(a) All materials stored in tiers shall be stacked, racked, blocked,
interlocked, or otherwise secured to prevent sliding, falling or collapse.
(b) Maximum safe load limits of floors within buildings and structures,
in pounds per square foot, shall be conspicuously posted in all storage
areas, except for floor or slab on grade. Maximum safe loads shall not
be exceeded.
(c) Aisles and passageways shall be kept clear to provide for the free
and safe movement of material handling equipment or employees. Such
areas shall be kept in good repair.
(d) When a difference in road or working levels exist, means such as
ramps, blocking, or grading shall be used to ensure the safe movement
of vehicles between the two levels.
(2) Material storage.
(a) (i) Material stored inside buildings under construction shall
not be placed within 6 feet of any hoistway or inside floor openings,
nor within 10 feet of an exterior wall which does not extend above
the top of the material stored.
(ii) Temporary floors, used in steel erection, concrete forms and
shoring (i.e., stripped forms, shoring jacks, clamps, steel rods or
pipes, base plates, etc.) placed within close proximity to an open-sided
floor for movement to another tier for placement, shall be considered
“in-process equipment” and subject to the provisions contained in
Parts “O” and “P” of this standard. When this type equipment is to
be left overnight or for longer periods of time it shall be anchored
and braced to prevent displacement in any direction. In addition this
equipment shall be subject to the provisions of this subsection while
in “interim storage.”
(b) Each employee required to work on stored material in silos, hoppers,
tanks, and similar storage areas shall be equipped with personal
fall arrest equipment meeting the requirements of chapter
296-155 WAC, Part C-1.
(c) Noncompatible materials shall be segregated in storage.
(d) Bagged materials shall be stacked by stepping back the layers and
cross-keying the bags at least every 10 bags high.
(i) When cement and lime is delivered in paper bags they shall be
carefully handled to prevent the bags bursting.
(ii) Cement and lime bags shall not be piled more than ten bags high
except when stored in bins or enclosures built for the purpose of
storage.
(iii) When bags are removed from the pile, the length of the pile
shall be kept at an even height, and the necessary step backs every
five bags maintained.
(iv) Persons handling cement and lime bags shall wear eye protection
which prevents contact between the substance and the worker's eyes
(such as goggles or other sealed eye protection) and shall wear long
sleeve shirts with close fitting collar and cuffs.
(v) Persons shall be warned against wearing clothing that has become
hard and stiff with cement.
(vi) Persons shall be instructed to report any susceptibility of
their skin to cement and lime burns.
(vii) A hand cream or Vaseline and eye wash shall be provided and
kept ready for use to prevent burns.
(viii) Lime shall be stored in a dry place to prevent a premature
slacking action that may cause fire.
(e) Materials shall not be stored on scaffolds or runways in excess
of supplies needed for immediate operations.
(f) Brick stacks shall not be more than 7 feet in height. When a loose
brick stack reaches a height of 4 feet, it shall be tapered back 2 inches
in every foot of height above the 4-foot level.
(i) Brick shall never be stacked, for storage purposes, on scaffolds
or runways.
(ii) When delivering brick on scaffolds inside the wall lines in
wheelbarrows, they shall be dumped toward the inside of the building
and not toward the wall.
(iii) Blocks shall always be stacked and not thrown in a loose pile.
(g) When masonry blocks are stacked higher than 6 feet, the stack shall
be tapered back one-half block per tier above the 6-foot level.
(i) When blocks are stacked inside a building, the piles shall be
so distributed as not to overload the floor on which they stand.
(ii) Blocks shall not be dropped or thrown from an elevation or delivered
through chutes.
(h) Lumber:
(i) Used lumber shall have all nails withdrawn before stacking.
(ii) Lumber shall be stacked on level and solidly supported sills.
(iii) Lumber shall be so stacked as to be stable and self-supporting.
(iv) Lumber stacks shall not exceed 20 feet in height provided that
lumber to be handled manually shall not be stacked more than 16 feet
high.
(v) All stored lumber shall be stacked on timber sills to keep it
off the ground. Sills shall be placed level on solid supports.
(vi) Cross strips shall be placed in the stacks when they are stacked
more than four feet high.
(i) Structural steel, poles, pipe, bar stock, and other cylindrical
materials, unless racked, shall be stacked and blocked so as to prevent
spreading or tilting.
(i) Persons handling reinforcing steel shall wear heavy gloves.
(ii) When bending of reinforcing steel is done on the job, a strong
bench shall be provided, set up on even dry ground or a floor for
the persons to work on.
(iii) Structural steel shall be carefully piled to prevent danger
of members rolling off or the pile toppling over.
(iv) Structural steel shall be kept in low piles, consideration being
given to the sequence of use of the members.
(v) Corrugated and flat iron shall be stacked in flat piles, with
the piles not more than four feet high and spacing strips shall be
placed between each bundle.
(j) Sand, gravel and crushed stone.
(i) Stock piles shall be frequently inspected to prevent their becoming
unsafe by continued adding to or withdrawing from the stock.
(ii) If material becomes frozen, it shall not be removed in a manner
that would produce an overhang.
Qualified person - A person who, by possession of a recognized
degree or certificate of professional standing, or who, by extensive knowledge,
training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability to
solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter. Also has authorization
or authority by the nature of their position to take prompt corrective
measures to eliminate them. The person shall be knowledgeable in the requirements
of this part.
(a) Rigging equipment for material handling shall be inspected prior
to use on each shift and as necessary during its use to ensure that
it is safe. Defective rigging equipment shall be removed from service.
(b) Rigging equipment shall not be loaded in excess of its recommended
safe working load, as prescribed in Tables F-1 through F-20 in this
part and shall comply with ANSI/ASME B30.9-1996.
(c) Rigging equipment, when not in use, shall be removed from the immediate
work area so as not to present a hazard to employees.
(d) Special rigging accessories (i.e., spreader bars, grabs, hooks,
clamps, etc.) or other lifting accessories shall be marked with the
rated capacity. All components shall be proof tested to 125 percent
of the rated load prior to the first use. Permanent records shall be
maintained on the job site for all special rigging accessories.
(2) Alloy steel chains. Chains used for overhead lifting shall be proof
tested alloy steel.
(a) Welded alloy steel chain slings shall have permanently affixed
durable identification stating size, grade, rated capacity, and sling
manufacturer.
(b) Hooks, rings, oblong links, pear-shaped links, welded or mechanical
coupling links, or other attachments, when used with alloy steel chains,
shall have a rated capacity at least equal to that of the chain.
(c) The use of job or shop hooks and links, or makeshift fasteners,
formed from bolts, rods, etc., or other such attachments, shall be prohibited.
(d) Rated capacity (working load limit) for alloy steel chain slings
shall conform to the values shown in Table F-1.
(e) Whenever wear at any point of any chain link exceeds that shown
in Table F-2, the assembly shall be removed from service.
(f) If at any time any three foot length of chain is found to have
stretched one-third the length of a link it shall be discarded.
(g) The practice of placing bolts, nails, or cold shuts between two
links to shorten chains is prohibited.
(h) Splicing broken chains by inserting a bolt between two links with
the heads of the bolt and the nut sustaining the load, or passing one
link through another and inserting a bolt or nail to hold it, is prohibited.
(i) Wherever annealing of chains is attempted, it shall be done in
properly equipped annealing furnaces and under the direct supervision
of a competent person.
(3) Wire rope.
(a) Tables F-3 through F-14 shall be used to determine the safe working
loads of various sizes and classifications of improved plow steel wire
rope and wire rope slings with various types of terminals. For sizes,
classifications, and grades not included in these tables, the safe working
load recommended by the manufacturer for specific, identifiable products
shall be followed, provided that a safety factor of not less than 5
is maintained.
(b) Protruding ends of strands in splices on slings and bridles shall
be covered or blunted.
(c) Wire rope shall not be secured by knots.
(d) The following limitations shall apply to the use of wire rope:
(i) An eye splice made in any wire rope shall have not less than
three full tucks.
Note: This requirement shall not preclude the use
of another form of splice or connection which can be shown to be as efficient
and which is not otherwise prohibited.
(ii) Except for eye splices in the ends of wires and for endless
rope slings, each wire rope used in hoisting or lowering, or in pulling
loads, shall consist of one continuous piece without knot or splice.
(iii) Wire rope shall not be used, if in any length of eight diameters,
the total number of visible broken wires exceeds 10 percent of the
total number of wires, or if the rope shows other signs of excessive
wear, corrosion, or defect.
(e) When U-bolt wire rope clips are used to form eyes, Table F-20 shall
be used to determine the number and spacing of clips.
(f) When used for eye splices, the U-bolt shall be applied so that
the “U” section is in contact with the dead end of the rope.
(g) U-Bolt wire rope clips shall be made of drop-forged steel.
Note: See Table F-20 for number of clamps and spacing
requirements.
(h) Slings shall not be shortened with knots or bolts or other makeshift
devices.
(i) Thimbles shall be used in cable eyes whenever practicable.
(j) The clamp nuts shall be tightened up frequently during the operation
to prevent slipping.
(4) Natural rope, and synthetic fiber.
(a) General. When using natural or synthetic fiber rope slings, Tables
F-15, F-16, F-17 and F-18 shall apply.
(b) All splices in rope slings provided by the employer shall be made
in accordance with fiber rope manufacturers' recommendations.
(i) In manila rope, eye splices shall contain at least three full
tucks, and short splices shall contain at least six full tucks (three
on each side of the centerline of the splice).
(ii) In layed synthetic fiber rope, eye splices shall contain at
least four full tucks, and short splices shall contain at least eight
full tucks (four on each side of the centerline of the splice).
(iii) Strand end tails shall not be trimmed short (flush with the
surface of the rope) immediately adjacent to the full tucks. This
precaution applies to both eye and short splices and all types of
fiber rope. For fiber ropes under 1-inch diameter, the tails shall
project at least six rope diameters beyond the last full tuck. For
fiber ropes 1-inch diameter and larger, the tails shall project at
least 6 inches beyond the last full tuck. In applications where the
projecting tails may be objectionable, the tails shall be tapered
and spliced into the body of the rope using at least two additional
tucks (which will require a tail length of approximately six rope
diameters beyond the last full tuck).
(iv) For all eye splices, the eye shall be sufficiently large to
provide an included angle of not greater than 60° at the splice when
the eye is placed over the load or support.
(v) Knots shall not be used in lieu of splices.
(vi) All fibre rope used for hoisting purposes or for the support
of scaffolds, or any part thereof, shall be of high grade Manila hemp
(abaca). Fibre rope used for the support of scaffolds, or any part
thereof, except rope used for lashing or tying purposes, shall be
not less than 3/4-inch in diameter.
(vii) The maximum safe working load for fibre rope shall not exceed
the maximum strength as shown in the following table:
STRENGTH OF
HIGH GRADE MANILA (ABACA) ROPE
COMMON LAY THREE STRAND
Approximate
Diameter in inches
Circumference
in inches
Safe
Load in pounds
3/16
(6 yarns)
1/2
98
1/4
(6 yarns)
3/4
116
5/16
(6 yarns)
1
200
3/8
(12 yarns)
1-1/8
241
7/16
(15 yarns)
1-1/4
291
15/32
(18 yarns)
1-3/8
350
1/2
(21 yarns)
1-1/2
408
9/16
1-3/4
526
5/8
2
666
3/4
2-1/4
816
13/16
2-1/2
983
7/8
2-3/4
1,166
1
3
1,366
1-1/16
3-1/4
1,683
1-1/8
3-1/2
1,833
1-1/4
3-3/4
2,083
1-5/16
4
2,365
1-3/8
4-1/4
2,666
1-1/2
4-1/2
2,916
Note: This table is based on data
contained in the U.S. Department of Commerce circular of the Bureau
of Standards, No. 324.
(5) Synthetic webbing (nylon, polyester, and polypropylene).
(a) The employer shall have each synthetic web sling
marked or coded to show:
(i) Name or trademark of manufacturer.
(ii) Rated capacities for the type of hitch.
(iii) Type of material.
(b) Rated capacity shall not be exceeded.
(6) Shackles and hooks.
(a) Table F-19 shall be used to determine the safe working
loads of various sizes of shackles, except that higher safe working
loads are permissible when recommended by the manufacturer for specific,
identifiable products, provided that a safety factor of not less than
5 is maintained.
(b) The manufacturer's recommendations shall be followed
in determining the safe working loads of the various sizes and types
of specific and identifiable hooks. All hooks for which no applicable
manufacturer's recommendations are available shall be tested to twice
the intended safe working load before they are initially put into use.
The employer shall maintain a record of the dates and results of such
tests.
(c) Hooks shall not be modified by welding and/or drilling
unless written approval by the manufacturer has been received.
(d) No open hook shall be used to hoist a bucket, cage,
spreader, or skip, nor in any circumstances where the dislodgment of
the hook could cause a risk of injury to workers. A safety-hook, mousing,
or shackle shall be employed in such circumstances.
(e) When shackles are used, shackle pins shall be secured
to prevent accidental withdrawal.
(7) Slings.
(a) When slings are provided as a part of the hoisting
equipment, every precaution shall be taken to keep them in a serviceable
condition.
(i) Wire rope slings shall be frequently inspected and
oiled.
(ii) Slings shall not be left where they can be damaged
by traffic or form stumbling hazards.
(iii) Blocks or heavy bagging shall be used at corners
of the load to protect the sling from sharp bending.
(iv) Wire rope which has been welded or been subject
to welding of any kind shall not be used.
(v) The wire rope shall not be burned off with heat.
This may weld the ends of the wires and strands together.
(b) When a load is lifted by a multiple rope sling the
sling shall be so arranged that the strain can be equalized between
the ropes.
(i) When using a sling with both ends engaged in the
hoisting block, the sling shall be adjusted so as to equalize the
stress.
(ii) Slings shall be placed on the load at safe lifting
angles.
(8) Material handling-General.
(a) When necessary to store building material on public thoroughfares,
care shall be exercised to see that it is so piled or stacked as to
be safe against collapse or falling over.
(b) Material shall be so located as not to interfere with, or present
a hazard to employees, traffic or the public.
(9) Placing and removal of forms.
(a) When moved or raised by crane, cableway, A-frame,
or similar mechanical device, forms shall be securely attached to slings
having a minimum safety factor of five. Use of No. 9 tie wire, fiber
rope, and similar makeshift lashing shall be prohibited.
(b) Taglines shall be used in moving panels or other large
sections of forms by crane or hoist.
(c) All hoisting equipment, including hoisting cable used
to raise and move forms shall have a minimum safety factor incorporated
in the manufacturer's design, and the manufacturer's recommended loading
shall not be exceeded. Field-fabricated or shop fabricated hoisting
equipment shall be designed or approved by a registered professional
engineer, incorporating a minimum safety factor of five in its design.
Panels and built-up form sections shall be equipped with metal hoisting
brackets for attachment of slings.
(10) Precast concrete and tilt-up operations.
(a) It shall be the responsibility of the contractor to
use accessories which are designed to be compatible.
(b) The design capacity of all lifting devices and accessories
shall be known. The devices and accessories with the appropriate capacity
shall be used.
(c) Prior to pouring the panels of a tilt-up type construction
job, a set of plans or job specifications, including lifting procedures,
shall be drawn up.
(i) These plans shall be at the job site and made available
upon request.
(ii) Any changes made in the rigging procedure of a
tilt-up panel or slab shall provide the same degree of safety as required
by the original plans.
(iii) The plans or specifications shall contain the
following information:
(A) The type, size, and location of all lifting inserts.
(B) The type, size, and location of all brace inserts
or fittings for guy wires in each panel and floor or support.
(C) The size of braces or guys to be used.
(D) The compression strength which concrete panels
must attain prior to being lifted.
(iv) The following conditions shall be included in
the erection process and shall be incorporated in the design plan:
(A) Inserts to be installed for lifting sections
of tilt-up precast panels shall be designed mechanically to maintain
a safety factor of three.
(B) Lifting inserts which are embedded or otherwise
attached to precast concrete members, other than the tilt-up members,
shall be capable of supporting at least four times the maximum
intended load applied or transmitted to them.
(C) The compression strength of the concrete shall
be such that when the proper type, size, and amount of inserts
are installed a minimum safety factor of two will be maintained.
(v) Lifting hardware shall be capable of supporting
at least five times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted
to the lifting hardware.
(vi) Lifting bolts or other lifting devices which
have been bent, worn, or are otherwise defective shall be discarded.
(vii) Manufactured products shall not be altered in
a manner which would reduce the safe working load to less than its
original value.
(viii) Inserts shall be positioned so that bolts,
or lifting devices, when inserted, will be perpendicular to the
face on which they are placed.
(d) Design of the panels and layout of the pour shall
be made in such a manner so that when picking, the top of the panel
will be away from the crane. If this is not possible, the contractor
shall consult with a representative of the department and the crane
company involved to determine the procedure to be followed in lifting
and placing in its permanent position safely. Panels shall be lifted
and handled in such a manner that they will not strike the hoisting
equipment, in case of failure.
(e) A qualified rigging person shall be designated and
shall consult with the crane operator on lifting procedures prior to
making the pick. The qualified rigging person shall be located in such
a position during the pick of the panel that they can observe both the
crane operator and the employees working in the immediate area.
(11) Rigging in prestressed and post tensioned.
(a) Stressed members shall be handled at pick points
specifically designated on the manufacturer's drawings.
(b) Stressed members shall be lifted with lifting devices
recommended by the manufacturer or the engineer in charge.
(c) No one shall be allowed under stressed members during
lifting and erection.
(1) Whenever materials are dropped more than 20 feet to
any point lying outside the exterior walls of the building, an enclosed
chute of wood, or equivalent material, shall be used. For the purpose
of this subsection, an enclosed chute is a slide, closed in on all sides,
through which material is moved from a high place to a lower one.
(2) When debris is dropped without the use of chutes,
the area onto which the material is dropped shall be completely enclosed
with barricades not less than 42 inches high and not less than 20 feet
back from the projected edge of the opening above. Signs warning of
the hazard of falling materials shall be posted at each level. Removal
shall not be permitted in this lower area until debris handling ceases
above.
(3) All scrap lumber, waste material, and rubbish shall
be removed from the immediate work area as the work progresses.
(4) Disposal of waste material or debris by burning shall
comply with local fire regulations.
(5) All solvent waste, oily rags, and flammable liquids
shall be kept in fire resistant covered containers until removed from
the worksite.
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