided at each floor landing connected
to an annunciator in the car. The signal code shall be posted
adjacent to the signal device at each and every work level and
at operator's work level. All wording shall be black on a white
card, in large clear letters.
(l) The elevator machine and controls shall be housed in as
a protection against accidents and the weather, and the door
kept locked against unauthorized entrance when operator is not
in attendance.
(m) Safeties shall be capable of stopping and holding the car
and rated load when traveling at governor tripping speed.
(n) Cars shall be provided with a capacity and data plate secured
in a conspicuous place on the car or crosshead.
(o) Internal combustion engines shall not be permitted for
direct drive.
(p) Normal and final terminal stopping devices shall be provided.
(q) An emergency stop switch shall be provided in the car and
marked “stop.”
(r) Ropes:
(i) The minimum number of hoisting ropes used shall be three
for traction hoists and two for drum-type hoists.
(ii) The minimum diameter of hoisting and counterweight wire
ropes shall be 1/2-inch.
(iii) Safety factors:
Minimum Factors of Safety
for Suspension Wire Ropes
Rope
speed in feet per minute:
Minimum
factor of Safety:
50
7.60
75
7.75
100
7.95
125
8.10
150
8.25
175
8.40
200
8.60
225
8.75
250
8.90
300
9.20
350
9.50
400
9.75
450
10.00
500
10.25
550
10.45
600
10.70
(s) Following assembly and erection of hoists, and before being
put in service, an inspection and test of all functions and
safety devices shall be made under the supervision of a competent
person. A similar inspection and test is required following
major alteration of an existing installation. All hoists shall
be inspected and tested at not more than 3-month intervals.
Records shall be maintained and kept on file for the duration
of the job.
(t) All personnel hoists used by employees shall be constructed
of materials and components which meet the specifications for
materials, construction, safety devices, assembly, and structural
integrity as stated in the American National Standard A10.4-1963,
Safety Requirements for Workmen's Hoists. The requirements of
this subdivision do not apply to cantilever type personnel hoists.
(u) Wire rope shall be taken out of service when any of the
following conditions exist:
(i) In running ropes, six randomly distributed broken wires
in one lay or three broken wires in one strand in one lay;
(ii) Wear of one-third the original diameter of outside individual
wires. Kinking, crushing, bird caging, or any other damage
resulting in distortion of the rope structure;
(iii) Evidence of any heat damage from any cause;
(iv) Reductions from nominal diameter of more than three-sixty-fourths
inch for diameters to and including three-fourths inch, one
sixteenth inch for diameter seven-eights inch to 1 1/8 inches
inclusive, three-thirty-seconds inch for diameters 1 1/4 to
1 1/2 inches inclusive;
(v) In standing ropes, more than two broken wires in one
lay in sections beyond end connections or more than one broken
wire at an end connection.
(v) (i) Personnel hoists used in bridge tower construction
shall be approved by a registered professional engineer
and erected under the supervision of a qualified engineer
competent in this field.
(ii) When a hoist tower is not enclosed, the hoist platform
or car shall be totally enclosed (caged) on all sides for
the full height between the floor and the overhead protective
covering with 3/4-inch mesh of No. 14 U.S. gauge wire or
equivalent. The hoist platform enclosure shall include the
required gates for loading and unloading.
(iii) These hoists shall be inspected and maintained on
a weekly basis. Whenever the hoisting equipment is exposed
to winds exceeding 35 miles per hour it shall be inspected
and put in operable condition before reuse.
(4) All elevators, manlifts or other lifting devices must be
installed and maintained in conformity with the requirements specified
in the Washington State elevator laws and regulations adopted
by the elevator section of the department of Labor & Industries.
Note: For additional information refer to
chapter 296-100 WAC, safety requirements for material hoists.
WAC 296-155-53100 Accreditation of crane
certifiers of cranes and derricks-Requirements.
(1) Any person engaging in the testing, examination or inspection
for the certification of a crane, used in lifting at a construction
site, must apply for and obtain a certificate of accreditation
from the department pursuant to this rule. For the purposes of
this rule an "accredited crane certifier" refers to
any individual holding a certificate of accreditation pursuant
to this regulation.
(2) Any person authorized by the department to certify maritime
cranes prior to the effective date of this rule may continue to
perform services under this regulation until January 1, 2012.
Any accredited crane certifier desiring to continue providing
services pursuant to this rule must have applied for and obtained
a certificate of accreditation under these rules from the department
prior to January 1, 2012. Maritime certifiers wishing to perform
construction crane certifications must notify the department that
they will perform construction crane certifications. In addition,
the maritime certifier must specify which cranes they are qualified
to inspect under their maritime certificate. The department may
issue these individuals a provisional accreditation specifying
the crane types they are authorized to inspect which will be valid
through December 31, 2011, or upon expiration of their maritime
certification, whichever is earlier. Any provisionally accredited
crane certifier desiring to continue providing services pursuant
to this rule must have applied for and obtained a certificate
of accreditation under these rules from the department prior to
January 1, 2012.
(3) Crane certifiers accredited by any other state or governmental
entity may be authorized to inspect cranes in Washington state
provided the certifier submits an application and resume along
with the certificate of accreditation from that state or governmental
entity, and the types of cranes they are authorized to inspect.
The department may issue these individuals a provisional accreditation
specifying the crane types they are authorized to inspect which
will be valid through December 31, 2011, or upon expiration of
their out-of-state certification, whichever is earlier. Any provisionally
accredited crane certifier desiring to continue providing services
pursuant to this rule must have applied for and obtained a certificate
of accreditation under these rules from the department prior to
January 1, 2012.
(4) No person that has modified, altered, or repaired a crane
which affected a load sustaining member of the crane may conduct
the certifying inspection and proof load testing of that particular
crane within the same certification period.
WAC
296-155-53102 Accreditation-Application form and applicant qualifications.
(1) An accreditation to certify cranes pursuant to this rule
may be obtained by submitting a completed application to the division
of occupational safety and health (DOSH) and successfully completing
written examinations developed and administered by the department
or its authorized representative. Application forms may be obtained
by calling the:
Crane certification section of DOSH 360-902-4943 or by written
request to:
P.O. Box 44650, Olympia, WA 98504-4650
(2) An applicant seeking an accreditation must satisfy all of
the following criteria:
(a) An application with an attached resume must be submitted
to the department based on experience with the various crane
types per the ASME B30 series. The application and resume must
include knowledge, training and experience with verifiable references.
(b) All applicants must possess knowledge of chapter 296-155
WAC, Safety standards for construction work, as well as American
Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standards, relating to
the design, testing, inspection and operation of cranes, including
those specifically applicable to the types of cranes for which
an accreditation will be issued.
(c) All applicants must demonstrate at least five years crane
related experience, of which two years must be actual crane
inspection activities. The other three years may include experience
in duties such as a crane operator, crane mechanic, crane shop
foreman, crane operations supervision, or rigging specialist.
Related education may be substituted for related experience
at a ratio of two years of education for one year of experience
up to three years. Related education could include such courses
in engineering, physics, applied mathematics, applied science
courses in ondestructive testing, construction technology, technical
courses in heavy equipment mechanic, welding technology, etc.
(3) Application form. Any application for accreditation will
be accepted by the department upon the filing of a completed application.
All information and attachments must be given under penalty of
perjury. The application must include, but not be limited to,
the following:
(a) A statement of the crane types per the ASME B30 series
the applicant desires to certify pursuant to the accreditation.
(b) A statement of qualifications and experience, including
their capacities, satisfying at a minimum the criteria set forth
in this section as well as any and all other qualifications
the applicant wishes the department to consider.
(c) Any other relevant information the applicant desires to
be considered by the department.
(4) Written examinations. Applicants to be approved for accreditation
must successfully complete the written examinations administered
by the department or its authorized representative.
(a) Once the department receives the application and resume,
the department will make the determination and notify the applicant
if they meet the minimum qualifications to take the written
examinations.
(b) The first written examination will include a general knowledge
of operation, testing, inspection and maintenance requirements,
and the duties and recordkeeping responsibilities required by
this rule.
(c) The other written examinations will include safe operating
and engineering principles and practices with respect to specific
crane types subject to the accreditation, including inspection
and proof loading requirements.
(1) The department may impose
restrictions on the scope and use of the accreditation, such as
limiting it to specific types of cranes based upon the qualifications
of the applicant. The accreditation issued by the department will
identify any limitations imposed by the department and the types
of cranes the certifier is authorized to certify.
(2) The department must deny issuance of an accreditation if
the applicant does not satisfy the requirements of this rule.
(1) Within forty-five calendar
days of receipt of a completed application for an accreditation,
the department must inform the applicant in writing that it is
either complete and accepted for filing or that it is deficient
and what specific information or documentation is required to
complete the application and will inform the applicant if the
applicant is eligible to take the written examination. An application
is considered complete if it is in compliance with the requirements
of this rule.
(2) Within seventy-five calendar days from the date of completion
of the written examinations, the department must inform the applicant
in writing of its decision regarding the issuance of the certificate
of accreditation.
WAC 296-155-53108 Duration and renewal of an accreditation.
(1) The accreditation will be valid for three years. Crane certifiers
must complete forty hours of crane related training every three
years, in courses recognized by the department.
(2) Application for renewal must be filed with the department
not less than sixty days prior to expiration of the accredited
crane certifier's certification. A renewal may be obtained by
filing a completed application for renewal meeting the requirements
of WAC 296-155-53102 hereof providing the applicant has been actively
inspecting cranes during their prior accreditation period. An
applicant is considered active if he/she has certified/inspected
at least twenty-one cranes during their accreditation period.
If the applicant certified cranes in another state, then that
applicant must provide documentation showing they were active
during their accreditation period. An applicant who has not certified/inspected
at least twenty-one cranes during the accreditation period may
take the written exam to become recertified.
(3) At a minimum, all applicants for renewal must successfully
complete the written examinations every six years.
WAC 296-155-53110 Revocation or suspension of an accreditation.
(1) The department may suspend or revoke a certificate issued
under the provisions of these rules upon the following grounds:
(a) Permitting the duplication or use of one's own accreditation
certificate by another;
(b) Performing work for which accreditation has not been received;
(c) Any person who obtains accreditation through fraudulent
representation of accreditation requirements such as education,
training, professional registration, or experience;
(d) Any person who falsifies training documentation;
(e) The holder of the certificate is found to be incompetent
to carry out the work for which the certificate was issued;
(f) Gross negligence, gross incompetence, a pattern of incompetence,
or fraud in the certification of a crane;
(g) Willful or deliberate disregard of any occupational safety
standard while certifying a crane;
(h) Misrepresentation of a material fact in applying for,
or obtaining, a license to certify under this chapter;
(i) Failure by an accredited crane certifier to maintain records;
(j) Failure by an accredited crane certifier to report crane
safety deficiencies affecting the safe operation of a crane
while in the process of conducting an annual certification inspection;
(k) Failure to meet or comply with the requirements of this
rule or the limitations imposed on the accreditation; or
(l) Performance of work not in compliance with applicable
laws and regulations.
(2) Before any certificate may be suspended or revoked, the
certificate holder must be given written notice of the department's
intention, mailed by certified mail, return receipt requested
to the address as shown on the application form. The notice must
specify the reasons for the department action. The department
must also include within the notice of revocation or suspension
specific conditions which must be met before the applicant will
be entitled to apply for a new certification.
(3) A suspension or revocation order may be appealed to the
board of industrial insurance appeals within fifteen working days
after the suspension or revocation order is entered. The notice
of appeal may be filed with the department or the board of industrial
insurance appeals. The board of industrial insurance appeals shall
hold the hearing in accordance with procedures established in
RCW 49.17.140. Any party aggrieved by an order of the board of
industrial insurance appeals may obtain superior court review
in the manner provided in RCW 49.17.150.
(4) The filing of an appeal must not stay the suspension or
revocation, and such action must remain in effect until such time
as the applicant presents proof that the specified written conditions
required by the department are met or until otherwise ordered
after resolution of the appeal.
WAC 296-155-53112 Monitoring of accrediated crane certifiers.
The division of occupational safety and health must monitor accredited
crane certifiers to ensure that these certifiers certify cranes
in accordance with all applicable Washington state laws and regulations.
Monitoring activities will include, but not be limited to, audits
of crane certifier's activities, complaint inspections, referrals,
or accident investigations.
WAC
296-155-53114 Issuance of temporary and annual certificates of
operation.
(1) Accredited crane certifiers will issue a temporary certificate
of operation if upon inspection and load proof testing no deficiencies
were found that would affect the safe operation of the crane.
(2) The accredited crane certifier will submit inspection worksheets
and proof of load testing to the department within ten working
days from the completion of the inspection and load proof test
for consideration of the department for the issuance of a permanent
certificate of operation.
(3) If the accredited crane certifier upon inspection of a crane
identifies deficiencies that would affect the safe operation or
load handling capabilities of the crane, the accredited crane
certifier must notify the department within five working days
from completion of the on-site inspection by submitting the worksheet
that identifies the deficiencies. If deficiencies are found that
affect the safe operation or load handling capabilities of the
crane, no temporary certificate of operation will be issued until
all identified deficiencies have been corrected and verified by
an on-site visit by an accredited crane certifier.
(4) After the accredited crane certifier has verified that all
deficiencies have been corrected and the crane has successfully
passed a load proof test, the accredited crane certifier will
issue a temporary certificate of operation. The accredited crane
certifier will submit inspection worksheets and proof of load
testing to the owner or lessee and within ten days of completion
of the inspection to the department for consideration of the department
for the issuance of an annual certificate of operation.
(5) The accredited crane certifier must attach an identification
sticker if not already attached and legible to each crane and
crane component (component meaning: Luffing boom, swing-away jibs,
fly sections, jibs at variable offsets and boom sections). The
identification sticker number must be entered on the inspection
worksheet submitted to the department. Identification stickers
may only be removed by a department representative or an accredited
crane certifier.
Note: Certified
components may be installed without voiding the annual proof load
test, providing the component was proof load tested within the
prior four-year period.
(6) Certificates of operation issued by the department under
the crane certification program established in this section are
valid for one year from the effective date of the temporary operating
certificate issued by the certified crane inspector.
(7) The temporary or annual certificate of operation must be
posted in the operator's cab or with the operator's manual.
(8) Maintaining required records. Accredited crane certifiers
are required to maintain complete and accurate records pertaining
to each crane of all inspections, tests and other work performed
as well as copies of all notices of crane safety deficiencies,
verifications of correction of crane safety deficiencies, and
crane certifications issued for the previous five years and provide
these records to the department upon request. Failure by an accredited
crane certifier to maintain required records may result in accreditation
suspension or revocation.
WAC 296-155-53200 General inspection criteria, wire rope inspection
and removal criteria, and preproof load test requirements for
all cranes.
(1) The accredited crane certifier must review the following
documents as part of the crane certification process:
(a) Crane maintenance records of critical components to ensure
maintenance of these components has been performed in accordance
with the manufacturer's recommendations.
(b) Crane periodic and frequent inspection documentation.
(2) Safety devices. Make sure all safety devices are installed
on equipment in accordance with the requirements located in chapter
296-155 WAC, Part L.
(3) Operational aids. Operations must not begin unless operational
aids are in proper working order, except where the owner or lessee
meets the specified temporary alternative measures. See chapter
296-155 WAC, Part L for the list of operational aids.
Note: All accredited crane
certifiers must meet and follow the requirements relating to fall
protection, located in chapter 296-155 WAC, Part C-1, Fall restraint
and fall arrest.
(4) General.
(a) The accredited crane certifier must determine that the
configurations of the crane are in accordance with the manufacturer's
equipment criteria.
(b) Where the manufacturer equipment criteria are unavailable,
a registered professional engineer (RPE), familiar with the
type of equipment involved, must ensure criteria are developed
for the equipment configuration.
(5) Wire rope.
(a) Wire ropes must meet the crane or wire rope manufacturer's
specifications for size, type and inspection requirements. In
the absence of the manufacturer's specifications, follow the
requirements for removal criteria located in this section, including
Table 1.
Table 1 Wire Rope Inspection/Removal Criteria
(See also Figure 1 Wire Rope)
Category of Crane Types
Running Ropes.*
# of broken wires in
Rotation Resistant.*
# of broken wires in
Standing Ropes.*
# of broken wires
1 rope lay
1
strand in 1 lay
Specified diameters
In 1 lay beyond end connection
At end connection
Mobile
6
3
2 (in 6xd)
4 (in 30xd)
3
2
Articulating
6
3
Consult rope mfg.
Consult rope mfg.
3
2
Tower
12
4
2 (in 6xd)
4 (in 30xd)
3
3
Self-Erector
6
3
2 (in 6xd)
4 (in 30xd)
3
2
Overhead & Bridge
12
4
(2 in 6xd)
4 (in 30xd)
---
---
Derricks
6
3
Consult rope mfg.
Consult rope mfg.
3
2
* Also remove if you detect 1 wire broken at the contact
point with the core or adjacent strand; so called valley breaks
or evidence from any heat damage from any cause.
Note: xd means times
the “diameter.”
(b) The accredited crane certifier must perform a complete
and thorough inspection covering the surface of the working
range plus three additional wraps on the drum of the wire ropes.
(c) If a deficiency is identified, an immediate determination
must be made by the accredited crane certifier as to whether
the deficiency constitutes a safety hazard. If the deficiency
is determined to constitute a safety hazard, the crane must
not be certified until:
(i) The wire rope is replaced and verified by the accredited
crane certifier; or
(ii) If the deficiency is localized, the problem is corrected
by severing the wire rope; the undamaged portion may continue
to be used. Joining lengths of wire rope by splicing is prohibited.
(d) Remove wire rope from service if reductions from nominal
diameter are greater than those shown below in Table 2.
Table 2 Maximum Allowable Reduction from Nominal Diameter
Rope Diameter
Maximum Allowable Reduction from Nominal
Diameter
Up to 5/16 inch (8 mm)
1/64 inch (0.4 mm)
3/8 inch (9.5 mm) to 1/2 inch (13 mm)
1/32 inch (0.8 mm)
9/15 inch (14.5 mm) to 3/4 inch (19 mm)
3/64 inch (1.2 mm)
7/8 inch (22 mm) to 1 1/8 inch (29 mm)
1/16 inch (1.6 mm)
Over 1 1/8 inch (32 mm) to 1 1/2 inch (38 mm)
(e) Replacement rope must be of a compatible size and have a
strength rating at least as great as the original rope furnished
or recommended by the crane manufacturer.
Figure 1 Wire Rope
(6) Sheaves.
(a) Sheave grooves must be free from surface defects that
could damage the rope. The cross-sectional radius at the bottom
of the groove should be such as to form a close fitting saddle
for the size of rope used. The sides of the groove must be tapered
outward and rounded at the rim to facilitate entrance of the
rope into the groove. Flange rims must run true about the axis
of rotation.
(b) Sheave guards must be in place to:
(i) Guide the rope back into the sheave groove, when using
ropes that can be momentarily unloaded.
(ii) Prevent ropes from becoming fouled when the block
is lying on the ground with loose ropes.
(c) Sheave bearings, except for permanently lubricated ones,
must have a means of lubrication.
(7) Prior to performing a proof load test:
(a) A safe test area must be selected and all traffic and unauthorized
personnel and equipment must be cleared from test area. This
test area must be roped off or otherwise secured to prevent
entry of unauthorized personnel and equipment;
(b) Rigging gear must be inspected by a qualified person prior
to using for load test of crane;
(c) The employer must ensure all load test personnel understand
the safety procedures of the test;
(d) Proof load tests, with the exception of tower cranes,
are overload tests and extreme caution must be observed at all
times. Personnel must remain clear of suspended loads and areas
where they could be struck in the event of boom failure. The
test load must be raised only to a height sufficient to perform
the test;
(e) During tests, safe operating speeds must be employed.
Rated speeds in accordance with manufacturer's specifications
need not be attained. Emphasis must be placed on the ability
to safely control loads through all motions at normal speeds;
(f) Proof load tests require the use of certified weights,
or scaled weights using a certified scale with a current certificate
of calibration;
(g) Proof load tests must not exceed the manufacturer's specifications.
Where these specifications are unavailable, a registered professional
engineer familiar with the type of equipment involved must develop
written specifications.
WAC 296-155-53202 Additional inspection criteria and proof load
testing--Mobile cranes.
(1) After it is determined that the crane configurations meet
the criteria in WAC 296-155-53200, the accredited crane certifier
must conduct a visual inspection of the following components,
if applicable, which can be visually inspected without disassembly
(not including removal of inspection covers):
(a) All control and drive mechanisms for adjustments interfering
with proper operation and for excessive wear or contamination
by lubricants or other foreign matter;
(b) Air, hydraulic, and other pressurized lines for deterioration
or leakage, particularly those which flex in normal operation;
(c) Hydraulic system for proper fluid level;
(d) Safety latches on hooks for damage;
(e) Hooks for deformation, cracks, excessive wear, or damage
such as from chemicals or heat;
(f) A legible and applicable operator's manual and load chart
is in the operator's cab or station;
(g) A portable fire extinguisher, with a basic minimum extinguishing
rating of ten BC must be installed in the cab or at the machinery
housing;
(h) Crane cleanliness and housekeeping. Inspect for trash,
oil, grease, debris or excessive dirt on crane components and
catwalks, if applicable;
(i) Wire rope reeving for compliance with the manufacturer's
specifications;
(j) Wire rope, in accordance with WAC 296-155-53200(5);
(k) Electrical apparatus for malfunctioning, signs of apparent
excessive deterioration, dirt or moisture accumulation;
(l) Tires (when in use) for proper inflation and condition;
(m) Ground conditions around the equipment for proper support,
including ground settling under and around outriggers and supporting
foundations, ground water accumulation, or similar conditions;
(n) The equipment for level position;
(o) Operator cab windows for significant cracks, breaks, or
other deficiencies that would hamper the operator's view;
(p) Rails, rail stops, rail clamps and supporting surfaces
when the equipment has rail traveling;
(q) Equipment structure (including the boom and, if equipped,
the jib):
(i) Structural members: Deformed, cracked, or significantly
corroded.
(ii) Bolts, rivets and other fasteners: Loose, failed or
significantly corroded.
(iii) Welds for cracks.
(r) Sheaves and drums for cracks or significant wear;
(s) Parts such as pins, bearings, shafts, gears, rollers and
locking devices for distortion, cracks or significant wear;
(t) Brake and clutch system parts, linings, pawls and ratchets
for excessive wear;
(u) Safety devices and operational aids for proper operation
(including significant inaccuracies);
(v) Gasoline, diesel, electric, or other power plants for
safety-related problems (such as leaking exhaust and emergency
shut-down feature), condition and operation;
(w) Chains and chain drive sprockets for excessive wear of
sprockets and excessive chain stretch;
(x) Travel steering, brakes, and locking devices, for proper
operation;
(y) Tires for damage or excessive wear;
(z) Hydraulic, pneumatic and other pressurized hoses, fittings
and tubing, as follows:
(i) Flexible hose or its junction with the fittings for
indications of leaks.
(ii) Threaded or clamped joints for leaks.
(iii) Outer covering of the hose for blistering, abnormal
deformation or other signs of failure/impending failure.
(iv) Outer surface of a hose, rigid tube, or fitting for
indications of excessive abrasion or scrubbing.
(aa) Hydraulic and pneumatic pumps and motors, as follows:
(i) Performance indicators: Unusual noises or vibration,
low operating speed.
(ii) Loose bolts or fasteners.
(iii) Shaft seals and joints between pump sections for
leaks.
(bb) Hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders, as follows:
(i) Drifting.
(ii) Rod seals and welded joints for leaks.
(iii) Cylinder rods for scores, nicks and dents.
(iv) Case (barrel) for significant dents.
(v) Rod eyes and connecting joints: Loose of deformed.
(cc) Outrigger pads/floats and slider pads for excessive wear
or cracks; cribbing/dunnage for proper installation;
(dd) Electrical components and wiring for cracked or split
insulation and loose or corroded terminations;
(ee) Legible warning labels and decals as required by the
manufacturer;
(ff) Operator seat: Missing or unusable;
(gg) Equipped with original, or the equivalent, steps, ladders,
handrails, guards;
(hh) Steps, ladders, handrails, and guards are in safe and
usable condition;
(2) Crane deficiencies. If the accredited crane certifier determines
other findings need to be monitored, the accredited crane certifier
must provide written notification to the owner or lessee.
(3) Operational testing. An operational test must be made without
a load applied to the hook of the following items if they are
applicable to the crane to ensure they function correctly:
(a) Load lifting/hoisting and lowering mechanisms;
(b) Boom lifting/hoisting and lowering mechanisms;
(c) Boom extension and retraction mechanism;
(d) Swing mechanism;
(e) Travel mechanism;
(f) Brakes and clutches;
(g) Limit, locking, and safety devices;
(h) Suspension systems for cranes that work on rubber (tires);
and
(i) During the operational testing, special attention must
be paid to hydraulic and pneumatic valves: Spools (sticking,
improper return to neutral, and leaks); leaks; valve housing
cracks; relief valves.
(4) Annual and quadrennial proof load testing.
(a) Proof load tests must be completed on all hoist lines.
The test load must be at least one hundred percent but not to
exceed one hundred and ten percent of rated capacity (i.e.,
for the crane's configuration of reeving, boom length, etc.).
The rated capacity must be the capacity shown on the posted
load chart or as limited by other factors such as hook block
capacity or wire rope line pull if the crane is not fully reeved.
The test load includes the weight of (or deduction values for)
the hook, block, slings, and auxiliary lifting devices (and
for some cranes hoist wire rope not accounted for in load charts),
and the combined weight deduction values must be subtracted
from the nominal test load in order to determine the amount
of test weights to be used. Follow original equipment manufacturer
(OEM) load chart instructions for weight deduction values. Check
accuracy of load indicators where installed. Test procedures
for these cranes must follow OEM procedures and recommendations.
(b) Annual proof load testing. After the crane has passed
the visual and operational tests, a proof load test must be
conducted in the as-configured condition and must be performed
within the structural and stability section of the manufacturer's
load chart, as applicable. This test must be documented on the
form or in the format approved by the department. A copy of
this completed form and inspection worksheets must be sent to
the department within ten working days upon completion of the
examination.
(c) Quadrennial proof load testing. No major component (luffing
boom, swing-away jibs, fly sections, jibs at variable offsets
and boom sections) may be used unless it has been proof load
tested within the prior four-year period. For jibs with variable
offset angles, tests at the maximum offset used and maximum
extension of all boom sections.
(i) This test must be performed in accordance with this
section and documented on the form or in the format approved
by the department.
(ii) A copy of this completed form and inspection worksheets
must be sent to the department within ten working days upon
completion of the inspection.
(d) Free rated load test ("on rubber"). Check the
stability and operation of crane, carrier, wheels, tires, tracks,
brakes, etc., under load by performing the following tests,
when lifting without outriggers and/or traveling with the load
are permitted at the activity for the type of crane being tested.
Note: Ensure all
free rated load tests "on rubber" lifting requirements
established by the OEM are complied with. Attach taglines to the
load to control oscillation. For cranes with outriggers, extend
outriggers and maintain minimal clearance (three to four inches)
above ground. Test personnel must stand clear of tires during
load tests. This test is only required if the owner/lessee wants
an "on rubber" certification. If the crane has "on
rubber" capabilities and the owner does not desire this certification,
the crane certifier must document it on the certification document.
(i) Maximum free rated load. Hoist maximum free rated test
load at minimum possible radius over the rear (or over the
front as required by the OEM). Slowly boom down to the maximum
radius for the load. With boom and load hoist pawls (dogs)
engaged where applicable, complete (d)(i)(A) and (B) of this
subsection.
(A) Rotate through the appropriate working arc;
(B) Travel a minimum of fifty feet with test load over
the rear (or front as required by the OEM) with the boom
parallel to the longitudinal axis of the crane carrier.
(ii) Stability test. Repeat the step in (d)(i) of this subsection
with a test load corresponding to the radii determined as
follows: For telescoping boom cranes, test with the boom approximately
halfway between fully retracted and fully extended but do
not exceed OEM's boom length limitation for lifting on rubber.
If no ratings are governed by stability, no stability test
is required.
Note: When lifting test
loads, always lift the load well within the maximum radius and
slowly boom down to a premeasured radius. Lift the test load only
high enough to perform the required tests.
(1) After it is determined that the crane configurations meet
the criteria in WAC 296-155-53200, the accredited crane certifier
must visually inspect the following items, if applicable, on cranes
for sound physical condition and that they are functional within
the manufacturer's recommendations (not including removal of inspection
covers):
(a) All control and drive mechanisms for adjustments interfering
with proper operation and for excessive wear or contamination
by lubricants or other foreign matter;
(b) Safety devices for malfunction;
(c) All hydraulic hoses, particularly those which flex in
normal operation of crane functions;
(d) Hooks and latches for deformation, chemical damage, cracks,
and wear;
(e) Rope reeving for compliance with crane manufacturer's
specifications;
(f) Electrical apparatus for malfunctioning, signs of excessive
deterioration, dirt, and moisture accumulation;
(g) Hydraulic system for proper oil level and leaks;
(h) Excessively worn or damaged tires. Recommended inflation
pressure, cuts, and loose wheel nuts;
(i) Connecting pins and locking device for wear and damage;
(j) Deformed, cracked, or corroded members in the crane structure
and carrier;
(k) Loose bolts, particularly mounting bolts;
(l) Cracked or worn sheaves and drums;
(m) Worn, cracked, or distorted parts such as pins, bearings,
shafts, gears, rollers, and locking devices;
(n) Excessive wear on brake and clutch system parts and lining;
(o) Travel steering, braking, and locking devices, for malfunction;
(p) Hydraulic, pneumatic and other pressurized hoses, fittings
and tubing, as follows:
(i) Flexible hose or its junction with the fittings for
indications of leaks.
(ii) Threaded or clamped joints for leaks.
(iii) Outer covering of the hose for blistering, abnormal
deformation or other signs of failure/impending failure.
(iv) Outer surface of a hose, rigid tube, or fitting for
indications of excessive abrasion or scrubbing;
(q) Hydraulic and pneumatic pumps and motors, as follows:
(i) Performance indicators: Unusual noises or vibration,
low operating speed.
(ii) Loose bolts or fasteners.
(iv) Shaft seals and joints between pump sections for leaks;
(r) Hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders, as follows:
(i) Drifting.
(ii) Rod seals and welded joints for leaks.
(iii) Cylinder rods for scores, nicks and dents.
(iv) Case (barrel) for significant dents;
(s) Crane cleanliness and housekeeping. Inspect for trash,
oil, grease, debris or excessive dirt on crane components and
catwalks, if applicable;
(t) Legible warning labels and decals as required by the manufacturer;
(u) A portable fire extinguisher, with a basic minimum extinguishing
rating of ten BC must be installed in the cab or at the machinery
housing;
(v) A legible and applicable operator's manual and load chart
is in the operator's cab or station.
(2) Annual proof load testing of articulating boom cranes.
(a) Annual proof load testing. After the crane has passed
the visual and operational tests, the accredited crane certifier
must ensure a proof load test is conducted and must be performed
within the structural and stability section of the manufacturer's
load chart, as applicable. This test must be documented on the
form or in the format approved by the department. A copy of
this completed form and inspection worksheets must be sent to
the department within ten working days upon completion of the
examination.
(b) Test loads must not be less than one hundred percent or
more than one hundred and ten percent of the rated load, unless
otherwise recommended by the manufacturer.
(c) Hoist the test load to assure that the load is supported
by the crane and held by the hoist brake(s).
(d) Swing the crane, if applicable, the full range of its
swing.
(e) Boom the crane up and down within allowable working radius
for the test load.
(f) Lower the test load, stop and hold the load with the brake(s).
(3) Quadrennial proof load testing. If the articulating boom
crane has a jib or boom extension, these components may not be
used unless it has been proof load tested within the prior four-year
period.
WAC
296-155-53206 Additional inspection criteria and proof load testing--Tower
cranes.
(1) Tower cranes and tower crane assembly parts must be inspected
by a crane certifier both prior to assembly, following erection
of the tower crane, after each climbing operation, or reconfiguring
the boom, jib, or counterjib before placing the crane in service.
(2) The accredited crane certifier must verify a registered
professional structural engineer, licensed under chapter 18.43
RCW, has certified that the crane foundations and underlying soil
are adequate support for the tower crane with its maximum overturning
movement.
(3) Prior to erecting a tower crane on a nonstandard tower crane
base, the accredited crane certifier must verify that the engineering
configuration of this base has been reviewed and acknowledged
as acceptable by an independent registered professional structural
engineer, licensed under chapter 18.43 RCW.
(4) The accredited crane certifier must review the following
documents as part of the crane certification process for the current
location and inspection period:
(a) Crane maintenance records of critical components to ensure
maintenance of these components has been performed in accordance
with the manufacturer's recommendations;
(b) Crane periodic and frequent inspection documentation.
(5) After it is determined that the crane configurations meet
the criteria in WAC 296-155-53200, the accredited crane certifier
must visually inspect the following items, if applicable, on tower
cranes for sound physical condition and that they are functional
within the manufacturer's recommendations (not including removal
of inspection covers):
(a) All control and drive mechanisms for interfering with
proper operation and for excessive wear or contamination by
lubricants or other foreign matter;
(b) Motion limiting devices for proper operation with the
crane unloaded; each motion should be inched into its limiting
device by carefully running at slow speed;
(c) Load limiting devices for proper operation and accuracy
of settings;
(d) Air, hydraulic, and other pressurized lines for deterioration
or leakage, particularly those which flex in normal operation;
(e) Hydraulic system for proper fluid level;
(f) Hydraulic, pneumatic and other pressurized hoses, fittings
and tubing, as follows:
(i) Flexible hose or its junction with the fittings for
indications of leaks.
(ii) Threaded or clamped joints for leaks.
(iii) Outer covering of the hose for blistering, abnormal
deformation or other signs of failure/impending failure.
(iv) Outer surface of a hose, rigid tube, or fitting for
indications of excessive abrasion or scrubbing;
(g) Hydraulic and pneumatic pumps and motors, as follows:
(i) Performance indicators: Unusual noises or vibration,
low operating speed.
(ii) Loose bolts or fasteners.
(iii) Shaft seals and joints between pump sections for leaks;
(h) Hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders, as follows:
(i) Drifting.
(ii) Rod seals and welded joints for leaks.
(v) Cylinder rods for scores, nicks and dents.
(iv) Case (barrel) for significant dents;
(i) Electrical components for malfunctioning, signs of apparent
excessive deterioration, dirt or moisture accumulation, wiring
for cracked or split insulation, and loose or corroded terminations;
(j) Stationary cranes for manufacturer's recommended grounding
of structure and power supply. Rail traveling cranes for grounding
of each rail and the power supply per the manufacturer's recommendations;
(k) Runway rail and clamps. Inspect for loose, broken or missing
clamps;
(l) Hooks and safety latches for deformation, cracks, excessive
wear, or damage such as from chemicals or heat;
(m) Wedges and supports of climbing cranes for looseness or
dislocation;
(n) Braces or guys supporting cranes' masts (towers) and anchor
bolt base connections for looseness;
(o) Crane structure (including the boom, jib and counter jib):
(i) Structural members: Deformed, cracked, or significantly
corroded.
(ii) Bolts, rivets and other fasteners: Loose, failed or
significantly corroded.
(iii) Welds for cracks.
(p) Cracked or worn sheaves and drums;
(q) Worn, cracked, or distorted parts such as pins, bearings,
shafts, gears, rollers, locking and clamping devices, sprockets,
and drive chains or belts;
(r) Excessive wear on brake and clutch system parts, linings,
pawls, and ratchets;
(s) Load, wind, and other indicators for inaccuracies outside
the tolerances recommended by the manufacturer;
(t) Travel mechanisms for malfunction, excessive wear or damage;
(u) A legible and applicable operator's manual and load chart
is in the operator's cab;
(v) Crane cleanliness and housekeeping. Inspect for trash,
oil, grease, debris or excessive dirt on crane components and
catwalks, if applicable;
(w) A portable fire extinguisher, with a basic minimum extinguishing
rating of ten BC must be installed in the cab or at the machinery
housing;
(x) When applicable, tower tie-in collars, struts, and connections
to building structure are structurally sound, free of cracks,
distortion, excessive wear or corrosion. Pins and structural
bolts are tight and installed per the manufacturer's specification;
(y) Ballast blocks in place and secured per manufacturer's
recommendations;
(z) For cranes that telescope, the raising mechanism operates
within the manufacturer's specifications;
(aa) For cranes that top climb, the climbing frame operates
within the manufacturer's specifications;
(bb) A means to prevent traveling tower cranes running into
stops while under power;
(cc) A functional audible warning alarm that automatically
sounds whenever the traveling tower crane travels;
(dd) Wire rope reeving for compliance with the manufacturer's
specifications;
(ee) Wire rope, in accordance with WAC 296-155-53200(5);
(ff) Safety devices and operational aids for proper operation
(including significant inaccuracies);
(gg) Legible warning labels and decals as required by the
manufacturer;
(hh) Steps, ladders, handrails and guards are in safe and
usable condition.
(6) Additional requirements for tower cranes prior to performing
a proof load test.
Note: General requirements
relating to preproof load tests for all cranes are located in
WAC 296-155-53200.
(a) When tower cranes are erected, and before placing in service,
all functional motions, motion limiting, load limiting devices,
locking and safety devices, brakes and clutches must be tested
for operation and be within the manufacturer's specification
prior to placing the crane in operation.
(b) Proof load tests require the use of certified weights,
or scaled weights using a certified scale with a current certificate
of calibration.
(c) Functional motion test must be at crane manufacturer's
rated load. Each test must include:
(i) Load hoisting and lowering;
(ii) Jib (boom) hoisting and lowering, or trolley travel;
(iii) Slewing motion;
(iv) Travel motion when rail mounted;
(v) Brakes and clutches; and
(vi) Limit, locking, and safety devices.
Note: Functional
motion tests made after climbing or telescoping may be performed
without load.
(d) The functional motion test listed in (c) of this subsection
must continue until all controls, drives, and braking systems
have been engaged and have functioned per the crane manufacturer's
specifications.
(e) Order in which tests of tower cranes are to be performed
is as follows:
(i) Functional motion test without rated load;
(ii) Functional motion test at crane manufacturer's rated
load. For other than traveling cranes, these tests may be
combined with test of base structural support or foundation
system given in (c) of this subsection;
(iii) Test of base structural support or foundation under
(f) of this subsection.
(f) During functional motion tests, the crane's base structural
support or foundation system must be visually checked by the
accredited crane certifier. If any part of the crane's base
structural support or foundation system shows excessive visual
displacement, visual distress, or audible distress, then the
lifted load must be lowered at hoist creep speed and all crane
operations are to cease. An evaluation must then be made by
the accredited crane certifier.
(7) Proof load testing of tower cranes. Setting hoist load limits
for tower cranes.
(a) Annual proof load testing. After the crane has passed
the visual and operational tests, the accredited crane certifier
must ensure a proof load test is conducted and must be performed
according to the manufacturer's recommendations. This test must
be documented on the form or in the format approved by the department.
A copy of this completed form and inspection worksheets must
be sent to the department within ten working days upon completion
of the examination.
(b) Tower crane hoist load limit switches must be set in accordance
with the manufacturer's specifications using specified certified
weights. Procedure is to be verified by the accredited crane
certifier. In the absence of the manufacturer's specifications,
hoist load limit switches must be verified by means of a static
test using test loads of one hundred and two and one-half percent
to one hundred and ten percent of the applicable ratings. Test
loads are to be lifted at creep speed until just clear of the
ground.
(c) Setting of hoist load limits must be documented on the
form provided by the department. A copy of the completed form
and inspection worksheets must be sent to the department within
ten days upon completion of the examination.
(d) After erection of fixed freestanding tower cranes, the
base structural support or foundation system on which the crane
is supported must be tested before placing the crane in service.
The test must be conducted with the crane manufacturer's rated
load placed at maximum radius permitted by site conditions.
When the base structural support or foundation is symmetrical,
the crane's jib (boom) must be rotated through ninety degrees
with ten minute stops at the starting position and at each forty-five
degree position. When the support is asymmetrical, the crane's
jib (boom) must be rotated through three hundred and sixty degrees
with ten minute stops at the starting position and at each forty-five
degree position.
(e) After erection of rail traveling tower cranes, the base
structural support or foundation system to which the rail is
attached must be tested before placing the crane in service.
The test must be conducted with the crane manufacturer's rated
load placed at maximum radius permitted by site conditions.
The jib (boom) must be located over the bogie. The crane must
travel the entire length of runway, returning with the same
load over the bogie on the opposite rail.
(1) After it is determined that the crane configurations meet
the criteria in WAC 296-155-53200, the accredited crane certifier
must visually inspect the following items, if applicable, on cranes
for sound physical condition and that they are functional within
the manufacturer's recommendations (not including removal of inspection
covers):
(a) For cranes that telescope the internal tower by a climbing
frame, the climbing mechanism is structurally sound; is free
of cracks, distortion, excessive wear or corrosion; operates
within the manufacturer's specifications;
(b) Structural bolts are tightened;
(c) All control and drive mechanisms for interfering with
proper operation and for excessive wear or contamination by
lubricants or other foreign matter;
(d) Motion limiting devices for proper operation with the
crane unloaded; each motion should be inched into its limiting
device by carefully running at slow speed;
(e) Load limiting devices for proper operation and accuracy
of settings;
(f) Air, hydraulic, and other pressurized lines for deterioration
or leakage, particularly those which flex in normal operation;
(g) Hydraulic system for proper fluid level;
(h) Hydraulic, pneumatic and other pressurized hoses, fittings
and tubing, as follows:
(i) Flexible hose or its junction with the fittings for
indications of leaks.
(ii) Threaded or clamped joints for leaks.
(iii) Outer covering of the hose for blistering, abnormal
deformation or other signs of failure/impending failure.
(iv) Outer surface of a hose, rigid tube, or fitting for
indications of excessive abrasion or scrubbing;
(i) Hydraulic and pneumatic pumps and motors, as follows:
(i) Performance indicators: Unusual noises or vibration,
low operating speed.
(ii) Loose bolts or fasteners.
(iii) Shaft seals and joints between pump sections for leaks;
(j) Hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders, as follows:
(i) Drifting.
(ii) Rod seals and welded joints for leaks.
(iii) Cylinder rods for scores, nicks and dents.
(iv) Case (barrel) for significant dents;
(k) Electrical components for malfunctioning, signs of apparent
excessive deterioration, dirt or moisture accumulation, wiring
for cracked or split insulation, and loose or corroded terminations;
(l) Ensure crane is grounded per manufacturer's specifications;
(m) Hooks and safety latches for deformation, cracks, excessive
wear, or damage such as from chemicals or heat;
(n) Crane structure (including the boom, jib and counter jib):
(i) Structural members: Deformed, cracked, or significantly
corroded.
(ii) Bolts, rivets and other fasteners: Loose, failed or
significantly corroded.
(iii) Welds for cracks;
(o) Cracked or worn sheaves and drums;
(p) Worn, cracked, or distorted parts such as pins, bearings,
shafts, gears, rollers, locking and clamping devices, sprockets,
and drive chains or belts;
(q) Excessive wear on brake and clutch system parts, linings,
pawls, and ratchets;
(r) Load, wind, and other indicators for inaccuracies outside
the tolerances recommended by the manufacturer;
(s) A legible and applicable operator's manual and load chart
is in the operator's station;
(t) Crane cleanliness and housekeeping. Inspect for trash,
oil, grease, debris or excessive dirt on crane components and
catwalks, if applicable;
(u) A portable fire extinguisher, with a basic minimum extinguishing
rating of ten BC must be installed in the cab or at the machinery
housing;
(v) Ballast blocks in place and secured per manufacturer's
recommendations;
(w) Wire rope reeving for compliance with the manufacturer's
specifications;
(x) Wire rope, in accordance with WAC 296-155-53200(5);
(y) Safety devices and operational aids for proper operation
(including significant inaccuracies);
(z) Legible warning labels and decals as required by the manufacturer;
(aa) Steps, ladders, handrails and guards are in safe and
usable condition.
(2) Additional requirements for self-erecting tower cranes prior
to performing a proof load test.
Note: General requirements
relating to preproof load tests for all cranes are located in
WAC 296-155-53200.
(a) Functional motion test must be at crane manufacturer's
rated load. Each test must include:
(i) Load hoisting and lowering;
(ii) Jib (boom) hoisting and lowering, or trolley travel;
(iii) Slewing motion;
(iv) Brakes and clutches;
(v) Limit, locking, and safety devices.
(b) The functional motion test listed in (a) of this subsection
must continue until all controls, drives, and braking systems
have been engaged and have functioned per the crane manufacturer's
specifications.
(c) Order in which tests of self-erecting tower cranes are
to be performed is as follows:
(i) Functional motion
test without rated load;
(ii) Functional motion test at crane manufacturer's rated
load. These tests may be combined with test of base structural
support or foundation system given in (a) of this subsection.
(d) During functional motion tests, the crane's base structural
support or foundation system must be visually checked by the
accredited crane certifier. If any part of the crane's base
structural support or foundation system shows excessive visual
displacement, visual distress, or audible distress, then the
lifted load must be lowered at hoist creep speed and all crane
operations are to cease. An evaluation must then be made by
the accredited crane certifier.
(3) Annual proof load testing of self-erecting tower cranes.
(a) Annual proof load testing. After the crane has passed
the visual and operational tests, the accredited crane certifier
must ensure a proof load test is conducted and must be performed
according to the manufacturer's recommendations. This test must
be documented on the form or in the format approved by the department.
A copy of this completed form and inspection worksheets must
be sent to the department within ten working days upon completion
of the examination.
(b) The structural support or foundation examination during
proof load test:
(i) This test must be conducted with the rated load placed
at maximum radius permitted by site conditions. The superstructure
must be rotated through three hundred sixty degrees with five-minute
stops at each outrigger position. If any part of the support
structure becomes displaced or distressed, all crane operations
must stop until an evaluation is made by a qualified person.
(ii) For rail-mounted cranes, a load test must be conducted
with the jib in the position causing maximum loading on one
wheel or bogie. The test must comprise traveling the entire
length of the runway, then returning with the same load on
the other rail. If a sleeper or support becomes displaced
or damaged, crane operations must stop until an evaluation
is made by a qualified person or until track ballast has been
reset, or repairs made and a satisfactory test performed.
(c) Self-erecting tower crane hoist load limit switches must
be set in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications
using specified certified weights. Procedure is to be verified
by the accredited crane certifier.
(d) Setting of hoist load limits must be documented on the
form provided by the department. A copy of the completed form
and inspection worksheets must be sent to the department within
ten days upon completion of the examination.
WAC 296-155-53210 Additional inspection criteria and proof load
testing--Overhead and bridge cranes.
(1) After it is determined that the crane configurations meet
the criteria in WAC 296-155-53200, the accredited crane certifier
must visually inspect, without disassembly, and if applicable,
the following items on overhead and bridge cranes for sound physical
condition and that they are functional within the manufacturer's
recommendations (not including removal of inspection covers):
(a) Controllers. Control mechanisms for interfering with proper
operation. Control and drive mechanisms for apparent excessive
wear of components and contamination by lubricants, water or
other foreign matter;
(b) Load hooks. Inspect for damage wear to hook nuts, safety
latch and hook swivel. Check for deformation, cracks, excessive
wear, or damage such as from chemicals or heat. Inspect blocks
for wear to sheaves, check plates, and pins. Check for loose
pins, bolts and guards;
(c) Sheaves and bearings. Check all sheaves and bearings for
lubrication and excessive wear. Ensure sheaves turn freely.
Check sheave pin locking device;
(d) Structural supports. Inspect for damage or bent girders,
girder seat top plate, diaphragms and structural column connections.
Check for loose bolts or rivets, and cracks;
(e) Bridge inspection.
(i) Check complete structure for broken, cracked, damaged,
missing, or corroded parts and members.
(ii) Handrails, walkways, and ladders. Inspect for loose,
missing, bent, deteriorated or misaligned members, loose bolts,
rivets, broken welds and hangers;
(f) Brackets. Check for cracked or corroded welds, missing
or loose bolts, bent or cracked brackets;
(g) End stops. Inspect for damaged wheels, broken welds, loose
or missing bolts, damaged bumpers, missing pins or damaged plates;
(h) Runway rail and clamps. Inspect for loose, broken or missing
clamps. Check the condition of railhead and side wear, rail
splice plates and/or welds, rail gaps and associated bolts,
wedges, connectors and rail switches;
(i) Crane alignment. Inspect for proper bridge end float while
crane travels in both directions on runway. Check all corner
connections for rust, shear marks, loose or missing bolts, nuts
and washers. Inspect square marks and legibility of dimension;
(j) Wheels and bearings. Inspect wheels for wear, flat spots,
chips, flange wear, cracks, loose axle pins, or securing devices.
Check bearing clearance, chatter, loose bearing caps and lubrication;
(k) Trolley. Check for loose, missing, broken or bent members.
Inspect for loose, faulty or missing coupling guards. Check
for broken, loose or missing axle pins. Inspect for axle pins
displaying excessive wear;
(l) Trolley rail. Inspect for bent or damaged members, loose
bolts, rivets, guards, trolley rail clamps, end stops and broken
welds. Check condition of rail head and side wear, rail splice
plates and/or welds and rail gaps;
(m) Trolley conductors. Inspect insulators and clamps, loose
connectors, bent, pitted or damaged wires or collectors;
(n) Shafts, couplings, and bearings. Inspect shafts for vibration,
cuts and nicks, loose or worn keyways and misalignment. Check
coupling for wear, loose bolts or keys and misalignment. Inspect
bearing for clearance, chatter, loose bearing caps and proper
lubrication;
(o) Gearing. Inspect gears for worn teeth, cracked teeth,
superficial root cracks, pitting, unusual indentation or wear
marks, full contact or end loading, loose set screws and keys.
Check guards and covers. Inspect gear cases for excessive noise
and vibration, proper lubrication and leaking;
(p) Wire rope and drum. Inspect wire rope for damage. Check
rope clip fittings and associated mounting hardware for wear
and damage. Inspect drum grooves for excessive wear. Inspect
drum pedestal and bearing condition. Check for cracks in drum;
(q) Electrical items. Check all contacts for proper alignment
and evidence of excess heating or unusual arcing. Inspect all
coils, contact leads, shunts and wires, fuses or overload devices
for loose connections and evidence of overheating. Inspect panel
board and arc shields for cracks, loose bolts, dirt and moisture.
Check panel marking for legibility. Inspect speed control resistors
for damaged insulation, cracked or broken grids, loose connections,
bolts and brackets;
(r) Motor. Inspect for damage, bearing noise, vibration and
lubrication, spark and cleanliness of commutator and brush wear,
loose hold down bolts and motor brackets. Inspect commutator
or slip rings for evidence of overheating and brush sparking.
Inspect motor leads and insulators, damaged or deteriorated
insulation and loose connections. Inspect brush holder for proper
clearance to commutator or slip rings, and freedom of brushes;
(s) Brakes. Inspect for wear in linkage, pins and cams, weakness
of springs, wear and condition of lining, smoothness of the
drum, heat check crack and clearance between drum or disk. Inspect
for improper solenoid air gap; evidence of overheating; damaged
brass, and loose core laminations; delay or restriction in opening
of brakes;
(t) Hoist brakes. Inspect for wear in linkage, pins and cams,
weakness of springs, wear and condition of lining, smoothness
of drum, heat check cracks and clearance between drum or disk.
Inspect for improper solenoid air gap; evidence of overheating;
damaged brass, and loose core laminations; delay or restriction
in opening of brakes;
(u) Limit switches. Remove covers and inspect all electrical
and mechanical components for malfunction including contacts,
springs, ratchets, pins, arm and insulators, rollers, cams and
dogs. Inspect cover gaskets, counterweight guides. Check all
securing bolts and guards. Check for weather or moisture damage.
Check for proper operation;
(v) Crane cleanliness and housekeeping. Inspect for trash,
oil, grease, debris or excessive dirt on crane components and
catwalks, if applicable;
(w) Operation of crane controls. Operate all crane controls
and check for proper operation. Check for smooth and regular
motions without abnormal sensations, hesitations, binding, vibrations,
shimmy, or irregularity;
(x) Warning device/fire protection. Inspect for proper operation
of sirens, horns, bells and lights. Check switches and inspect
wiring and connections;
(y) A legible and applicable operator's manual and load chart
is in the operator's cab or station;
(z) A portable fire extinguisher, with a basic minimum extinguishing
rating of ten BC must be installed in the cab or at the machinery
housing.
(2) Annual proof load testing of bridge/overhead cranes.
(a) Annual proof load testing. After the crane has passed
the visual and operational tests, the accredited crane certifier
must ensure a proof load test is conducted and must be performed
according to the manufacturer's recommendations or a registered
professional structural engineer (RPSE). This test must be documented
on the form or in the format approved by the department. A copy
of this completed form and inspection worksheets must be sent
to the department within ten working days upon completion of
the examination.
(b) The proof load test must be at least one hundred percent
but not to exceed one hundred twenty-five percent of the rated
capacity.
(c) This test must be documented on the form or in the format
approved by the department. A copy of this completed form and
inspection worksheets must be sent to the department within
ten working days upon completion of the examination.
(d) Hoist the test load a distance to assure that the load
is supported by the crane and held by the hoist brake(s).
(e) Transport the test load by means of the trolley for the
full length of the bridge, as practical.
(f) Transport the test load by means of the bridge for the
full length of the runway in one direction with the trolley
as close to the extreme right-hand end of the crane as practical,
and in the other direction with the trolley as close to the
left-hand end of the crane as practical.
(g) Lower the test load, and stop and hold the test load with
the brake(s).
(h) Mechanical load brake tests. Hoist test load and hold
for five minutes.
Release the holding brake, either mechanically or electrically
to verify mechanical load brake function or hoist the rated
load then lower, monitoring the hoist for any speed control
issues.
WAC 296-155-53212 Additional inspection criteria and proof load
testing--Derricks.
(1) After it is determined that the derrick configurations meet
the criteria in WAC 296-155-53200, the accredited derrick certifier
must visually inspect the following items, if applicable, on derricks
for sound physical condition and that they are functional within
the manufacturer's recommendations (not including removal of inspection
covers):
(a) All control and drive mechanisms for adjustments interfering
with proper operation and for excessive wear or contamination
by lubricants or other foreign matter;
(b) All chords and lacing, tension in guys, plumb of the mast,
external indication of deterioration or leakage in air or hydraulic
systems;
(c) Derrick hooks for deformation or cracks, distortion causing
an increase in throat opening of five percent not to exceed
one-quarter inch or as recommended by the manufacturer. Any
wear exceeding ten percent (or as recommended by the manufacturer)
of the original section dimension of the hook;
(d) Rope reeving for noncompliance with derrick manufacturer's
specifications;
(e) Hoist brakes, clutches, and operating levers;
(f) Electrical apparatus for malfunctioning, signs of excessive
deterioration, dirt and moisture accumulation;
(g) Structural members for deformation, cracks, and corrosion;
(h) Crane cleanliness and housekeeping. Inspect for trash,
oil, grease, debris or excessive dirt on crane components and
catwalks, if applicable;
(i) Bolts and rivets for tightness;
(j) Parts such as pins, bearings, shafts, gears, sheaves,
drums, rollers, locking and clamping devices, for wear, cracks,
and distortion;
(k) Gudgeon pin for cracks, wear and distortion;
(l) Foundation or supports for continued ability to sustain
the imposed loads;
(m) A legible and applicable operator's manual and load chart
is in the operator's cab or station;
(n) A portable fire extinguisher, with a basic minimum extinguishing
rating of ten BC must be installed in the cab or at the machinery
housing.
(2) Annual proof load testing of derricks.
(a) Annual proof load testing. After the derrick has passed
the visual and operational tests, the accredited derrick certifier
must ensure a proof load test is conducted and must be performed
at the maximum and minimum boom angles or radii or as close
to these as practical and at such intermediate radii as the
derrick manufacturer or RPSE may deem necessary. This test must
be documented on the form or in the format approved by the department.
A copy of this completed form and inspection worksheets must
be sent to the department within ten working days upon completion
of the examination.
(b) Proof load tests and safe working load ratings must be
based on the designed load ratings at the ranges of boom angle
or operating radii. Proof loads must be as per the manufacturer's
recommendations. When the manufacturer recommendations are not
available follow the requirements in Table 3 below:
Table 3 Derrick Load Test
Safe Working Load
SWL
Proof Load
Up to 20 tons
25 percent in excess
20-50 tons
5 tons in excess
Over 50 tons
10 percent in excess
(c) Hoist the test load a few inches and hold to verify that
the load is supported by the derrick and held by the hoist brake(s).
(d) Swing the derrick, if applicable, the full range of its
swing, at the maximum allowable working radius for the test
load.
(e) Boom the derrick up and down within the allowable working
radius for the test load.
(f) Lower the test load, stop and hold the load with the brake(s).
(g) After satisfactory completion of a proof load test, the
derrick and all component parts thereof shall be carefully examined
in all applicable requirements in this section.
(h) This test must be documented on the form or in the format
approved by the department. A copy of this completed form and
inspection worksheets must be sent to the department within
ten working days upon completion of the examination.
WAC 296-155-53214 Crane decertification and reinstatement.
(1) If any of the following occur, the certification becomes
invalid:
(a) Contact with an energized power line;
(b) Any overload, other than proof load testing, or one that
has been approved in writing in advance by the crane manufacturer
or a RPE;
(c) Any significant modifications or significant repairs of
a load sustaining/bearing part.
Note: Replacement of hoisting
rope does not constitute decertification.
(2) The owner or lessee must notify the crane certification
section by phone within twenty-four hours if any of the above
occurs.
(3) The certification may be reinstated only after affected
components have been reinspected by an accredited crane certifier.
If the accredited crane certifier identifies any deficiencies
during the reinspection, the deficiencies must be corrected before
the certification can be reinstated. If the accredited crane certifier
believes proof load testing should be conducted prior to reinstatement
of the certification, proof load testing shall be conducted. In
the case of major modifications or repairs to important load sustaining/bearing
parts, proof load testing shall be performed prior to reinstatement.
The accredited crane certifier must notify the department that
the certification has been reinstated.
WAC 296-155-53300 Operator qualifications and certification.
(1) Prior to operating any crane covered under chapter 296-155
WAC, Part L, with the exception of the trainee/apprentice requirements
outlined in subsection (2) of this section, the employer must
ensure that the crane operator:
(a) Has a valid crane operator certificate, for the type of
crane to be operated, issued by a crane operator testing organization
accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency. The
operator certification must include a successful passing of
a written and practical examination.
Notes:
• An operator's certificate
issued by the accredited testing agency is valid for a five-year
period, and must be renewed to ensure operators maintain qualified
operator status.
• For self-erecting tower
cranes, the department will accept a tower crane certification
issued by a nationally accrediting testing agency.
• For derricks, the department
will accept, at a minimum, a lattice boom truck or crawler mobile
crane operator's certificate.
(b) Has crane hours of experience as shown in Table 1; and
(c) Pass a substance abuse test conducted by a recognized
laboratory.
Exemption: When it is
necessary in the performance of their duties, manufacture representatives,
factory representatives and maintenance personnel are not required
to be certified crane operators.
Crane Operator Experience for Cranes Used in the Construction Industry
Table 1
The 5 Categories
of Cranes and their Types
Number of Hours of Actual Crane
Operating Experience
Number of Hours of Crane Related
Experience
(1) Mobile Cranes
(a) Lattice Boom Crawler Cranes (LBC)
300 tons and above
1000 Hours
300 tons and above
1000 Hours
Under 300 tons
500 Hours
Under 300 tons
500 Hours
(b) Lattice Boom Truck Cranes (LBT)
300 tons and above
1000 Hours
300 tons and above
1000 Hours
Under 300 tons
500 Hours
Under 300 tons
500 Hours
(c) Large Telescopic Boom Cranes (Swing
Cab) (TLL)
Over 130 tons
750 Hours
Over 130 tons
750 Hours
Over 40 tons to 130 tons
250 Hours
Over 40 tons to 130 tons
250 Hours
40 tons and under
40 Hours
40 tons and under
40 Hours
(d) Small Telescopic Boom Cranes (Fixed
Cab) (TSS)
15 tons and above
40 Hours
15 tons and above
40 Hours
Over 5 tons to 15 tons
20 Hours
Over 5 tons to 15 tons
20 Hours
5 tons and under
8 hours
5 tons and under
16 hours
(2) Articulating Boom Cranes
20 Hours
20 Hours
(3) Tower Cranes
(a) Hammerhead
500 Hours
500 Hours
(b) Luffer
500 Hours
500 Hours
(c) Self-Erecting
50 Hours
50 Hours
(4) Overhead Cranes
(a) Cab Operated
40 Hours
40 Hours
(b) Pendant/Remote
40 Hours
40 Hours
(5) Derricks
20 Hours
500 Hours
Hours of actual crane
operating experience . For all cranes: Time
while the operator is at the controls of the crane; and/or
has direct control of that crane; and/or a combination
of operating hours within the same crane type. For mobile
cranes: It also includes time while installing/removing
boom sections, luffing boom, jib, extending and retracting
outriggers/stabilizers, leveling crane, and replacing
hoisting rope. For tower cranes: It includes time while
jumping (increasing the height of the tower/mast).
Note: Additional actual crane operator
experience may account for crane related experience.
Hours of crane related experience : Time
as a signalman/bellman, oiler, crane mechanic, crane inspector,
formal classroom training, crane simulator operation, and
a combination of operating hours on other categories of
cranes.
Note: Cranes and other lifting machines that are exempt can be found in WAC 296-155-52900(2).
(2) Prequalification/certification training period. An employee who is not a qualified crane operator as outlined in subsection (1) of this section is permitted to operate the crane as part of his/her training providing the following requirements are met:
(a) The employee ("trainee/apprentice") must be provided with sufficient training prior to operating the crane to enable the trainee to operate the crane safely under limitations established by this section (including continuous supervision) and any additional limitations established by the employer.
(b) The tasks performed by the trainee/apprentice while operating the crane must be within the trainee's ability, as determined by the supervising qualified crane operator.
(c) Qualified crane operator. While operating the equipment, the trainee/apprentice must be continuously supervised by a qualified crane operator who meets the following requirements:
(i) The qualified crane operator is an employee or agent of the trainee's/apprentice's employer.
(ii) The qualified crane operator under this section is familiar with the proper use of the equipment's controls.
(iii) While supervising the trainee/apprentice, the qualified crane operator performs no tasks that detract from the qualified crane operator's ability to supervise the trainee/apprentice.
(iv) For cranes other than tower cranes: The qualified crane operator and the trainee/apprentice must be in direct line of sight of each other. In addition, they must communicate verbally or by hand signal.
(v) For tower cranes: The qualified crane operator and the trainee/apprentice must be in direct communication with each other.
(d) The trainee/apprentice must not operate the crane in any of the following circumstances:
(i) If any part of the crane, load line or load (including rigging and lifting accessories), if operated up to the crane's maximum working radius in the work zone, could get within twenty feet of a power line that is up to three hundred fifty kV, or within fifty feet of a power line that is over three hundred fifty kV;
(ii) If the crane is used to hoist personnel;
(iii) In a multiple-crane lift situation; or
(iv) Multiple-lift rigging, as defined in WAC 296-155-52902 , can only be accomplished by the trainee/apprentice when the qualified crane operator determines that the trainee's/apprentice's skills are sufficient for this high-skill work.
(v) Critical lifts, as defined in WAC 296-155-52902 , can only be accomplished by the trainee/apprentice when the qualified crane operator determines that the trainee's/apprentice's skills are sufficient for this high-skill work.
(3) The employer must obtain documentation showing hours of crane operator experience and crane related experience separated out by crane type and capacity.
(4) The department may recognize crane operator certification from another state or territory of the United States as equivalent to qualified crane operator requirements if the department determines that the other jurisdiction's credentialing standards are substantially similar to the qualified crane operator requirements.
(5) For experience obtained prior to January 1, 2010, the employer may accept a signed declaration from the crane operator attesting to actual hours of crane operator experience and crane related experience separated out by crane type and capacity. Hours documented prior to 2010 will count towards the hour requirements of actual crane operating experience and crane related experience.
Note: For experience obtained while working outside of the department's jurisdiction, the employer may accept a signed declaration from the crane operator attesting to actual hours of crane operator experience and crane related experience separated out by crane type and capacity.
(6) Beginning January 1, 2010, crane operator experience and crane related experience must be documented and separated out by crane type and capacity. If the employer is documenting crane operating and/or related crane experience hours, the employer must provide a copy of the hours to the operator as soon as practical, if requested.
(a) Exposed moving parts such as gears, projecting screws,
setscrews, chain, cables, chain sprockets, and reciprocating
or rotating parts, which constitute a hazard, shall be guarded.
(b) All controls used during the normal operation cycle shall
be located within easy reach of the operator's station.
(c) Electric motor operated hoists shall be provided with:
(i) A device to disconnect all motors from the line upon
power failure and not permit any motor to be restarted until
the controller handle is brought to the “off”
position;
(ii) Where applicable, an overspeed preventive device;
(iii) A means whereby remotely operated hoists stop when
any control is ineffective.
(d) All base-mounted drum hoists in use shall meet the applicable
requirements for design, construction, installation, testing,
inspection, maintenance, and operation, as prescribed by the
manufacturer.
(a) The safe working load of the overhead hoist, as determined
by the manufacturer, shall be indicated on the hoist, and this
safe working load shall not be exceeded.
(b) The supporting structure to which the hoist is attached
shall have a safe working load equal to that of the hoist.
(c) The support shall be arranged so as to provide for free
movement of the hoist and shall not restrict the hoist from
lining itself up with the load.
(d) The hoist shall be installed only in locations that will
permit the operator to stand clear of the load at all times.
(e) Air hoists shall be connected to an air supply of sufficient
capacity and pressure to safely operate the hoist. All air hoses
supplying air shall be positively connected to prevent their
becoming disconnected during use.
(f) All overhead hoists in use shall meet the applicable requirements
for construction, design, installation, testing, inspection,
maintenance, and operation, as prescribed by the manufacturer.
(1) All conveyors in use shall meet the applicable requirements
for design, construction, inspection, testing, maintenance, and
operation, as prescribed in ANSI B20.1-1976, Safety Code for Conveyors,
Cableways, and Related Equipment.
(2) Starting precautions.
(a) When the entire length of a conveyor is visible from the
starting switch, the operator shall visually check to make certain
that all persons are in the clear before starting the conveyor.
(b) When the entire length of the conveyor is not visible from
the starting switch, a positive audible or visible warning system
shall be installed and operated to warn persons that the conveyor
will be started.
(c) All reasonable precautions shall be taken by the operator
prior to starting a conveyor, to assure that no person is in
a hazardous location where they may be injured when the conveyor
is started.
(3) Riding and walking on conveyors.
(a) Riding on conveyor chains, belt, or bucket elevators shall
be prohibited.
(b) Persons shall not be allowed to walk on conveyors except
for emergency purposes and then only after the conveyor has
been de-energized and the person can do so safely.
(c) Riding of conveyors shall only be permitted on the manlift
steps and platforms with handholds attached and other safety
factors as specified in chapter 296-96 WAC, Safety regulations
and fees for all elevators, dumbwaiters, escalators, and other
conveyances.
(4) Stop controls.
(a) Means for stopping the motor or engine of a conveyor shall
be provided at the operator's station.
(b) If the operator's station is at a remote point, similar
provisions for stopping the motor or engine shall be provided
at the motor or engine location.
(5) Emergency controls. Emergency stop switches shall be arranged
so that the conveyor cannot be started again until the actuating
stop switch has been reset to running or “on” position.
(6) Screw type conveyors. Screw or auger type conveyors shall
be guarded to prevent employee contact with turning flights.
(7) Overhead conveyors.
(a) Where a conveyor passes over work areas, aisles, or thoroughfares,
guards shall be provided to protect persons required to work
below the conveyors.
(b) Where a conveyor crosses over an aisle or passageway, it
shall be conspicuously marked by suitable signs, as required
by Part E of this chapter.
(c) When the return strand of a conveyor operates within seven
feet of the floor there shall be a trough provided of sufficient
strength to carry the weight resulting from a broken chain.
If the strands are over a passageway, a means shall be provided
to catch and support the ends of the chain in the event of a
break.
(8) Emergency stop.
(a) Conveyors shall be provided with an emergency stopping
device (panic-type) which can be reached from the conveyor.
(b) The emergency stopping device shall be located near the
material entrance and shall stop the conveyor a sufficient distance
away from the hazard to prevent injury.
(c) Where the conveyor leading into such equipment is under
constant control of an operator who has full view of the material
entrance who is located or restrained where they cannot possibly
fall onto the conveyor an emergency stopping device is not mandatory.
(9) Conveyor lockout.
(a) Conveyors shall be locked out with a padlock at any time
repair, maintenance, or clean-up work is being performed on
the conveyor.
(b) Tags or push-button stops are not acceptable.
(10) Where conveyors are in excess of seven feet in height, means
shall be provided to safely permit essential inspection and maintenance
operations.
(11) Conveyor repair.
(a) Any part showing signs of significant wear shall be inspected
carefully and replaced prior to reaching a condition where it
may create a hazard.
(b) Replacement parts shall be equal to or exceed the manufacturer's
specifications.
(1) Cableways shall be designed to withstand the maximum required
load with a safety factor of five (5) on all its parts.
(2) Safety stay lines shall be installed at anchor ends and equal
in strength to the cableway.
(3) Where towers are required they shall be securely guyed or
constructed to carry the maximum sustained load.
(4) Towers shall be provided with ladderways to facilitate
safe access for repairs and inspections.
(5) Towers shall have sufficient elevation to provide substantial
clearance for cableway and loads carried over all contemplated
work.
(6) Running lines and sheaves, where accessible, shall be guarded.
(7) The carrier, carrier sheaves, bearings, bucket latch and
all working parts shall be lubricated and visually inspected daily.
(8) All the wire ropes shall be kept lubricated with proper lubricant.
(9) Daily visual inspection shall be made of the button line,
especially at the buttons where abrasion is caused by the carrier
rebound. Rubber and steel ferrule shock absorbers shall be placed
at each end of buttons.
(10) All loading, unloading and working stations shall be adequately
lighted for night operation. Clearance lights shall be installed
on all high points under cableway.
(1) Gin poles shall be properly guyed according to the type used.
(2) Anchors may be of “dead men” or attached to some
permanent stable structure.
(3) When the guy lines are anchored to a permanent structure,
the anchors shall be distant at least one-half the height of the
pole from its base, and when “dead men” are used,
they shall be located a distant from the base at least one and
one-half times the height of the pole.
(4) The pole shall be securely fastened at the foot to prevent
kicking out during operation.
(5) Gin poles shall be of selected timber, sound and free from
knots or other injurious defects.
(6) Allowable loads for spruce timbers used as gin poles. The
allowable loads and the limiting lengths given are based on the
U.S. Forest Products Laboratory Standard Recommendations for Spruce
of Common Grade, based on pin connected ends for columns.
Actual
Length
in feet
Allowable
load capacity in tons
6"x6"
10
10.4
6"x6"
15
6.6
6"x6"
20
3.7
6"x6"
25 Max.
2.4
8"x8"
20
11.7
8"x8"
25
7.5
8"x8"
30
5.2
8"x8"
33 4"
Max.
4.2
10"x10"
25
18.2
10"x10"
30
12.7
10"x10"
35
9.3
10"x10"
41 8"
Max.
6.6
12"x12"
30
26.3
12"x12"
35
19.3
12"x12"
40
14.8
12"x12"
45
11.7
12"x12"
50 Max.
9.5
(7) When gin poles are spliced to increase their length, the
splicing shall be made with heavy planking at least four feet
long securely bolted to all four (4) sides of the pole. If splicing
planks are spiked, they shall be securely lashed at the same points.
(8) Additional guy lines shall be attached at the point of splice.
(1) A concrete bucket tower located inside a structure, and which
is three feet or less from any scaffold or the edge of the shaftway
or floor opening in which it is installed, shall be enclosed on
all sides with heavy wire netting formed of number sixteen U.S.
gauge one and one-half inch mesh. Wood slats placed vertically
and spaced not more than one and one-half inches apart may be
used instead of the netting.
The enclosure shall extend at least eight feet above such scaffold
or floor.
(2) A concrete bucket tower located outside a structure shall
be enclosed to a height of eight feet at lower landing with heavy
wire netting formed of number sixteen U.S. gauge wire one and
one-half inch mesh or other suitable material.
(3) Openings with platforms shall be formed at each floor level,
and the runway leading to the tower shall be guarded with standard
railings and toeboards.
(4) If the bucket is discharged into a chute, the chute shall
be substantially constructed of wood or metal and extend from
the tower to the point where the concrete is to be poured, or
transferred to vehicles or hoppers, and the chute shall be substantially
supported.
(5) The pit shall be drained and deep enough so that any spill
from the bucket will fall below the blocking on which the bucket
rests while being filled.
(6) Persons shall not be allowed to work in the pit without first
resting the bucket on strong timbers supported on two sides of
the tower.
(7) The bucket tower shall be securely guyed at two or more elevations
as may be necessary.
(8) The guide rails shall be carefully aligned and kept in good
condition to prevent the bucket being caught or clogged while
being hoisted.
(9) The sheaves over which the cable passes shall be firmly secured
to overhead sheave beams and supporting frame work and the sheaves
shall be kept lubricated.
(10) The hoisting cable shall be frequently inspected and renewed
when broken wires or other defects are discovered.
(11) A platform provided with standard railings and toeboards
shall be constructed at the point where the concrete is dumped
into the chute. A ladder shall be fastened to one side of the
tower to enable a person to reach the platform in safety.
(12) Workers shall be prohibited from riding in or on the bucket.
(1) All gearing on hoisting engines shall be enclosed. Steam
piping subject to contact shall be insulated and if electrical
equipment is used, it shall be grounded.
(2) Hoisting engines shall be of ample capacity and equipped
with brakes capable of sustaining one hundred and fifty percent
of rated load for stopping and sustaining the maximum load in
any position.
(3) Hoisting engines shall be protected against the weather and
falling objects by a substantial cover.
(4) All hoisting equipment shall be frequently inspected, and
brakes, gears and operating levers kept in working condition.
(5) Guards shall be provided to prevent persons coming in contact
with hoisting cables.
(6) Brake drums shall be kept free of oil or grease.
(7) A positive operated pawl shall be used in addition to the
brake to hold the load when it is suspended. Counter weight operated
dogs are prohibited.
(8) Hoisting engines shall not be set up in the street when it
can be avoided; but, if so located, they shall be completely housed.
(9) Only competent personnel shall operate material hoists.
(10) The operator shall not lift a load when a person is on the
hoist, and all towers shall be posted to that effect, except as
provided in other sections of this part.
(11) The operator shall be notified when any person goes up the
tower ladder, or before any work is done on any part of the tower,
overhead work, hoist or in the pit.
(12) The operator shall make daily inspections of all equipment
before starting operations.
(13) When the hoisting engine is located close to the building
operation, it shall be covered with a strong plank roof covering
to protect the operator from falling objects.
(14) Exhaust steam pipes shall discharge overhead so as not to
obstruct the view of the operator or scald persons.
(15) In the operation of hoists, the operator shall always give
a warning sign or signal before starting.
(16) When hoisting machinery is set on an elevated platform such
platform shall be of substantial construction and standard guard
rails and toeboards shall be provided along all open sides of
the platform.
(17) Material hoists of more than one drum capacity shall be
equipped with brake controls.
(18) A safety strap shall be provided on the foot block of all
hoists.
(19) When electric motors are used for hoisting equipment, they
shall be operated only by qualified personnel.
(a) Installations shall be made in accordance with provisions
of local and national electrical safety codes, and shall be
made by experienced workers only.
(b) Inclosed switches and fuses shall always be used.
(c) Switchboards shall be screened, and a sign placed warning
unauthorized persons to keep clear.
(1) Whenever used in connection with work, employment, occupations
or uses to which these standards are applicable, wire rope shall
not be subjected to loads in excess of one-fifth the breaking
load as given in the schedule of the cable manufacturer.
(2) Any wire rope showing 10% of its wires broken in a three
foot length shall not be used. When cables deteriorate through
rusting, wear, undue strain or other conditions to the extent
of 15% of their original strength, use of cable shall be discontinued.
(3) Wire rope shall be frequently inspected for wear and other
defects which may reduce the strength below the point of safe
operation.
(4) If wire rope is received in a coil it shall be rolled out,
on a surface free from grit, like a hoop and straightened out
before being put on the sheaves. If it is received on a reel,
the reel shall be mounted on a spindle or turntable and the rope
then unwound.
(5) Wire rope shall be lubricated. A lubricant recommended by
a wire rope manufacturer shall be used.
(6) Wire rope shall be securely fastened to drums by zinc plugs
or suitable clamps, and at least two full turns of the rope shall
remain on the winding drum.
(7) Wire rope shall be wound evenly on the drum and not allowed
to lap one layer on another in an irregular fashion.
(8) Care shall be taken to prevent friction of wire ropes with
other objects which could cause chafing or breaking of wires.
(9) In attaching U-type cable clamps, the U shall always be placed
over the short end of the cable.
(10) The clamp nuts shall be tightened up frequently during the
operation to prevent slipping.
(11) Thimbles shall be used in cable eyes whenever practicable.
(12) Fair leads shall be used ahead of cable drums, whenever
practicable, and the fleet angle kept as flat as possible to promote
proper spooling.
(13) All running lines of hoisting equipment, located within
seven (7) feet of the ground or working level shall be boxed,
railed off or otherwise guarded, or the operating area restricted.
(14) Wire rope which has been welded or been subject to welding
of any kind shall not be used.
(15) No open hook shall be used to hoist a bucket, cage, spreader,
or skip, nor in any circumstances where the dislodgement of the
hook could cause a risk of injury to workers. A safety-hook, mousing,
or shackle shall be employed in such circumstances.
(16) When shackles are used, shackle pins shall be secured to
prevent accidental withdrawal.
(17) Where a wedge socket connector is used as a wire rope terminal,
a single wire rope clip shall be installed in accordance with
WAC
296-155-330 (3)(g).
(18) The wire rope shall not be burned off with heat. This may
weld the ends of the wires and strands together.
For
printing