296-155-363
Safety requirements for powder actuated fastening systems, in accordance
with ANSI A10.3-1985, Safety Requirements for Powder Actuated Fastening
Systems.
(1) Condition of tools. All hand and power tools and similar equipment,
whether furnished by the employer or the employee, shall be maintained
in a safe condition.
(2) Guarding.
(a) When power operated tools are designed to accommodate guards, they
shall be equipped with such guards when in use.
(b) Belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, fly
wheels, chains, or other reciprocating, rotating or moving parts of
equipment shall be guarded if such parts are exposed to contact by employees
or otherwise create a hazard. Guarding shall meet the requirements as
set forth in American National Standards Institute, B15.1-1953 (R1958),
Safety Code for Mechanical Power-Transmission Apparatus.
(3) Personal protective equipment. Employees using hand and power tools
and exposed to the hazard of falling, flying, abrasive, and splashing
objects, or exposed to harmful dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases shall
use the particular personal protective equipment necessary to protect
them from the hazard. All personal protective equipment shall meet the
requirements and be maintained according to Parts B and C of this chapter.
(4) Switches.
(a) Scope. This subsection does not apply to concrete vibrators, concrete
breakers, powered tampers, jack hammers, rock drills, and similar hand
operated power tools.
(b) All hand-held powered platen sanders, grinders with wheels 2-inch
diameter or less, routers, planers, laminate trimmers, nibblers, shears,
scroll saws, and jigsaws with blade shanks one-fourth of an inch wide
or less may be equipped with only a positive “on-off” control.
(c) All hand-held powered drills, tappers, fastener drivers, horizontal,
vertical, and angle grinders with wheels greater than 2 inches in diameter,
disc sanders, belt sanders, reciprocating saws, saber saws, and other
similar operating powered tools shall be equipped with a momentary contact
“on-off” control and may have a lock-on control provided that turn-off
can be accomplished by a single motion of the same finger or fingers
that turn it on.
(d) All other hand-held powered tools, such as circular saws, chain
saws, and percussion tools, shall be equipped with a constant pressure
switch that will shut off the power when the pressure is released.
(e) Disconnect switches. All fixed power driven tools shall be provided
with a disconnect switch that can either be locked or tagged in the
off position.
(f) Self-feed. Automatic feeding devices shall be installed on machines
whenever the nature of the work will permit. Feeder attachments shall
have the feed rolls or other moving parts covered or guarded so as to
protect the operator from hazardous points.
(a) Electric power operated tools shall either be of the approved double-insulated
type or grounded in accordance with Part I of this chapter.
(b) The use of electric cords for hoisting or lowering tools shall
not be permitted.
(2) Pneumatic power tools.
(a) Pneumatic power tools and hose sections shall be secured by threaded
couplings, quick disconnect couplings or by 100 pound tensile strength
safety chain or equivalent across each connection to prevent the tool
or hose connections from becoming accidentally disconnected.
(b) Safety clips or retainers shall be securely installed and maintained
on pneumatic impact (percussion) tools to prevent attachments from being
accidentally expelled.
(c) All pneumatically driven nailers, staplers, and other similar equipment
provided with automatic fastener feed, shall have a safety device on
the muzzle to prevent the tool from ejecting fasteners, unless the muzzle
is in contact with the work surface.
Exception: Pneumatic nailers or staplers utilizing
“fine wire” brads or staples do not require a muzzle contact safety device,
provided:
(1) The overall weight of the fastening device does not exceed the weight
of standard 18 gauge wire, 1-1/2 inches long.
(2) The operator and any other person within 12 feet of the point of
operation wear approved eye protection.
Note: The normal maximum diameter tolerance for
manufacturing standard 18 gauge wire is .045 inches.
(d) Compressed air shall not be used at the nozzle for cleaning purposes
except where reduced to less than 30 p.s.i. and then only with effective
chip guarding and personal protective equipment which meets the requirements
of Part C of this chapter.
Note: The above requirement does not apply to concrete
form, mill scale and similar cleaning purposes. Concrete form,
mill scale, and similar cleaning may be performed with air pressure
exceeding 30 p.s.i. provided the nozzle and/or cleaning pipe is
at least three feet long with a quick-closing (deadman) valve
between the hose and the nozzle or pipe. The operator and all
other employees within range of flying debris shall be protected
by eye or face protection as specified in WAC
296-155-215.
(e) The manufacturer's safe operating pressure for hoses, pipes, valves,
filters, and other fittings shall not be exceeded.
(f) The use of hoses for hoisting or lowering tools shall not be permitted.
(g) All hoses exceeding 1/2-inch inside diameter shall have a safety
device at the source of supply or branch line to reduce pressure in
case of hose failure.
(h) Airless spray guns of the type which atomize paints and fluids
at high pressures (1,000 pounds or more per square inch) shall be equipped
with automatic or visible manual safety devices which will prevent pulling
of the trigger to prevent release of the paint or fluid until the safety
device is manually released.
(i) In lieu of the above, a diffuser nut which will prevent high pressure,
high velocity release, while the nozzle tip is removed, plus a nozzle
tip guard which will prevent the tip from coming into contact with the
operator, or other equivalent protection, shall be provided.
(j) Abrasive blast cleaning nozzles. The blast cleaning nozzles shall
be equipped with an operating valve which must be held open manually.
A support shall be provided on which the nozzle may be mounted when
it is not in use.
(3) Fuel powered tools.
(a) All fuel powered tools shall be stopped while being refueled, serviced,
or maintained, and fuel shall be transported, handled, and stored in
accordance with Part D of this chapter.
(b) When fuel powered tools are used in enclosed spaces, the applicable
requirements for concentrations of toxic gases and use of personal protective
equipment as outlined in Parts B and C of this chapter shall apply.
(4) Hydraulic power tools.
(a) The fluid used in hydraulic powered tools shall be fire resistant
fluid approved under schedule 30 of the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department
of the Interior, and shall retain its operating characteristics at the
most extreme temperatures to which it will be exposed.
(b) The manufacturer's safe operating pressures for hoses, valves,
pipes, filters, and other fittings shall not be exceeded.
This standard provides safety requirements for a powder actuated fastening
tool or machine which propels a stud, pin, fastener, or other object for
the purpose of affixing it by penetration to another object.
This standard does not apply to devices designed for attaching objects
to soft construction materials, such as wood, plaster, tar, dry wallboard,
and the like, or to stud welding equipment.
The purpose of this standard is to provide reasonable safety for life,
limb, and property, by establishing requirements for design, construction,
operation, service, and storage of powder actuated fastening tools, fasteners
and power loads.
(1) Angle control - a safety feature designed to prevent a tool
from operating when tilted beyond a predetermined angle.
(2) Approved - meeting the requirements of this standard and acceptable
to the department of labor and industries.
(3) Cased power load - a power load with the propellant contained
in a closed case.
(4) Caseless power load - a power load with the propellant in
solid form not requiring containment.
(5) Chamber (noun) -the location in the tool into which the power
load is placed and in which it is actuated.
(6) Chamber (verb) -to fit the chamber according to manufacturer's
specifications.
(7) Fasteners - any pins (unthreaded heads) or studs (threaded
heads) driven by powder actuated tools.
(8) Fixture - a special shield that provides equivalent protection
where the standard shield cannot be used.
(9) Head - that portion of a fastener that extends above the
work surface after being properly driven.
(10) Misfire - a condition in which the power load fails to ignite
after the tool has been operated.
(11) Powder actuated fastening system - a method comprising the
use of a powder actuated tool, a power load, and a fastener.
(12) Powder actuated tool (also known as tool) -a tool that utilizes
the expanding gases from a power load to drive a fastener.
(13) Power load - the energy source used in powder actuated tools.
(14) Qualified operator - a person who meets the requirements
of WAC
296-155-36321 (1) and (2).
(15) Shield - a device, attached to the muzzle end of a tool,
which is designed to confine flying particles.
(16) Spalled area - a damaged and nonuniform concrete or masonry
surface.
(17) Test velocity - the measurement of fastener velocity performed
in accordance with WAC
296-155-36307 (1)(m).
(18) Tools - tools can be divided into two types: Direct acting
and indirect acting; and three classes: Low velocity, medium velocity,
and high velocity.
(a) Direct acting tool - a tool in which the expanding gas
of the power load acts directly on the fastener to be driven.
(b) Indirect acting tool - a tool in which the expanding gas
of the power load acts on a captive piston, which in turn drives the
fastener.
(c) Low-velocity tool - a tool whose test velocity has been
measured ten times while utilizing the highest velocity combination
of:
(i) The lightest commercially available fastener designed for that
specific tool;
(ii) The strongest commercially available power load that will properly
chamber in the tool;
(iii) The piston designed for that tool and appropriate for that
fastener; that will produce an average test velocity from the ten
tests not in excess of 100 meters per second (328 feet per second)
with no single test having a velocity of over 108 m/s (354 ft/s).
(d) Medium-velocity tool - a tool whose test velocity has been
measured ten times while utilizing the highest velocity combination
of:
(i) The lightest commercially available fastener designed for the
tool;
(ii) The strongest commercially available power load that will properly
chamber in the tool;
(iii) The piston designed for that tool and appropriate for that
fastener; that will produce an average test velocity from ten tests
in excess of 100 m/s (328 ft/s) but not in excess of 150 m/s (492
ft/s) with no single test having a velocity of 160 m/s (525 ft/s).
(e) High-velocity tool - a tool whose test velocity has been
measured ten times while utilizing the combination of:
(i) The lightest commercially available fastener designed for the
tool;
(ii) The strongest commercially available power load which will properly
chamber in the tool; that will produce an average velocity from the
ten tests in excess of 150 m/s (492 ft/s).
(a) The tool shall be designed to prevent inadvertent actuation.
(b) The tool shall be designed to prevent actuation when dropped in
any attitude from a height of 3 meters (10 ft) onto a smooth, hard surface
such as concrete or steel, if such actuation can propel a fastener or
any part thereof in free flight.
(c) Actuation of the tool shall be dependent upon at least two separate
and distinct operations by the operator, with at least one operation
being separate from the operation of holding the tool against the work
surface.
(d) The tool shall be designed not to be operable other than against
a work surface with a force on the work surface equal to 22 newtons
(5 lb) greater than the weight of the tool or a minimum impact energy
of 4 joules (3 ft-lb).
(e) All tools shall be designed so that compatible protective shields
or fixtures, designed, built, and supplied by the manufacturer
of the tool, can be used (see WAC
296-155-36307 (2)(b), (3)(b), (4)(b) and 296-155-36313(8)).
(f) The tool shall be designed so that a determinable means of varying
the power levels is available for selecting a power level adequate
to perform the desired work (see WAC
296-155-36309(5)).
(g) The tool shall be designed so that all principal functional parts
can be checked for foreign matter that may affect operation.
(h) The tool shall be designed so that all parts will be of adequate
strength to resist maximum stresses imposed upon actuation when the
tool is used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and
is powered by any commercially available power load which will properly
chamber in the tool.
(i) Each tool shall bear a legible permanent model designation, which
shall serve as a means of identification. Each tool shall also bear
a legible, permanent manufacturer's unique serial number.
(j) A lockable container shall be provided for each tool. The words
“powder actuated tool” shall appear in plain sight on the outside of
the container. The following notice shall be attached on the inside
cover of the container:
“warning - powder actuated
tool. to be used only by a qualified operator and kept under lock
and key when not in use.”
(k) Each tool shall bear a durable warning label with the following
statement, or the equivalent:
“warning - for use only by qualified operators according to manufacturer's
manual.”
(l) Each tool shall be supplied with the following:
(i) Operator's instruction and service manual.
(ii) Power load chart.
(iii) Tool inspection record.
(iv) Service tools and accessories.
(m) In determining tool test velocities, the velocity of the fastener
shall be measured in free flight at a distance of 2 meters (6-1/2 ft)
from the muzzle end of the tool, using accepted ballistic test methods.
(2) Design requirements - low-velocity class.
(a) Low-velocity tools, indirect-acting (piston) type, as defined
in WAC
296-155-36305, shall meet the requirements of WAC
296-155-36307(1).
(b) A shield shall be supplied with each tool.
(3) Design requirements - medium-velocity class.
(a) Medium-velocity tools, indirect-acting (piston) type, as
defined in WAC
296-155-36305, shall meet the requirements of WAC
296-155-36307(1).
(b) The tool shall have a shield at least 63 mm (2-1/2 in) in diameter
mounted perpendicular to, and concentric with, the muzzle end, when
it is indexed to the center position. A special shield or fixture may
be used when it provides equivalent protection.
(c) The tool shall be designed so that it cannot be actuated unless
it is equipped with a shield or fixture.
(d) The tool shall be designed with angle control so that it will not
actuate when equipped with the standard shield indexed to the center
position if the bearing surface of the shield is tilted more than 12
degrees from a flat surface.
(4) Design requirements - high-velocity class.
(a) High-velocity tools, direct-acting or indirect-acting type,
as defined in WAC
296-155-36305, shall meet the requirements of WAC
296-155-36307(1).
(b) The tool shall have a shield at least 88 mm (3-1/2 in) in diameter
mounted perpendicular to, and concentric with, the muzzle end, when
it is indexed to the center position. A special shield or fixture may
be used when it provides equivalent protection.
(c) The tool shall be designed so that it cannot be actuated unless
it is equipped with a shield or fixture.
(d) The tool shall be designed with angle control so that it will not
actuate when equipped with the standard shield indexed to the center
position, if the bearing surface of the shield is tilted more than eight
degrees from a flat surface.
(1) Identification of cased power loads. Cased power loads shall be coded
to identify power load levels by case color and power load color as specified
in Table G-1.
(2) Identification of caseless power loads. Caseless power loads shall
be coded to identify power load levels by power load color as specified
in Table G-1 and by configuration.
(3) Power load use limitation. No power load (cased or caseless) shall
be used if it will properly chamber in any existing commercially available
tool and will cause a fastener to have a test velocity in excess of the
maximum test velocities specified for the said tool.
(4) Identification of power load packages. Power load packages shall
provide a visual number-color indication of the power level of the power
load as specified in Table G-1.
TABLE G-1
Power Load
Identification
Power Level
Color
Identification
Nominal
Velocity
Case Color
Load Color
Meters per Second
(± 13.5)
Feet per Second
(± 45)
1
Brass
Gray
91
300
2
Brass
Brown
119
390
3
Brass
Green
146
480
4
Brass
Yellow
174
570
5
Brass
Red
201
660
6
Brass
Purple
229
750
7
Nickel
Gray
256
840
8
Nickel
Brown
283
930
9
Nickel
Green
311
1020
10
Nickel
Yellow
338
1110
11
Nickel
Red
366
1200
12
Nickel
Purple
393
1290
Note: The nominal velocity applies to a 9.53 mm
(3/8-in) diameter 22.7-gram (350-grain) ballistic slug fired in a test
device and has no reference to actual fastener velocity developed in any
specific tool.
(5) Optional power load variation. Where means other than power loads
of varying power levels are to be used to control penetration, such means
shall provide an equivalent power level variation.
Fasteners for use in power actuated tools shall be designed and manufactured
to function compatibly with these tools and, when used in masonry, concrete,
or steel, to effect properly the application for which they are recommended.
(1) Acceptable tools. Only tools meeting the requirements of this standard
shall be used.
(2) Qualified operators. Only qualified operators shall operate tools.
(3) Use lowest velocity. The lowest velocity class of tool that will
properly set the fastener shall be used.
(4) Operating limitations. Tools shall be operated in strict accordance
with the manufacture's instructions.
(5) Personal protection. Eye or face protection, or both, shall be worn
by operators, assistants, and adjacent personnel when tool is in use.
Hearing protection shall be used when making fastenings in confined areas.
(6) Daily inspections. Each day, prior to use, the operator shall inspect
the tool to determine that it is in proper working condition in accordance
with the testing methods recommended by the manufacture of the tool.
(7) Defective tools. Any tool found not to be in proper working condition
shall be immediately removed from service and tagged “defective”; it shall
not be used until it has been properly repaired in accordance with the
manufacture's instructions.
(8) Proper accessories. The proper shield, fixture, adapter, or accessory,
suited for the application, as recommended and supplied by the manufacture,
shall be used.
(9) Proper loads and fasteners. Only those types of fasteners and power
loads recommended by the tool manufacture for a particular tool, or those
providing the same level of safety and performance, shall be used.
(10) Questionable material. Before fastening into any questionable material,
the operator shall determine its suitability by using a fastener
as a center punch. If the fastener point does not easily penetrate,
is not blunted, and does not fracture the material, initial test
fastenings shall then be made in accordance with the tool manufacture's
recommendations. (See WAC
296-155-36315(3).)
(11) Tool safety. No tool shall be loaded unless it is being prepared
for immediate use. If the work is interrupted after loading, the tool
shall be unloaded at once.
(12) Powder actuated magazine or clip-fed tools are not considered loaded
unless a power load is actually in the ram (firing chamber), even though
the magazine or clip is inserted in the tool. If work is interrupted,
the firing chamber shall be cleared and the magazine or clip removed.
(13) Pointing tools. Tools shall not be loaded until just prior to the
intended firing time. Neither loaded nor empty tools are to be pointed
at any person; hands shall be kept clear of the open barrel end.
(14) Tool perpendicular to work. The tool shall always be held perpendicular
to the work surface when fastening into any material, except for specific
applications recommended by the tool manufacture.
(15) Misfires. In the event of a misfire, the operator shall hold the
tool firmly against the work surface for a period of thirty seconds and
then follow the explicit instructions set forth in the manufacture's instructions.
(16) Different power levels. Power loads of different power levels and
types shall be kept in separate compartments or containers.
(17) Signs. A sign, at least 20 x 25 cm (8 x 10 in), using boldface type
no less than 2.5 cm (1 in) in height, shall be posted in plain sight on
all construction projects where tools are used. The sign shall bear wording
similar to the following: “power actuated tool in use.”
(1) Explosive and flammable atmospheres. The tool shall not be used in
an explosive or flammable atmosphere.
(2) Unattended tools prohibited. A tool shall never be left unattended
in a place where it would be available to unauthorized persons.
(3) Fasteners in hard, brittle areas. Fasteners shall not be driven into
very hard or brittle materials including, but not limited to,
cast iron, glazed tile, hardened steel, glass block, natural rock,
hollow tile, or most brick. (See WAC
296-155-36313(10).)
(4) Fasteners in soft materials. Fasteners shall not be driven into easily
penetrated or thin materials, or materials of questionable resistance,
unless backed by a material that will prevent the fastener from passing
completely through the other side.
(5) Fasteners in steel. Fasteners shall not be driven closer than 13
mm (1/2 in) from the edge of steel except for specific applications recommended
by the tool manufacturer.
(6) Fasteners in masonry. Fasteners shall not be driven closer than 7.5
cm (3 in) from the unsupported edge of masonry materials except for specific
applications recommended by the tool manufacturer.
(7) Fasteners in concrete. Fasteners shall not be driven into concrete
unless material thickness is at least three times the fastener shank penetration.
(8) Fasteners in spalls. Fasteners shall not be driven into any spalled
area.
(9) Fasteners in existing holes. Fasteners shall not be driven through
existing holes unless a specific guide means, as recommended and supplied
by the tool manufacturer, is used to ensure positive alignment.
(1) Use of tools. The tool shall be serviced and inspected for worn or
damaged parts at regular intervals as recommended by the tool manufacturer.
Prior to the tool being put back into use, all worn or damaged parts shall
be replaced by a qualified person using only parts supplied by the tool
manufacturer. A record of this inspection shall be noted and dated on
the tool inspection record.
(2) Instruction manuals. Instruction manuals, maintenance tools, and
accessories supplied with the tool shall be stored in the tool container
when not in use.
(3) Security. Powder actuated tools and power loads shall be locked in
a container and stored in a safe place when not in use and shall be accessible
only to authorized personnel.
(1) Operator qualifications. Only persons trained and authorized by the
tool manufacturer or by an authorized representative of the tool manufacturer
shall be qualified to instruct and qualify operators for the manufacturer's
powder actuated tools.
(2) Instructor qualifications. All authorized instructors shall have
read and be familiar with this standard, and shall be capable of:
(a) Disassembling, servicing, and reassembling the tool.
(b) Recognizing any worn or damaged parts or defective operation.
(c) Recognizing and clearly identifying the colors used to identify
power load levels.
(d) Using the tool correctly within the limitations of its use.
(e) Training and testing operators prior to issuing a qualified operator's
card.
(3) Instructor's card. All authorized instructors shall have in their
possession a valid authorized instructor's card issued and signed by an
authorized representative of the manufacturer. The card shall be wallet
size of approximately 6 x 9 cm (2-1/2 x 3-1/2 in), and the face of the
card shall bear text similar to that shown in Figure G-1.
(4) List of instructors. A list of all instructors authorized by the
manufacturer to instruct and qualify operators shall be maintained by
the tool manufacturer and be made available to the department of labor
and industries.
(5) Revocation of instructor card. Instructor's card may be revoked by
the authorizing agent or the department of labor and industries, if the
instructor is known to have issued a qualified operator's card in violation
of any regulation contained in this standard. When an instructor is no
longer authorized to issue qualified operator's cards, cards shall be
surrendered to the authorizing agent or the department of labor and industries.
AUTHORIZED INSTRUCTOR
_____ Powder Actuated Tools
Date _____
(make)
Card No. _____
Social Security No._____
This certifies that _____
(name of instructor)
has received the prescribed training
in the operation and maintenance of powder actuated tools manufactured
by _____
(NAME OF MANUFACTURER)
and is qualified to train and
certify operators of _____ powder actuated tools.
(make)
Model(s) _____
Authorized by _____
I have received instruction by the manufacturer's authorized representative
in the training of operators of the above tools and agree to conform to
all rules and regulations governing the instruction of tool operators.
(1) Operator qualifications. The operator shall be trained by an authorized
instructor to be familiar with the provisions of this standard and the
instructions provided by the manufacturer for operation and maintenance.
The operator shall also be capable of:
(a) Reading and understanding the manufacturer's instruction manual.
(b) Cleaning the tool correctly.
(c) Recognizing any worn or damaged parts or defective operation.
(d) Recognizing the number-color code system used in this standard
to identify power load levels. In the event the operator is unable to
distinguish the colors used, the operator shall be given special instruction
which will enable the operator to avoid error.
(e) Using a tool correctly within the limitations of its use and demonstrate
competence by operating the tool in the presence of the instructor.
(2) Operator examination. After training, the operator shall substantiate
competency by completing satisfactorily a written examination provided
by the manufacturer of the tool.
(a) The operator's written examination shall consist of questions to
establish the operator's competence with respect to:
(i) The requirements of this standard;
(ii) The powder actuated fastening system; and
(iii) The specific details of operation and maintenance of the tool(s)
involved.
(b) The examination shall provide a statement, attested to by the instructor,
that the applicant can (or cannot) readily distinguish the colors
used to identify power load levels (see WAC
296-155-36309).
(3) Operator's card. Each applicant who meets the requirements as set
forth in subsections (1) and (2) of this section shall receive a qualified
operator's card, issued and signed by both the instructor and applicant.
While using the tool, the operator shall carry this card.
(4) Card features. The qualified operator's card supplied by the manufacturer
shall be wallet size of approximately 6 x 9 cm (2-1/2 x 3-1/2 in), and
the face of the card shall bear text similar to that shown in Figure G-2.
(5) Revocation notation. There shall be printed on the card a notation
reading:
“Revocation of card - Failure to comply with any of the rules and regulations
for safe operation of powder actuated fastening tools shall be cause for
the immediate revocation of this card.”
QUALIFIED OPERATOR
_____ Powder Actuated Tools
Date_____
(make)
Card No. _____ Social Security No. _____
This certifies _____
(NAME OF OPERATOR)
has received the prescribed training
in the operation of powder actuated tools
manufactured by _____
(NAME OF MANUFACTURER)
Model(s) _____
Trained and issued by: _____
(SIGNATURE OF AUTHORIZED INSTRUCTOR)
I have received instruction in the safe operation and maintenance of
powder actuated fastening tools of the makes and models specified and
agree to conform to all rules and regulations governing that use.
(1) Power. All grinding machines shall be supplied with sufficient power
to maintain the spindle speed at safe levels under all conditions of normal
operation.
(2) Guarding.
(a) Grinding machines shall be equipped with safety guards in conformance
with the requirements of American National Standards Institute, B7.1-1978,
Safety Code for the Use, Care and Protection of Abrasive Wheels.
(b) Guard design. The safety guard shall cover the spindle end, nut,
and flange projections. The safety guard shall be mounted so as to maintain
proper alignment with the wheel, and the strength of the fastenings
shall exceed the strength of the guard, except:
(i) Safety guards on all operations where the work provides a suitable
measure of protection to the operator, may be so constructed that
the spindle end, nut, and outer flange are exposed; and where the
nature of the work is such as to entirely cover the side of the wheel,
the side covers of the guard may be omitted; and
(ii) The spindle end, nut, and outer flange may be exposed on machines
designed as portable saws.
(3) Use of abrasive wheels.
(a) Floor stand and bench mounted abrasive wheels, used for external
grinding, shall be provided with safety guards (protection hoods). The
maximum angular exposure of the grinding wheel periphery and sides shall
be not more than 90°, except that when work requires contact with the
wheel below the horizontal plane of the spindle, the angular exposure
shall not exceed 125°. In either case, the exposure shall begin not
more than 65° above the horizontal plane of the spindle. Safety guards
shall be strong enough to withstand the effect of a bursting wheel.
(b) Floor and bench-mounted grinders shall be provided with work rests
which are rigidly supported and readily adjustable. Such work rests
shall be adjusted to a distance not to exceed one-eighth inch from the
surface of the wheel. The work rest may be omitted when contacts of
the work piece with the grinding surface below the horizontal plane
of the spindle are necessary and unavoidable, or where the size or shape
of the work piece precludes use of the work rest.
(c) Cup type wheels used for external grinding shall be protected by
either a revolving cup guard or a band type guard in accordance with
the provisions of the American National Standards Institute, B7.1-1978,
Safety Requirements for the Use, Care, and Protection of Abrasive Wheels.
Abrasive wheels shall only be used on machines provided with safety
guards, except the following:
(i) Wheels used for internal work while within the work being ground.
(ii) Mounted wheels, 2 inches and smaller in diameter used in portable
operations.
(iii) Types 16, 17, 18, 18R and 19 cones and plugs, and threaded
hole pot balls where the work offers protection or where the size
does not exceed 3 inches in diameter by 5 inches in length.
(iv) Metal centered diamond lapidary wheels either notched, segmented
or continuous rim used with a coolant deflector, when operated at
speeds up to 3500 surface feet per minute (S.F.P.M.).
(v) Type 1 wheels not larger than 2 inches in diameter and not more
than 1/2 inch thick, operating at peripheral speeds less than 1800
SFPM when mounted on mandrels driven by portable drills.
(vi) Type 1 reinforced wheels not more than 3 inches in diameter
and 1/4 inch in thickness, operating at peripheral speeds not exceeding
9500 SFPM, provided that safety glasses and face shield are worn.
(vii) Valve seat grinding wheels.
(d) Portable abrasive wheels used for internal grinding shall be provided
with safety flanges (protection flanges) meeting the requirements of
subdivision (f) of this subsection, except as follows:
(i) When wheels 2 inches or less in diameter which are securely mounted
on the end of a steel mandrel are used;
(ii) If the wheel is entirely within the work being ground while
in use.
(e) When safety guards are required, they shall be so mounted as to
maintain proper alignment with the wheel, and the guard and its fastenings
shall be of sufficient strength to retain fragments of the wheel in
case of accidental breakage. The maximum angular exposure of the grinding
wheel periphery and sides shall not exceed 180°.
(f) When safety flanges are required, they shall be used only with
wheels designed to fit the flanges. Only safety flanges, of a type and
design and properly assembled so as to ensure that the pieces of the
wheel will be retained in case of accidental breakage, shall be used.
(g) All abrasive wheels shall be closely inspected and ring-tested
before mounting to ensure that they are free from cracks or defects.
(h) Grinding wheels shall fit freely on the spindle and shall not be
forced on. The spindle nut shall be tightened only enough to hold the
wheel in place.
(i) All employees using abrasive wheels shall be protected by eye protection
equipment in accordance with the requirements of Part C of this chapter,
except when adequate eye protection is afforded by eye shields which
are permanently attached to the bench or floor stand.
(4) Other requirements. All abrasive wheels and tools used by employees
shall meet other applicable requirements of American National Standards
Institute, B7.1-1978, Safety Code for the Use, Care and Protection of
Abrasive Wheels.
(a) Masonry saws shall be guarded by semicircular enclosures over the
blade.
(b) A method for retaining blade fragments shall be incorporated into
the design of the semicircular enclosure.
(2) Safety latch. A safety latch shall be installed on notched saws to
prevent the motor and cutting head assembly from lifting out of the notches.
(3) Blade speed. Blade speed shall be maintained in accordance with the
manufacturer's specifications.
(4) Exhaust and eye protection.
(a) All table mounted masonry saws shall be equipped with a mechanical
means of exhausting dust into a covered receptacle or be provided
with water on the saw blade for dust control. The operator and
any nearby worker shall wear appropriate eye protection in accordance
with WAC
296-155-215.
(b) All portable hand-held masonry saw operators shall wear
appropriate eye and respiratory protection in accordance with
WAC
296-155-215 and chapter 296-842
WAC.
(5) Grounding. The motor frames of all stationary saws shall be grounded
through conduit, water pipe, or a driven ground. Portable saws shall be
grounded through three-pole cords attached to grounded electrical systems.
(6) Inspection. Masonry saws shall be inspected at regular intervals
and maintained in safe operating condition.
(1) Speeds. No saw shall be operated in excess of the manufacturers recommended
speed.
(2) Guarding. All portable, hand held power-driven circular saws shall
be equipped with guards above and below the base plate or shoe. The upper
guard shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum
arc required to permit the base to be tilted for bevel cuts. The lower
guard shall cover the saw to the depth of the teeth, except for the minimum
arc required to allow proper retraction and contact with the work. When
the tool is withdrawn from the work, the lower guard shall automatically
and instantly return to the covering position.
(3) Hand-fed table saws.
(a) Each circular hand-fed table saw shall be provided with a hood-type
guard that will cover the blade at all times when the blade is not in
use. This may be accomplished by the use of a guard that will automatically
adjust to the thickness of the material being cut, or by a fixed or
manually adjusted guard. If a fixed or manually adjusted guard is used,
the space between the bottom of the guard and the material being cut
shall not exceed 3/8 inch if 1-1/2 inches or more from the blade, and
1/4 inch if closer than 1-1/2 inches.
(b) When the blade is in use, the hood-type guard shall enclose that
portion of the blade above the material.
(c) Hood-type guards shall be so designed and constructed as to resist
blows and strains incidental to reasonable operation, adjusting, and
handling, in order to protect the operator from flying splinters and
broken saw teeth.
(d) The hood shall be so mounted as to ensure that its operation will
be positive, reliable, and in alignment with the saw. The mounting shall
be adequate to resist any reasonable side thrust or other force that
would disrupt alignment.
(e) Where a hood-type guard cannot be used because of unusual shapes
or cuts, a jig or fixture that will provide equal safety for the operator
shall be used. On the completion of such operations, the guard shall
be immediately replaced.
(f) A push stick shall be used on short or narrow stock when there
is a possibility of the hand contacting the cutting tool.
(g) Each hand-fed circular ripsaw shall be equipped with a spreader
to minimize the possibility of material squeezing the saw or of material
kickbacks. The spreader shall be made of tempered steel, or its equivalent,
and shall be slightly thinner than the saw kerf. It shall be of sufficient
width to provide adequate stiffness or rigidity to resist any reasonable
side thrust or blow tending to bend or throw it out of position. The
spreader shall be attached so that it will remain in true alignment
with the blade, even when either the saw or table is tilted, and should
be placed so that there is not more than 1/2-inch space between the
spreader and the back of the blade when the recommended saw blade is
in its maximum “up” position. If a blade smaller than the maximum permissible
size is used, the spreader shall be moved to within 1/2 inch of the
blade. The provision of a spreader in connection with grooving, dadoing,
or rabbeting is not required. On the completion of such operations,
the spreader shall be immediately replaced.
(h) Each hand-fed circular ripsaw shall be provided with antikickback
devices so located as to oppose the thrust or tendency of the saw blade
to pick up the material or throw it back toward the operator. These
devices shall be designed to provide holding power for all the thicknesses
of material being cut.
(4) Radial saws.
(a) Hoods and guards. Each saw shall be provided with a device that
will completely enclose the upper portion of the blade down to a point
that includes the end of the saw arbor. The upper hood shall be so constructed
as to protect the operator from flying splinters and broken saw teeth,
and to deflect sawdust away from the operator. The sides of the lower
exposed portion of the saw blade shall be guarded from the tips of the
blade teeth inward radially with no greater than 3/8-inch gullet exposure.
The device shall automatically adjust itself to the thickness of the
stock and remain in contact with the stock being cut for the 90° blade
positions (0° bevel) throughout the full working range of miter position.
A permanent label not less than 1-1/2 inches X 3/4 inch shall be affixed
to the guard visible from the normal operating position, reading as
follows:
Warning: To Avoid
Injury, Shut Off Power Before Clearing a Jammed Lower Guard
Such a Label
Shall Be Colored Standard Danger red Or Orange In Accordance With American
National Standard Safety Color Code for Marking Physical Hazards, Z53.1-1979.
(b) Spreaders. When radial saws are used for ripping, a spreader shall
be provided and shall be aligned with the saw blade.
(c) Antikickback devices. Antikickback devices located on both sides
of the saw blade on the outfeed side, so as to oppose the thrust or
tendency of the blade to pick up the material or to throw it back toward
the operator, shall be used on each radial saw used for ripping. These
devices shall be designed to provide adequate holding power for all
the thicknesses of material being cut.
(d) Adjustable stops and return devices. An adjustable stop shall be
provided to prevent the forward travel of the blade beyond the position
necessary to complete the cut. A limit chain or other equally effective
device shall be provided to prevent the saw blade from sliding beyond
the edge of the table; or the table shall be extended to eliminate over-run.
(e) On any manually operated saw, installation shall be such that the
front of the machine is slightly higher than the rear, or some other
means shall be provided so that the cutting head will not roll or move
out on the arm away from the column as a result of gravity or vibration.
A permanent label not less than 1-1/2 inches X 3/4 inch shall be affixed
to the cutting head visible from the normal crosscut operating position,
reading as follows:
Warning: To
Avoid Injury, Return Carriage To The Full
Rear Position
After Each Crosscut type Of Operation
Such a label shall be colored standard caution yellow in accordance
with American National Standard Z53.1-1979.
(f) Direction of feed. Ripping and ploughing shall be against the direction
in which the saw blade turns. The direction of the saw blade rotation
shall be conspicuously marked on the hoods. In addition, a permanent
label not less than 1-1/2 inches X 3/4 inch shall be affixed to the
end of the guard at which the blade teeth exit the upper guard during
operation. The label shall be at approximately the level of the arbor
and shall read as follows:
Danger: To Avoid Injury, Do Not Feed Material Into
Cutting Tool From This End
Such a label shall be colored standard red or orange in accordance with
American National Standard, Z53.1-1979.
(5) All woodworking tools and machinery shall meet any other applicable
requirements of American National Standards Institute, 01.1-1971, Safety
Code for Woodworking Machinery.
(6) The control switch on all stationary radial arm saws shall be placed
at the front of the saw or table and shall be properly recessed or hooded
to prevent accidental contact.
(a) A firm level working area shall be provided at the front of all
stationary radial arm saws. The area shall be kept free of all stumbling
hazards.
(b) A push stick or similar device shall be used for pushing short
material through power saws.
(7) Circular power miter saws. The requirements of subsection (4)(a)
of this section applies to guarding circular power miter saws.
(8) Personal protective equipment. All personal protective equipment
required for use shall conform to the requirements of Part C of this chapter.
WAC 296-155-375 Jacks-Lever
and ratchet, screw, and hydraulic. General requirements.
(1) The manufacturer's rated capacity shall be legibly marked on all
jacks and this capacity shall not be exceeded.
(2) All jacks shall have a positive stop to prevent over-travel.
(3) Specially designed jacks constructed for specific purposes shall
meet the approval of the department of labor and industries before being
placed in service.
(4) Control parts shall be so designed that the operator will not be
subjected to hazard.
(5) Blocking. When it is necessary to provide a firm foundation, the
base of the jack shall be blocked or cribbed. Where there is a possibility
of slippage of the metal cap of the jack, a wood block shall be placed
between the cap and the load.
(6) Operation and maintenance.
(a) After the load has been raised, it shall immediately be cribbed,
blocked, or otherwise secured.
(b) Hydraulic jacks exposed to freezing temperatures shall be supplied
with an adequate antifreeze liquid.
(c) All jacks shall be properly lubricated at regular intervals. The
lubricating instructions of the manufacturer should be followed, and
only lubricants recommended by the manufacturer should be used.
(7) Each jack shall be thoroughly inspected at times which depend upon
the service conditions. Inspections shall be not less frequent than the
following:
(a) For constant or intermittent use at one locality, once every six
months;
(b) For jacks sent out of shop for special work, when sent out and
when returned;
(c) For a jack subjected to abnormal load or shock, immediately before
and immediately thereafter.
(8) Repair or replacement parts shall be examined for possible defects.
(9) Jacks which are out of order shall be tagged accordingly, and shall
not be used until repairs are made.
(1) Application. This section applies to compressed air receivers, and
other equipment used in providing and utilizing compressed air for performing
operations such as cleaning, drilling, hoisting, and chipping. On the
other hand, however, this section does not deal with the special problems
created by using compressed air to convey materials nor the problems created
when persons work in compressed air as in tunnels and caissons. These
standards are not intended to apply to compressed air machinery and equipment
used on transportation vehicles such as steam railroad cars, electric
railway cars, and automotive equipment.
(2) New and existing equipment.
(a) All new air receivers installed after the effective date of these
standards shall be constructed in accordance with the 1968 Edition of
the A.S.M.E. Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, section VIII.
(b) All safety valves used shall be constructed, installed, and maintained
in accordance with the A.S.M.E. Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, section
VIII Edition 1968.
(3) Installation. Air receivers shall be so installed that all drains,
handholes, and manholes therein are easily accessible. Air receivers should
be supported with sufficient clearance to permit a complete external inspection
and to avoid corrosion of external surfaces. Under no circumstances shall
an air receiver be buried underground or located in an inaccessible place.
The receiver should be located as close to the compressor or after-cooler
as is possible in order to keep the discharge pipe short.
(4) Drains and traps. All air receivers having an internal and external
operating pressure exceeding 15 psi with no limitation on size, and air
receivers having an inside diameter exceeding six inches, with no limitation
on pressure, if subject to corrosion, shall be supplied with a drain pipe
and valve at the lowest point in the vessel; or a pipe may be used extending
inward from any other location to within one-quarter inch of the lowest
point. Adequate automatic traps may be installed in addition to drain
valves. The drain valve on the air receiver shall be opened and the receiver
completely drained frequently and at such intervals as to prevent the
accumulation of oil and water in the receiver.
(5) Gages and valves.
(a) Every air receiver shall be equipped with an indicating pressure
gage (so located as to be readily visible) and with one or more spring-loaded
safety valves. The total relieving capacity of such safety valves shall
be such as to prevent pressure in the receiver from exceeding the maximum
allowable working pressure of the receiver by more than ten percent.
(b) No valve of any type shall be placed between the air receiver and
its safety valve or valves.
(c) Safety appliances, such as safety valves, indicating devices and
controlling devices, shall be constructed, located, and installed so
that they cannot be readily rendered inoperative by any means, including
the elements.
(d) All safety valves shall be tested frequently and at regular intervals
to determine whether they are in good operating condition.
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