(1) “Apron” means the area along the waterfront
edge of the pier or wharf.
(2) “Bearing cap” means:
(a) A slab of reinforced concrete or a heavy timber and plank
platform covering the top of a group of piles for the purpose
of tying them together and transmitting to them as a group the
superimposed load.
(b) A metal plate placed across the top of a steel tube pile
to distribute the load from the steel tube to the concrete.
(3) “Bearing pile” means a column of wood,
metal or concrete or a combination of two or more of these materials,
driven, jacked, or sunk with a water jet, into the earth to transmit
and distribute loads to strata below the surface.
(4) “Bulwark” means the side of a ship above
the upper deck.
(5) “Caisson pile” means a concrete pile
case in an outer casing consisting of a series of telescoping
steel tubes, the top section being the largest and usually twenty
inches or more in diameter.
(6) “Coaming” means the raised frame, as
around a hatchway in the deck, to keep out water.
(7) “Composite pile” means a pile which
consists of a concrete pile superimposed on a wood pile.
(8) “Jacob's ladder” means a marine ladder
of rope or chain with wooden or metal rungs.
(9) (a) A “pedestal type” concrete pile means
a cast-in-place pile with an enlarged (mushroom) base or foot.
(b) A “tapered type” concrete pile means
a cast-in-place pile cast in a tapered metal shell.
(10) “Precast concrete pile” means a pile
which is cast in a form above ground.
(11) “Driving cap” means a device placed
on the top of a pile to prevent its breakage or injury during
the driving operation.
(12) “H-pile” means a pile formed of a structural
steel column of “H” section.
(13) “Pile driver” means a device or piece
of equipment used in driving piles.
(14) “Pretest or jack pile” means a steel
cylinder pile driven in section beneath an existing building and
filled with concrete.
(15) “Rail,” for the purpose of WAC
296-155-630, means a light structure serving as a guard at
the outer edge of a ship's deck.
(16) “Sheet piling” means a continuous vertical
barricade consisting of squared timbers driven edge to edge, either
square edged or tongued and grooved, or of a series of inter-
locking steel shapes, to form a temporary wall about an excavation,
and shored and braced as necessary.
(17) “Steel-tube” means a concrete-filled
steel cylinder, consisting of an open or closed-end steel tube
or cylinder.
(18) “Wood pile” means a pile which is formed
from the trunk of a tree or dimension timbers.
(a) All equipment left unattended at night, adjacent to a highway
in normal use, or adjacent to construction areas where work is
in progress, shall have appropriate lights or reflectors, or barricades
equipped with appropriate lights or reflectors, to identify the
location of the equipment.
(b) All tire servicing of multi-piece and single-piece rim wheels
are subject to the requirements of chapter
296-864 WAC.
(c) (i) Heavy machinery, equipment, or parts thereof, which are
suspended or held aloft by use of slings, hoists, or jacks shall
be substantially blocked or cribbed to prevent falling or shifting
before employees are permitted to work under or between them.
Bulldozer and scraper blades, end-loader buckets, dump bodies,
and similar equipment, shall be either fully lowered or blocked
when being repaired or when not in use. All controls shall be
in a neutral position, with the motors stopped and brakes set,
unless work being performed required otherwise.
(ii) Whenever the equipment is parked, the parking brake shall
be set. Equipment parked on inclines shall have the wheels chocked
and the parking brake set.
(d) The use, care and charging of all batteries shall conform
to the requirements of part I of this chapter.
(e) All cab glass shall be safety glass, or equivalent, that
introduces no visible distortion affecting the safe operation
of any machine covered by this part.
(f) All equipment covered by this part shall comply with the
requirements of WAC 296-155-525
(3)(a) when working or being moved in the vicinity of power
lines or energized transmitters.
(g) Where traffic is diverted onto dusty surfaces, good visibility
shall be maintained by the suppression of dust, through the periodic
application of oil or water to the grade surface, as required.
(h) No equipment, vehicle, tool, or individual shall operate
within 10 feet of any power line or electrical distribution equipment
except in conformity with the requirements of WAC
296-155-525 (3)(a).
(1) Scope. Motor vehicles covered by this section include any
vehicles that operate on a construction site. The requirements
of this section do not apply to the equipment regulated by WAC
296-155-615, Material handling equipment.
(2) General requirements for motor vehicles.
(a) Braking systems.
All vehicles must have:
- A service brake system;
- An emergency brake sytstem;
and
- A parking brake system.
These systems must be maintained in operable condition.
These systems may use common components.
(b) Before leaving a motor vehicle unattended:
(i) The motor must be stopped.
(ii) The parking brake must be engaged and the wheels turned
into curb or berm when parked on an incline.
(iii) If parking on an incline and there is no curb or berm,
the wheels must be chocked or otherwise secured.
(c) Lighting systems. All vehicles, or combination of vehicles,
must have brake lights in operable condition, regardless of light
conditions.
Employers must meet the requirements in Table 1 below:
Table 1
If:
Then:
Visibility conditions warrant additional light.
All vehicles,
or combinations of vehicles, in use must be equipped with:
At least two headlights
in operable condition;
and
At least two taillights
in operable condition.
(d) All vehicles must be equipped with an operable audible warning
device (horn) at the operator's station.
(e) Operating vehicles, other than passenger cars and pickups,
with an obstructed view to the rear. Employers must prohibit the
use of any motor vehicle equipment that has an obstructed view
to the rear unless the vehicle meets one of the following:
Has an operable automatic reverse signal alarm audible above
the surrounding noise level and audible no less than 15 feet
from the rear of the vehicle; or
Is backed up when an observer signals that it is safe to do
so.
Reference:
For requirements of operating dump trucks
in reverse, see subsection (2)(f) of this section. Operating
dump trucks in reverse.
Note:
If the surrounding noise level is so
loud that reverse signal alarms are not effective, then
an observer must be used.
An observer can be any individual at
the construction site, except a person performing the
duties of a flagger.
The observer must:
- Be in direct line of sight or
able to communicate with the driver.
- Be able to see the entire backing
zone.
- Continue to provide direction
to the driver until:
The driver reaches the destination
and stops; or
There are no longer employees
in the backing zone and it is reasonable to
expect that no employee(s) will enter the backing
zone
(f) Operating dump trucks in reverse.
(i) You must first make sure the dump truck has an operable
automatic reverse signal alarm:
Audible above the surrounding noise level;
and
Audible no less than fifteen feet from the rear of the vehicle.
(ii) Before backing a dump truck the driver must determine
that no one is currently in the backing zone and it is reasonable
to expect that no employee(s) will enter the backing zone while
operating the dump truck in reverse.
If employee(s) are in the backing zone or it is reasonable
to expect that an employee(s) will enter the backing zone, you
must make sure the truck is backed up only when:
An observer signals that it is safe to back;
or
An operable mechanical device that provides the driver a
full view behind the dump truck is used, such as a video camera.
Note:
The following diagram defines the
backing zone. Distances are reported in feet.
Exemption:
Employees are considered protected when
they are on the opposite side of a fixed barrier such
as:
- A jersey barrier;
- Heavy equipment (such as paving
machine);
or
- A six-inch concrete curb.
Note:
The term "dump trucks"
includes both belly and rear dump trucks with a minimum
pay load of four yards.
(g) Windshields.
All vehicles with cabs must be equipped with:
- Windshields;
- Powered wipers; and
- Rear view mirrors.
Cracked and broken glass must be replaced.
Vehicles operating in areas or under conditions that cause
fogging or frosting of the windshields, must be equipped with
operable defogging or defrosting devices.
(h) Haulage vehicles. Employers must meet the requirements in
Table 2 below.
Table
2
If:
Then:
Any haulage vehicles payload is filled by:
Cranes;
Power shovels;
Loaders;
or
Similar equipment.
You must have a cab shield and/or canopy
adequate to protect the operator from shifting or falling
materials.
(i) Securing material and employees.
Tools and material shall be secured to prevent movement when
transported in the same compartment with employees.
Vehicles used to transport employees shall have seats firmly
secured and adequate for the number of employees to be carried.
Seat belts and anchorages meeting the requirements of 49 CFR
Part 571 (Department of Transportation, Federal Motor Vehicle
Safety Standards) must be installed in all motor vehicles and
used by all occupants of the vehicle.
(j) Trucks with dump bodies.
Trucks with dump bodies or raisable platforms, beds, or boxes
must be equipped with positive means of support, permanently
attached. This positive means of support must be capable of
being locked in position to prevent accidential lowering of
the body while maintenance or inspection work is being done.
Operating levers, controlling hoisting or dumping devices
on haulage bodies, must be equipped with a latch or other device,
such as a detent switch, which will prevent accidental starting
or tripping of the mechanism.
Trip handles for tailgates of dump trucks shall be so arranged
that, in dumping, the operator will be in the clear.
(k) Fenders on motor vehicle equipment.
All rubber-tired motor vehicle equipment must be equipped
with fenders.
Mud flaps may be used in lieu of fenders whenever motor vehicle
equipment is not designed for fenders.
All vehicles in use must be checked
at the beginning of each shift to assure that the following
parts, equipment, and accessories are in safe operating condition
and free of apparent damage that could cause failure while in
use:
- Service brakes, (including trailer brake
connections);
- Parking system (hand brake);
- Emergency stopping system (brakes);
- Tires;
- Horn;
- Steering mechanism;
- Coupling devices;
- Seat belts;
- Operating controls;
and
- Safety devices.
These requirements also apply where such equipment
is necessary.
- Lights;
- Reflectors;
- Windshield wipers;
- Defrosters;
- Fire extinguishers;
- Steps and handholds for vehicle access;
and
- Any other necessary equipment.
All defects must be corrected before the vehicle
is placed in service.
(1) General requirements for earthmoving equipment.
(a) Scope.
These rules apply to the earthmoving equipment. Some examples
of earthmoving equipment are:
Scrapers;
Loaders;
Crawler or wheel tractors;
Bulldozers;
Off-highway trucks;
Graders;
Agricultural and industrial tractors;
and
Similar equipment.
(b) Seat belts.
Seat belts must be provided and used by all operators and
passengers on all equipment covered by this section.
Seat belts must meet the requirements of the Society of Automotive
Engineers, J386-1969, Seat Belts for Construction Equipment.
Seat belts for agricultural and light industrial tractors
must meet the seat belt requirements of the Society of Automotive
Engineers J-333a-1970, Operator Protection for Agricultural
and Light Industrial Tractors.
Exemption: Seat belts are not required for equipment designed
only for standup operation.
Seat belts must not be used on equipment that does not have
rollover protective structure (ROPS) or adequate canopy protection
in place.
Exemption: Mechanics and persons in training may ride on
the equipment without a seat belt if one is not provided.
(c) Access roadways and grades.
Equipment must not be operated on access roadway or grades
unless they are constructed and/or maintained to allow for the
safe operation of the equipment.
Every emergency access ramp and berm used by an employer must
be constructed to restrain and control runaway vehicles.
(d) Brakes.
Earthmoving equipment must have brakes capable of stopping
and holding the equipment fully loaded.
Equipment mentioned in (a) of this subsection, General requirements
for earthmoving equipment, must have brakes meeting the specifications
in Society of Automotive Engineers SAE-J237, Loader Dozer-1971,
J236, Graders-1971, and J319b, Scrapers-1971.
Brake systems for self-propelled rubber-tired off-highway
equipment manufactured after January 1, 1972, must meet the
applicable minimum performance criteria set forth in the following
Society of Automotive Engineers Recommended Practices;
Self-propelled scrapers
SAE J319b-1971
Self-propelled graders
SAE J236-1971
Trucks and wagons
SAE J166-1971
Front-end loaders and dozers
SAE J237-1971
(e) Fenders.
If pneumatic-tired earthmoving haulage equipment has a maximum
speed that exceeds fifteen miles per hour, then the equipment
must be equipped with fenders on all wheels to meet the requirements
of Society of Automotive Engineers SAE J321a-1970, Fenders for
Pneuamtic-Tired Earthmoving Haulage Equipment.
An employer, may at any time, seek to show under
WAC 296-155-010, Variance and procedure, that the uncovered
wheels present no hazard to personnel from flying materials.
Note: Examples of pneumatic-tired earthmoving haulage equipment
may include:
All biodirectional machines must be equipped with a horn,
distinguishable from the surrounding noise level. This horn
must be:
- Operated as needed when the machine
is moving in either direction; and
- Maintained in an operative
condition.
Note: Examples of biodirectional machines include:
Rollers;
Compactors;
Front-end loaders;
Bulldozers; and
Similar equipment.
Employers must make sure that earthmoving or compacting
equipment with an obstructed view to the rear in reverse
is not operated unless:
- A reverse signal distinguishable
from the surrounding noise level is used; or
- An observer signals that it is safe
to back up.
If the surrounding noise level
is of such amplitude that reverse signal alarms
are not effective, then amber strobe lights must
be used.
(h) Operators must look in the direction of travel.
The driver must look in the direction of, and keep a clear view
of the path of travel, when operating equipment in reverse.
Exemption: See (g)(ii) of this subection, Audible alarms,
for requirements pertaining to equipment that has an obstructed
view to the rear.
(i) Scissor points.
Scissor points on all front-end loaders, which constitute a hazard
to the operator during normal operations, must be guarded.
(j) Tractors.
Tractor motors must be cranked only by operators or other
experienced persons.
Waterproof and comfortable seat cushions must be provided
on tractors at all times when working.
Operator must not leave controls of tractor with master clutch
engaged.
(k) Winch lines.
Winch lines must be maintained in good condition and provided
with spliced eye, knob or hook in working end, except under
conditions where unspliced end is required.
(l) Bulldozers and carry-all gates.
Repairs on blade or dozer equipment must not be initiated
unless the motor has been stopped and dozer blade is resting
on the ground or securely blocked. The same applies to carry-all
gates.
Bulldozer blades and carry-all gates must rest on the ground
or on blocking when machines are not in operation.
(m) Moving equipment.
Personnel must not get on or off machine while machine is in
motion.
(n) Hazardous conditions.
Where excessive dust conditions are created, such areas must
be sprinkled with water or an environmentally safe solution to
keep dust at a minimum.
Reference: When dust presents a hazard, see chapter
296-841 WAC, Respiratory hazards for additional requirements.
(2) Excavating and other equipment.
(a) Tractors covered in subsection (1) of this section must have
seat belts as required for the operators when seated in the normal
seating arrangement for tractor operations.
(b) For the purposes of this part and of Part L of this chapter,
the names and descriptions for measurement of dimensions of machinery
and attachments must be as described in Society of Automotive
Engineers 1970 Handbook, pages 1088 through 1103.
(c) The safety requirements, ratios, or limitations applicable
to machines or attachment usage covered in Power Crane and Shovel
Association's Standards No. 1 and No. 2 of 1968, and No. 3 of
1969, must be complied with, and must apply to cranes, machines,
and attachments under this part.
(3) Lifting and hauling equipment (other than equipment covered
under Part L of this chapter). Industrial trucks (including forklifts)
shall meet the requirements of 296-863
WAC, WAC 296-155-605 and the
following:
(a) Lift trucks, stackers, etc., shall have the rated capacity
clearly posted on the vehicle so as to be clearly visible to the
operator. When auxiliary removable counter-weights are provided
by the manufacturer, corresponding alternate rated capacities
also shall be clearly shown on the vehicle. These ratings shall
not be exceeded.
(b) No modifications or additions which affect the capacity or
safe operation of the equipment shall be made without the manufacturer's
or professional engineer's written approval. If such modifications
or changes are made, the capacity, operation, and maintenance
instruction plates, tags, or decals, shall be changed accordingly.
In no case shall the original safety factor of the equipment be
reduced.
(c) If a load is lifted by two or more trucks working in unison,
the proportion of the total load carried by any one truck shall
not exceed its capacity.
(d) Steering or spinner knobs shall not be attached to the steering
wheel unless the steering mechanism is of a type that prevents
road reactions from causing the steering handwheel to spin. The
steering knob shall be mounted within the periphery of the wheel.
(e) All high lift rider industrial trucks shall be equipped with
overhead guards which meet the configuration and structural requirements
as defined in paragraph 502 of American National Standards Institute
B56.1-1975, Safety Standards for Powered Industrial Trucks.
(f) All industrial trucks in use shall meet the applicable requirements
of design, construction, stability, inspection, testing, maintenance,
and operation, as defined in American National Standards Institute
B56.1-1975, Safety Standards for Powered Industrial Trucks.
(g) Unauthorized personnel shall not be permitted to ride on
powered industrial trucks. A safe place to ride shall be provided
where riding of trucks is authorized.
(h) When a forklift truck is used for elevating workers a platform
shall be specifically built for that purpose and shall comply
with the following requirements:
(i) The platform shall be securely attached to the forks and
shall have standard guardrails and toeboards on all open sides.
(ii) The hydraulic system of the forklift shall be so designed
that the lift mechanism will not drop faster than one hundred
thirty-five feet per minute in the event of a failure in any
part of the system. Forklifts used for elevating platforms shall
be identified that they are so designed.
(iii) A safety strap shall be installed or the control lever
shall be locked to prevent the boom from tilting.
(iv) An operator shall be at the controls of the forklift equipment
while persons are on the platform.
(v) The operator shall be in the normal operating position
while raising or lowering the platform.
(vi) The vehicle shall not travel from point to point while
workers are on the platform except that inching or maneuvering
at very slow speed is permissible.
(vii) The area between workers on the platform and the mast
shall be adequately guarded to prevent contact with chains or
other shear points.
(viii) All platforms shall be visually inspected daily or before
each use by the person in charge of the work being performed,
and shall be tested as frequently as is necessary to maintain
minimum safety factors.
(ix) Whenever a truck, except for high lift order picker trucks,
is equipped with vertical hoisting controls elevatable with
the lifting carriage or forks, the following precautions shall
be taken for the protection of personnel being elevated.
(A) Provide a platform secured to the lifting carriage and/or
forks.
(B) Provide means whereby personnel on the platform can shut
off power to the truck.
(C) Provide such protection from falling objects as indicated
necessary by the operating conditions.
(a) Boilers and piping systems which are a part of, or used
with, pile driving equipment shall meet the applicable requirements
of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Powers Boilers
(section I).
(b) All pressure vessels which are a part of or used with,
pile driving equipment shall meet the applicable requirements
of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Pressure Vessels
(section VIII).
(c) Overhead protection, which will not obscure the vision
of the operator, and which meets the requirements of Part L
of this chapter, shall be provided. Protection shall be of 2-inch
planking or other solid material of equivalent strength.
(d) Stop blocks shall be provided for the leads to prevent
the hammer from being raised against the head block.
(e) A blocking device, capable of safely supporting the weight
of the hammer shall be provided for placement in the leads under
the hammer at all times while employees are working under the
hammer.
(f) Guards shall be provided across the top of the head block
to prevent the cable from jumping out of the sheaves.
(g) When the leads must be inclined in the driving of batter
piles, provisions shall be made to stabilize the leads.
(h) All working equipment shall be visually inspected at the
beginning of each shift.
(i) Fixed leads shall be provided with ladder, and adequate
rings, or similar attachment points, so that the loft workers
may engage their full body harness lanyard to the leads. If
the leads are provided with loft platform(s) such platform(s)
shall be protected by standard guardrails.
(j) Pile drivers with swinging leads shall have a wire rope
safety strap on top end.
(k) Spud bars shall be of hard wood with smooth round handle
end for safe handling. Iron shod spud bars are prohibited.
(l) A follower block or driving cap shall be used with a drop
hammer on all piling except sheet piling.
(m) Steam hose leading to a steam hammer or jet pipe shall
be securely attached to the hammer with an adequate length of
at least 1/4-inch diameter chain or cable to prevent whipping
in the event the joint at the hammer is broken. Air hammer hoses
shall be provided with the same protection as required for steam
lines.
(n) Safety chains, or equivalent means, shall be provided for
each hose connection to prevent the line from thrashing around
in case the coupling becomes disconnected.
(o) Steam line controls shall consist of two shutoff valves,
one of which shall be a quick-acting lever type within easy
reach of the hammer operator.
(p) Guys, outriggers, thrustouts, or counterbalances shall
be provided as necessary to maintain stability of pile driver
rigs.
(q) Ladders constructed in compliance with this chapter shall
be installed on all pile drivers from the hoist platform to
the head block, and in such position that workers using ladders
will not come in contact with lines, sheaves, etc.
(r) Drop hammers which have been chipped on the face shall
not be used for pile driving.
(s) Groove worn drums or spools shall be replaced or properly
repaired to present a smooth working surface.
(t) At least two full wraps of cable shall be maintained on
hoisting drums.
(u) Proper racks shall be provided for storage of cross-cut
saws.
(v) Every hoisting drum used as a pile driver shall be equipped
with manually operated dogs or pawls to hold suspended loads.
Foot brakes shall only be used to hold suspended loads until
drum dogs are engaged. The dogs shall be visible from the operator's
station or be equipped with a positive direct connected telltale
which shall be visible to the operator.
(w) No counterweight or spring arrangement on dogs shall be
permitted which would allow dog to be automatically disengaged
either by relieving the load or rolling the drum.
(x) In every crew there shall be designated signalperson. The
driver operator or drum person shall receive signals from no
others, except when loftworker is above. The hammer shall not
be lowered except on the loftworker's signal.
(y) Spliced hammer lines shall not be used.
(2) Pile driving from barges and floats. Barges or floats supporting
pile driving operations shall meet the applicable requirements
of WAC 296-155-630.
(3) Pile driving equipment.
(a) Engineers and winchperson shall accept signals only from
the designated signalperson.
(b) All employees shall be kept clear when piling is being
hoisted into the leads.
(c) When piles are being driven in an excavated pit, the walls
of the pit shall be sloped to the angle of repose or sheet-piled
and braced.
(d) When steel tube piles are being “blown out,”
employees shall be kept well beyond the range of falling materials.
(e) When it is necessary to cut off the tops of driven piles,
pile driving operations shall be suspended except where the
cutting operations are located at least twice the length of
the longest pile from the driver.
(f) When driving jacked piles, all access pits shall be provided
with ladders and bulkheaded curbs to prevent material from falling
into the pit.
(g) Floating equipment such as dredges and pile drivers shall
maintain a signal system to shore in the event of an emergency.
(h) The distribution of machinery on floating equipment shall
be such that the completed unit floats on an even keel.
(i) Fuel tanks below decks shall be vented to outside of hull
and vents shall be equipped with flame arrestors.
(j) All hull compartments shall be ventilated. No person shall
work in hull compartments until it is shown the compartments
contain no flammable or toxic concentrations.
(k) Light fixtures installed or used within the hull shall
be explosion proof.
(l) All floating rigs shall be equipped with ladderways extending
from the deck to the waterline where the deck is more than 36
inches above the water. A wire rope shall be hung along both
sides of the hull or float and so hung that it shall be at all
times near or at the waterline.
(m) Doors of deck houses where deck house sets within 36"
of edge of deck and doorways in hull shall be equipped with
guard rails or cross chains.
(n) Deck houses shall have a substantial grab rail installed
on all sides where such installation will not interfere with
operations.
(o) Pile driver and dredge fairlead sheaves, and spudline sheaves
shall be guarded to prevent workers or tools being drawn into
them.
(p) All work deck shall be kept clear of debris, unnecessary
tools and equipment in order to minimize the stumbling hazard.
Lines shall be coiled, tools stored and material stacked clear
of working spaces.
(q) Night operations shall be adequately lighted for all activity
while work is in progress and shall be maintained until workers
leave the work area.
(r) Electrical installation and equipment shall be installed
and maintained in compliance with the National Electric Code.
(s) All walkways over water and on dredge pontoon discharge
pipe lines shall be a minimum of 20" in width with standard
handrail along one side on structures and gang planks. Walkways
on pontoon lines may be equipped with hand lines in lieu of
standard handrail.
(t) Adequate fire extinguishing equipment shall be provided
and maintained in a serviceable condition.
(u) Protective equipment shall be used when working with creosote
timbers. Protective creams shall be used on exposed skin surfaces
and gloves and eye protection worn especially when driving piles.
(v) Pulling piles with hammer or pile line rigged through the
head block is prohibited unless driver and rigging are designed
to safely withstand the imposed strain.
(w) Truck runways and platforms shall be equipped with a wheel
guard on all outside edges. Top of wheel guards shall be a minimum
of 10 inches above deck.
(x) Use of foot blocks at base of leads for hammer line or
pile line is prohibited.
(a) The word “clearing” means the removal
of trees, stumps, logs, brush, debris and rubbish from the surface
of the ground in preparation of a site for construction work
of any kind. The removal of trees and logs shall be in accordance
with the requirements of chapter
296-54 WAC.
(b) All equipment and tools such as axes, sledges, wedges,
saws, springboards, etc., shall be maintained in a safe condition
and guarded with standard safeguards.
(c) Fallers shall give warning to brushing crews, buckers and
other persons in the vicinity where a tree is being felled;
taking notice that such persons are not only out of the reach
of tree, but also out of danger of possible sidewinders, snags
or other trees which may be knocked over by the tree being felled.
(d) Trees must not be felled toward and within range of a traveled
road or operational railroad unless a flagger is used to stop
all approaching persons, vehicles, or railroad equipment. Flaggers
and flagging activities at the site must comply with the requirements
of WAC 296-155-305.
(e) Clearing crews shall not be placed immediately below other
crews working on hillsides where there is a possible danger
of skidding or rolling trees, moving earth or rock.
(f) Pioneer roads on clearing operations shall be constructed
to safely accommodate all equipment moved over road.
(g) Hazardous standing and down timber, rocks, etc., shall
be moved from upper sides of cuts on side hill operations.
(h) Care shall be exercised in the use of oil for burning brush
or timber.
(i) Employees engaged in site clearing shall be protected from
hazards of irritant and toxic plants and suitably instructed
in the first-aid treatment available.
(j) All equipment used in site clearing operations shall be
equipped with rollover guards meeting the requirements of this
chapter. In addition, rider-operated equipment shall be equipped
with an overhead and rear canopy guard meeting the following
requirements:
(i) The overhead covering on this canopy structure shall
be of not less than 1/8-inch steel plate or 1/4-inch woven
wire mesh with openings no greater than 1 inch, or equivalent.
(ii) The opening in the rear of the canopy structure shall
be covered with not less than 1/4-inch woven wire mesh with
openings no greater than 1 inch.
(iii) Use of 1/2 inch thick plastic sheets or other thicknesses
of plastic panels derived from polycarbonate, acrylic, cellulose
acetate butyrate which provides equivalent or better protection
against particular hazards involved is acceptable in lieu
of 1 or 1 3/4 inch open mesh material.
(A) All panels shall be installed in a manner which can
withstand the initial impact, and maintain the protective
barrier integrity; and
(B) All panels must be labeled or marked to distinguish
between acceptable and inferior materials.
(k) In addition to observance of the general safety and health
standards;
(i) The employer shall assume the responsibility of work
assignment so that no worker shall be required to work in
a position or location so isolated as to not be within ordinary
calling distance of another person who can render assistance
in case of emergency. In any operation where cutting, felling
trees, loading, or a combination of these duties is carried
on, there shall be a minimum crew of two persons who shall
work as a team and shall be in visual or voice contact with
one another. If one worker at these operations is required
to be left alone for a period of time, the worker shall be
contacted by another person at reasonable intervals not to
exceed fifteen minutes unless such practice can be established
to be impractical.
(ii) This does not apply to operators of motor vehicles,
watchpersons or certain other jobs which, by their nature,
are singular worker assignments. However, a definite procedure
for checking the welfare of all workers during working hours
shall be instituted and all workers so advised.
Operations fitting the definition of “material handling”
shall be performed in conformance with applicable requirements
of “Safety and health regulations for longshoring.”
The term “longshoring operations” means the loading,
unloading, moving, or handling of construction materials, equipment
and supplies, etc. into, in, on, or out of any vessel, from a
fixed structure or shore-to-vessel, vessel-to-shore or fixed structure
or vessel-to-vessel.
(2) Access to barges.
(a) Ramps for access of vehicles to or between barges shall
be of adequate strength, provided with side boards, well maintained,
and properly secured.
(b) Unless employees can step safely to or from the wharf,
float, barge, or river towboat, either a ramp, meeting the requirements
of (a) of this subsection, or a safe walkway, shall be provided.
(c) Jacob's ladders shall be of the double rung or flat tread
type. They shall be well maintained and properly secured.
(d) A Jacob's ladder shall either hang without slack from its
lashings or be pulled up entirely.
(e) When the upper end of the means of access rests on or is
flush with the top of the bulwark, substantial steps, properly
secured and equipped with at least one substantial hand rail
approximately 33 inches in height, shall be provided between
the top of the bulwark and the deck.
(f) Obstructions shall not be laid on or across the gangway.
(g) The means of access shall be adequately illuminated for
its full length.
(h) Unless the structure makes it impossible, the means of
access shall be so located that the load will not pass over
employees.
(3) Working surfaces of barges.
(a) Employees shall not be permitted to walk along the sides
of covered lighters or barges with coamings more than 5 feet
high, unless there is a 3-foot clear walkway, or a grab rail,
or a taut handline is provided.
(b) Decks and other working surfaces shall be maintained in
a safe condition.
(c) Employees shall not be permitted to pass fore and aft,
over, or around deckloads, unless there is a safe passage.
(d) Employees shall not be permitted to walk over deckloads
from rail to coaming unless there is a safe passage. If it is
necessary to stand at the outboard or inboard edge of the deckload
where less than 24 inches of bulwark, rail, coaming, or other
protection exists, all employees shall be provided with a suitable
means of protection against falling from the deckload.
(4) First-aid and lifesaving equipment.
(a) Provisions for rendering first aid and medical assistance
shall be in accordance with Part B of this Chapter.
(b) The employer shall ensure that there is in the vicinity
of each barge in use at least one U.S. Coast Guard-approved
30-inch life ring with not less than 90 feet of line attached,
and at least one portable or permanent ladder which will reach
the top of the apron to the surface of the water. If the above
equipment is not available at the pier, the employer shall furnish
it during the time that the employer is working the barge.
(c) Employees walking or working on the unguarded decks of
barges shall be protected with U.S. Coast Guard-approved personal
flotation devices such as Type I PFD, Type II PFD, Type III
PFD, or Type V PFD, or their equivalent, pursuant to 46 CFR
160 (Coast Guard Lifesaving Equipment Specifications) and 33
CFR 175.23 (Coast Guard table of devices equivalent to personal
flotation devices). Ski belt or inflatable type personal flotation
devices are specifically prohibited.
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