WAC 296-45-455 Line-clearance tree-trimming operations. 

This section provides additional requirements for line-clearance tree-trimming operations and for equipment used in these operations.

This section does not apply to qualified employees.

(1) Before an employee climbs, enters, or works around any tree, a determination shall be made of the nominal voltage of electric power lines posing a hazard to employees. However, a determination of the maximum nominal voltage to which an employee will be exposed may be made instead, if all lines are considered as energized at this maximum voltage.

(2) There shall be a second line-clearance tree trimmer within normal (that is, unassisted) voice communication under any of the following conditions:

(a) If a line-clearance tree trimmer is to approach more closely than 10 feet (305 cm) any conductor or electrical apparatus energized at more than 600 volts; or

(b) If branches or limbs being removed are closer to lines energized at more than 600 volts than the distances listed in Table 1, Table 4, and Table 5; or

(c) If roping is necessary to remove branches or limbs from such conductors or apparatus.

(3) Line-clearance tree trimmers shall maintain the minimum approach distances from energized conductors given in Table 1, Table 4, and Table 5.

(4) Branches that are contacting exposed energized conductors or equipment or that are within the distances specified in Table 1, Table 4, and Table 5 may be removed only through the use of insulating equipment.

Note: A tool constructed of a material that the employer can demonstrate has insulating qualities meeting WAC 296-45-305(1) are considered as insulated under this section if the tool is clean and dry.

(5) Ladders, platforms, and aerial devices may not be brought closer to an energized part than the distances listed in Table 1, Table 4, and Table 5.

(6) Line-clearance tree-trimming work may not be performed when adverse weather conditions make the work hazardous in spite of the work practices required by this section. Each employee performing line-clearance tree-trimming work in the aftermath of a storm or under similar emergency conditions shall be trained in the special hazards related to this type of work.

Note: Thunderstorms in the immediate vicinity, high winds, snow storms, and ice storms are examples of adverse weather conditions that are presumed to make line-clearance tree-trimming work too hazardous to perform safely.

(7) A tree trimmer may climb out of a basket into a tree or from a tree back into the basket so long as he is properly tied into the tree during the entire maneuver and the employer can demonstrate that this is the safest way to perform the work. [Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040. 99-09-080 (Order 99-04), § 296-45-455, filed 04/20/99, effective 08/01/99.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-455, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-45505 Brush chippers.

(1) Brush chippers shall be equipped with a locking device in the ignition system.

(2) Access panels for maintenance and adjustment of the chipper blades and associated drive train shall be in place and secure during operation of the equipment.

(3) Brush chippers not equipped with a mechanical infeed system shall be equipped with an infeed hopper of length sufficient to prevent employees from contacting the blades or knives of the machine during operation.

(4) Trailer chippers detached from trucks shall be chocked or otherwise secured.

(5) Each employee in the immediate area of an operating chipper feed table shall wear personal protective equipment as required by Subpart I of this Part.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-45505, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-45510 Sprayers and related equipment.

(1) Walking and working surfaces of sprayers and related equipment shall be covered with slip-resistant material. If slipping hazards cannot be eliminated, slip-resistant footwear or handrails and stair rails meeting the requirements of chapter 296-24 WAC, Part J-1, and WAC 296-800-260 may be used instead of slip-resistant material.

(2) Equipment on which employees stand to spray while the vehicle is in motion shall be equipped with guardrails around the working area. The guardrail shall be constructed in accordance with chapter 296-24 WAC, Part J-1 and WAC 296-800-260.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-45-45510, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01Statutory Authority: Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-45510, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-45515 Stump cutters.

(1) Stump cutters shall be equipped with enclosures or guards to protect employees.

(2) Each employee in the immediate area of stump grinding operations (including the stump cutter operator) shall wear personal protective equipment as required by WAC 296-45-25505.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-45515, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-45520 Backpack power units for use in pruning and clearing.

(1) While a backpack power unit is running, no one other than the operator may be within 10 feet (305 cm) of the cutting head of a brush saw.

(2) A backpack power unit shall be equipped with a quick shutoff switch readily accessible to the operator.

(3) Backpack power unit engines shall be stopped for all cleaning, refueling, adjustments, and repairs to the saw or motor, except as the manufacturer's servicing procedures require otherwise.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-45520, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-45525 Rope.

(1) Climbing ropes shall be used by employees working aloft in trees. These ropes shall have a minimum diameter of 0.5 inch (1.2 cm) with a minimum breaking strength of 2300 pounds (10.2 kN). Synthetic rope shall have elasticity of not more than 7 percent.

(2) Rope shall be inspected before each use and, if unsafe (for example, because of damage or defect), may not be used.

(3) Rope shall be stored away from cutting edges and sharp tools. Rope contact with corrosive chemicals, gas, and oil shall be avoided.

(4) When stored, rope shall be coiled and piled, or shall be suspended, so that air can circulate through the coils.

(5) Rope ends shall be secured to prevent their unraveling.

(6) Climbing rope may not be spliced to effect repair.

(7) A rope that is wet, that is contaminated to the extent that its insulating capacity is impaired, or that is otherwise not considered to be insulated for the voltage involved may not be used near exposed energized lines.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-45525, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-45530 Fall protection. 

Each employee shall be tied in with a climbing rope and safety saddle when the employee is working above the ground in a tree, unless he or she is ascending into the tree. 

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-45530, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-465 Communication facilities.

(1) Microwave transmission. The employer shall ensure that no employee looks into an open waveguide or antenna that is connected to an energized microwave source.

(2) If the electromagnetic radiation level within an accessible area associated with microwave communications systems exceeds the radiation protection guide given in chapter 296-62 WAC, Part J-1. The area shall be posted with the warning symbol described in chapter 296-62 WAC, Part J-1. The lower half of the warning symbol shall include the following statements or ones that the employer can demonstrate are equivalent:

Radiation in this area may exceed hazard limitations and special precautions are required. Obtain specific instruction before entering.

(3) When an employee works in an area where the electromagnetic radiation could exceed the radiation protection guide, the employer shall institute measures that ensure that the employee's exposure is not greater than that permitted by that guide. Such measures may include administrative and engineering controls and personal protective equipment.

(4) Power line carrier. Power line carrier work, including work on equipment used for coupling carrier current to power line conductors, shall be performed in accordance with the requirements of this section pertaining to work on energized lines.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-465, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-475 Substations. 

This section provides additional requirements for substations and for work performed in them.

(1) Access and working space. Sufficient access and working space shall be provided and maintained about electric equipment to permit ready and safe operation and maintenance of such equipment.

Note: Guidelines for the dimensions of access and working space about electric equipment in substations are contained in American National Standard-National Electrical Safety Code, ANSI C2-1997. Installations meeting the ANSI provisions comply with WAC 296-45-475(1). An installation that does not conform to this ANSI standard will, nonetheless, be considered as complying with WAC 296-45-475(1) if the employer can demonstrate that the installation provides ready and safe access based on the following evidence:

(a) That the installation conforms to the edition of ANSI C2 that was in effect at the time the installation was made;

(b) That the configuration of the installation enables employees to maintain the minimum approach distances required by WAC 296-45-325(5) while they are working on exposed, energized parts; and

(c) That the precautions taken when work is performed on the installation provide protection equivalent to the protection that would be provided by access and working space meeting ANSI C2-1997.

(d) Precautions must be taken to prevent accidental operation of relays or other protective devices due to jarring, vibration, or improper wiring.

(2) Draw-out-type circuit breakers. When draw-out-type circuit breakers are removed or inserted, the breaker shall be in the open position. The control circuit shall also be rendered inoperative, if the design of the equipment permits.

(3) Substation fences. Conductive fences around substations must be grounded. When a substation fence must be expanded or removed fence continuity must be maintained and bonding must be used to prevent electrical discontinuity. A temporary fence affording similar protection when the site is unattended, must be provided. Adequate interconnection with ground must be maintained between temporary fence and permanent fence.

(4) Guarding of rooms containing electric supply equipment.

(a) Rooms and spaces in which electric supply lines or equipment are installed shall meet the requirements of subsection (4)(b) through (e) of this section under the following conditions:

(i) If exposed live parts operating at 50 to 150 volts to ground are located within 8 feet of the ground or other working surface inside the room or space;

(ii) If live parts operating at 151 to 600 volts and located within 8 feet of the ground or other working surface inside the room or space are guarded only by location, as permitted under subsection (5)(a) of this section; or

(iii) If live parts operating at more than 600 volts are located within the room or space, unless:

(A) The live parts are enclosed within grounded, metal-enclosed equipment whose only openings are designed so that foreign objects inserted in these openings will be deflected from energized parts; or

(B) The live parts are installed at a height above ground and any other working surface that provides protection at the voltage to which they are energized corresponding to the protection provided by an 8-foot height at 50 volts.

(b) The rooms and spaces shall be so enclosed within fences, screens, partitions, or walls as to minimize the possibility that unqualified persons will enter.

(c) Signs warning unqualified persons to keep out shall be displayed at entrances to the rooms and spaces.

(d) Entrances to rooms and spaces that are not under the observation of an attendant shall be kept locked.

(e) Unqualified persons may not enter the rooms or spaces while the electric supply lines or equipment are energized.

(5) Guarding of energized parts.

(a) Guards shall be provided around all live parts operating at more than 150 volts to ground without an insulating covering, unless the location of the live parts gives sufficient horizontal or vertical or a combination of these clearances to minimize the possibility of accidental employee contact.

Note: Guidelines for the dimensions of clearance distances about electric equipment in substations are contained in American National Standard-National Electrical Safety Code, ANSI C2-1997. Installations meeting the ANSI provisions comply with subsection (5)(a) of this section. An installation that does not conform to this ANSI standard will, nonetheless, be considered as complying with subsection (5)(a) of this section if the employer can demonstrate that the installation provides sufficient clearance based on the following evidence:

(i) That the installation conforms to the edition of ANSI C2 that was in effect at the time the installation was made;

(ii) That each employee is isolated from energized parts at the point of closest approach; and

(iii) That the precautions taken when work is performed on the installation provide protection equivalent to the protection that would be provided by horizontal and vertical clearances meeting ANSI C2-1997.

(b) Except for fuse replacement and other necessary access by qualified persons, the guarding of energized parts within a compartment shall be maintained during operation and maintenance functions to prevent accidental contact with energized parts and to prevent tools or other equipment from being dropped on energized parts.

(c) When guards are removed from energized equipment, barriers shall be installed around the work area to prevent employees who are not working on the equipment, but who are in the area, from contacting the exposed live parts.

(6) Substation entry.

(a) Upon entering an attended substation, each employee other than those regularly working in the station shall report his or her presence to the employee in charge in order to receive information on special system conditions affecting employee safety.

(b) The job briefing required by WAC 296-45-135 shall cover such additional subjects as the location of energized equipment in or adjacent to the work area and the limits of any de-energized work area.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 05-17-038 ()rder 04-55) § 296-45-475, filed 08/09/05, effective 10/01/05. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-475, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-485 Power generation. 

This section provides additional requirements and related work practices for power generating plants.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-485, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-48505 Interlocks and other safety devices.

(1) Interlocks and other safety devices shall be maintained in a safe, operable condition.

(2) No interlock or other safety device may be modified to defeat its function, except for test, repair, or adjustment of the device.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-48505, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-48510 Changing brushes. 

Before exciter or generator brushes are changed while the generator is in service, the exciter or generator field shall be checked to determine whether a ground condition exists. The brushes may not be changed while the generator is energized if a ground condition exists.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-48510, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-48515 Access and working space. 

Sufficient access and working space shall be provided and maintained about electric equipment to permit ready and safe operation and maintenance of such equipment.

Note: Guidelines for the dimensions of access and workspace about electric equipment in generating stations are contained in American National Standard-National Electrical Safety Code, ANSI C2-1997. Installations meeting the ANSI provisions comply with this section. An installation that does not conform to this ANSI standard will, nonetheless, be considered as complying with this section if the employer can demonstrate that the installation provides ready and safe access based on the following evidence:

(1) That the installation conforms to the edition of ANSI C2 that was in effect at the time the installation was made;

(2) That the configuration of the installation enables employees to maintain the minimum approach distances required by this section while they work on exposed, energized parts; and

(3) That the precautions taken when work is performed on the installation provide protection equivalent to the protection that would be provided by access and working space meeting ANSI C2-1997.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-48515, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-48520 Guarding of rooms containing electric supply equipment.

(1) Rooms and spaces in which electric supply lines or equipment are installed shall meet the requirements of this section under the following conditions:

(a) If exposed live parts operating at 50 to 150 volts to ground are located within eight feet of the ground or other working surface inside the room or space;

(b) If live parts operating at 151 to 600 volts and located within eight feet of the ground or other working surface inside the room or space are guarded only by location, as permitted under this section; or

(c) If live parts operating at more than 600 volts are located within the room or space; unless:

(i) The live parts are enclosed within grounded, metal-enclosed equipment whose only openings are designed so that foreign objects inserted in these openings will be deflected from energized parts; or

(ii) The live parts are installed at a height above ground and any other working surface that provides protection at the voltage to which they are energized corresponding to the protection provided by an eight-foot height at 50 volts.

(2) The rooms and spaces shall be so enclosed within fences, screens, partitions, or walls as to minimize the possibility that unqualified persons will enter.

(3) Signs warning unqualified persons to keep out shall be displayed at entrances to the rooms and spaces.

(4) Entrances to rooms and spaces that are not under the observation of an attendant shall be kept locked.

(5) Unqualified persons may not enter the rooms or spaces while the electric supply lines or equipment are energized.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-48520, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-48525 Guarding of energized parts.

(1) Guards shall be provided around all live parts operating at more than 150 volts to ground without an insulating covering, unless the location of the live parts gives sufficient horizontal or vertical or a combination of these clearances to minimize the possibility of accidental employee contact.

Note: Guidelines for the dimensions of clearance distances about electric equipment in generating stations are contained in American National Standard-National Electrical Safety Code, ANSI C2-1997. Installations meeting the ANSI provisions comply with this section. An installation that does not conform to this ANSI standard will, nonetheless, be considered as complying with this section if the employer can demonstrate that the installation provides sufficient clearance based on the following evidence:

(a) That the installation conforms to the edition of ANSI C2 that was in effect at the time the installation was made;

(b) That each employee is isolated from energized parts at the point of closest approach; and

(c) That the precautions taken when work is performed on the installation provide protection equivalent to the protection that would be provided by horizontal and vertical clearances meeting ANSI C2-1997.

(2) Except for fuse replacement or other necessary access by qualified persons, the guarding of energized parts within a compartment shall be maintained during operation and maintenance functions to prevent accidental contact with energized parts and to prevent tools or other equipment from being dropped on energized parts.

(3) When guards are removed from energized equipment, barriers shall be installed around the work area to prevent employees who are not working on the equipment, but who are in the area, from contacting the exposed live parts.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-48525, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-48530 Water or steam spaces. 

The following requirements apply to work in water and steam spaces associated with boilers:

(1) A designated employee shall inspect conditions before work is permitted and after its completion. Eye protection, or full face protection if necessary, shall be worn at all times when condenser, heater, or boiler tubes are being cleaned.

(2) Where it is necessary for employees to work near tube ends during cleaning, shielding shall be installed at the tube ends.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-48530, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-48535 Chemical cleaning of boilers and pressure vessels. 

The following requirements apply to chemical cleaning of boilers and pressure vessels:

(1) Areas where chemical cleaning is in progress shall be cordoned off to restrict access during cleaning. If flammable liquids, gases, or vapors or combustible materials will be used or might be produced during the cleaning process, the following requirements also apply:

(a) The area shall be posted with signs restricting entry and warning of the hazards of fire and explosion; and

(b) Smoking, welding, and other possible ignition sources are prohibited in these restricted areas.

(2) The number of personnel in the restricted area shall be limited to those necessary to accomplish the task safely.

(3) There shall be ready access to water or showers for emergency use.

Note: See WAC 296-800-230, of the Safety and Health Core Rules, for requirements that apply to the water supply and to washing facilities.

(4) Employees in restricted areas shall wear protective equipment meeting the requirements of this chapter and including, but not limited to, protective clothing, boots, goggles, and gloves.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, and .060. 03-18-090 (Order 03-15), § 296-45-48535, filed 09/02/03, effective 11/01/03. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-45-48535, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01Statutory Authority: Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-48535, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-48540 Chlorine systems.

(1) Chlorine system enclosures shall be posted with signs restricting entry and warning of the hazard to health and the hazards of fire and explosion.

Note: See chapter 296-62 WAC for requirements necessary to protect the health of employees from the effects of chlorine.

(2) Only designated employees may enter the restricted area. Additionally, the number of personnel shall be limited to those necessary to accomplish the task safely.

(3) Emergency repair kits shall be available near the shelter or enclosure to allow for the prompt repair of leaks in chlorine lines, equipment, or containers.

(4) Before repair procedures are started, chlorine tanks, pipes, and equipment shall be purged with dry air and isolated from other sources of chlorine.

(5) The employer shall ensure that chlorine is not mixed with materials that would react with the chlorine in a dangerously exothermic or other hazardous manner.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-48540, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-48545 Boilers.

(1) Before internal furnace or ash hopper repair work is started, overhead areas shall be inspected for possible falling objects. If the hazard of falling objects exists, overhead protection such as planking or nets shall be provided.

(2) When opening an operating boiler door, employees shall stand clear of the opening of the door to avoid the heat blast and gases which may escape from the boiler.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-48545, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-48550 Turbine generators.

(1) Smoking and other ignition sources are prohibited near hydrogen or hydrogen sealing systems, and signs warning of the danger of explosion and fire shall be posted.

(2) Excessive hydrogen makeup or abnormal loss of pressure shall be considered as an emergency and shall be corrected immediately.

(3) A sufficient quantity of inert gas shall be available to purge the hydrogen from the largest generator.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-48550, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-48555 Coal and ash handling.

(1) Only designated persons may operate railroad equipment.

(2) Before a locomotive or locomotive crane is moved, a warning shall be given to employees in the area.

(3) Employees engaged in switching or dumping cars may not use their feet to line up drawheads.

(4) Drawheads and knuckles may not be shifted while locomotives or cars are in motion.

(5) When a railroad car is stopped for unloading, the car shall be secured from displacement that could endanger employees.

(6) An emergency means of stopping dump operations shall be provided at railcar dumps.

(7) The employer shall ensure that employees who work in coal- or ash-handling conveyor areas are trained and knowledgeable in conveyor operation and in the requirements of this section.

(8) Employees may not ride a coal- or ash-handling conveyor belt at any time. Employees may not cross over the conveyor belt, except at walkways, unless the conveyor's energy source has been de-energized and has been locked out or tagged in accordance with WAC 296-45-175.

(9) A conveyor that could cause injury when started may not be started until personnel in the area are alerted by a signal or by a designated person that the conveyor is about to start.

(10) If a conveyor that could cause injury when started is automatically controlled or is controlled from a remote location, an audible device shall be provided that sounds an alarm that will be recognized by each employee as a warning that the conveyor will start and that can be clearly heard at all points along the conveyor where personnel may be present. The warning device shall be actuated by the device starting the conveyor and shall continue for a period of time before the conveyor starts that is long enough to allow employees to move clear of the conveyor system. A visual warning may be used in place of the audible device if the employer can demonstrate that it will provide an equally effective warning in the particular circumstances involved.

Note: Exception: If the employer can demonstrate that the system's function would be seriously hindered by the required time delay, warning signs may be provided in place of the audible warning device. If the system was installed before November 20, 1995, warning signs may be provided in place of the audible warning device until such time as the conveyor or its control system is rebuilt or rewired. These warning signs shall be clear, concise, and legible and shall indicate that conveyors and allied equipment may be started at any time, that danger exists, and that personnel must keep clear. These warning signs shall be provided along the conveyor at areas not guarded by position or location.

(11) Remotely and automatically controlled conveyors, and conveyors that have operating stations which are not manned or which are beyond voice and visual contact from drive areas, loading areas, transfer points, and other locations on the conveyor path not guarded by location, position, or guards shall be furnished with emergency stop buttons, pull cords, limit switches, or similar emergency stop devices. However, if the employer can demonstrate that the design, function, and operation of the conveyor do not expose an employee to hazards, an emergency stop device is not required.

(a) Emergency stop devices shall be easily identifiable in the immediate vicinity of such locations.

(b) An emergency stop device shall act directly on the control of the conveyor involved and may not depend on the stopping of any other equipment.

(c) Emergency stop devices shall be installed so that they cannot be overridden from other locations.

(12) Where coal-handling operations may produce a combustible atmosphere from fuel sources or from flammable gases or dust, sources of ignition shall be eliminated or safely controlled to prevent ignition of the combustible atmosphere.

Note: Locations that are hazardous because of the presence of combustible dust are classified as Class II hazardous locations. See chapter 296-24 WAC, Part L.

(13) An employee may not work on or beneath overhanging coal in coal bunkers, coal silos, or coal storage areas, unless the employee is protected from all hazards posed by shifting coal.

(14) An employee entering a bunker or silo to dislodge the contents shall wear a body harness with lifeline attached. The lifeline shall be secured to a fixed support outside the bunker and shall be attended at all times by an employee located outside the bunker or facility.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-48555, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-48560 Hydroplants and equipment. 

Employees working on or close to water gates, valves, intakes, forebays, flumes, or other locations where increased or decreased water flow or levels may pose a significant hazard shall be warned and shall vacate such dangerous areas before water flow changes are made.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-48560, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-525 Special conditions.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-525, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-52505 Capacitors. 

The following additional requirements apply to work on capacitors and on lines connected to capacitors.

Note: See WAC 296-45-335 through 296-45-345 for requirements pertaining to the de-energizing and grounding of capacitor installations.

(1) Before employees work on capacitors, the capacitors shall be disconnected from energized sources and, after a wait of at least 5 minutes from the time of disconnection, short-circuited.

(2) Before the units are handled, each unit in series-parallel capacitor banks shall be short-circuited between all terminals and the capacitor case or its rack. If the cases of capacitors are on ungrounded substation racks, the racks shall be bonded to ground.

(3) Any line to which capacitors are connected shall be short-circuited before it is considered de-energized.

(4) After removal from service, short circuits shall remain on capacitors in storage until returned to service.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-52505, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-52510 Current transformer secondaries. 

The secondary of a current transformer may not be opened while the transformer is energized. If the primary of the current transformer cannot be de-energized before work is performed on an instrument, a relay, or other section of a current transformer secondary circuit, the circuit shall be bridged so that the current transformer secondary will not be opened. 

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-52510, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-52515 Series streetlighting.

(1) If the open-circuit voltage exceeds 600 volts, the series streetlighting circuit shall be worked in accordance with WAC 296-45-215 or 296-45-385, as appropriate.

(2) A series loop may only be opened after the streetlighting transformer has been de-energized and isolated from the source of supply or after the loop is bridged to avoid an open-circuit condition.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-52515, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-52520 Illumination. 

Sufficient illumination shall be provided to enable the employee to perform the work safely.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-52520, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-52525 Protection against drowning.

(1) Whenever an employee may be pulled or pushed or may fall into water where the danger of drowning exists, the employee shall be provided with and shall use U.S. Coast Guard approved personal flotation devices.

(2) Each personal flotation device shall be maintained in safe condition and shall be inspected frequently enough to ensure that it does not have rot, mildew, water saturation, or any other condition that could render the device unsuitable for use.

(3) An employee may cross streams or other bodies of water only if a safe means of passage, such as a bridge, is provided.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-52525, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-52530 Employee protection in public work areas.

(1) (a) Before work begins in the vicinity of vehicular or pedestrian traffic that may endanger employees, traffic control signs, devices, and barriers must be positioned and used according to the requirements of chapter 296-155 WAC, Part E.

(b) When flaggers are used, employers, responsible contractors and/or project owners must comply with the requirements of WAC 296-155-305.

(2) During hours of darkness, warning lights must be prominently displayed.

(3) Excavated areas must be protected with barricades.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-04-090 (Order 00-03), § 296-45-52530, filed 02/07/01, effective 02/07/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-52530, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-52535 Backfeed. 

If there is a possibility of voltage backfeed from sources of cogeneration or from the secondary system (for example, backfeed from more than one energized phase feeding a common load), the requirements of WAC 296-45-325 apply if the lines or equipment are to be worked as energized, and the requirements of WAC 296-45-335 and 296-45-345 apply if the lines or equipment are to be worked as de-energized.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-52535, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-52540 Lasers. 

Laser equipment shall be installed, adjusted, and operated in accordance with WAC 296-155-155.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-52540, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-52545 Hydraulic fluids. 

Hydraulic fluids used for the insulated sections of equipment shall provide insulation for the voltage involved.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-52545, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-52550 Foreign attachments and placards. 

Nails and unauthorized attachments should be removed before climbing above such attachments. When through bolts present a hazard to climbing, they shall be trimmed to a safe length.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-52550, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-545 Trolley maintenance, jumpering or bypassing.

(1) Energized trolley wire shall be jumpered when it is to be opened or cut.

(2) Reaching over trolley wire(s) or system(s). Lineworkers shall not reach over trolley wire(s) unless properly protected by line hose or rubber blanket.

(3) Reaching across sectional insulators. Lineworkers shall not reach across section insulator(s), insulated spacer(s) or insulated approach.

(4) Polarity on either side of sectionalizing breakers. Since the polarity on both sides of a sectionalizing insulator may be different, it is required that prior to performance of work, tests be performed with approved testing equipment to determine whether or not the polarity is the same or different on one side of the sectional insulator as compared with the other.

(5) Working on hangers. More than one truck crew shall not work on hangers attached to the same span at the same time, without rubber protection.

(6) Workers on hangers of opposite polarity. Trolley hangers and ears of opposite polarity shall not be worked on at the same time when trolley wire is energized.

(7) Checking electric switches. When electric switches are checked for operation, making it necessary to short circuit the contactor to each trolley wire, tools with insulated handles shall be used.

(8) Short circuit due to use of noninsulated or conductive long handled tools. When a hazard of short circuit exists, due to use of noninsulated or conductive long handled tools, approved protective rubber equipment shall be used as provided in this chapter.

(9) Trolley feeders. When work is to be performed on street railway trolley feeders where it is necessary for workers to work from metal or other grounded poles or fixtures or on poles or fixtures on which grounds are maintained, the feeders shall be de-energized unless the poles or fixtures are insulated before the work is started with approved protective devices in such manner that employees cannot become grounded while working on the feeders, and employees shall wear approved rubber gloves.

(10) Truck driver shall remain at tower controls while workers are working on towers except when the aerial manlift equipment has been properly chocked to prevent uncontrolled movement. Tower trucks shall be equipped with a reliable signaling device between the employees working on the tower and the truck driver.

(11) Working on truck towers. Employees shall not stand on tower gates or railings. Work shall not be done from plank(s) placed on tower railings.

(12) Tower truck railings. Towers shall have standard railings and toeboards around the tower and all railings shall be constructed of wood, fiberglass or other nonmetallic material. All railings shall be a vertical height of not less than 36 inches or more than 42 inches from the floor of the platform to the upper surface of the top rail. Intermediate railings shall be midway between the floor and the underside of the top rail. Tower gates shall be so constructed as to prevent accidental opening.

(13) Tower truck decks shall be kept clear of tools, wire and other materials and tools shall be kept in proper storage area when not in use.

(14) Lineworkers shall not wear climbers or spurs while working on a tower truck.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-545, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-675 Rotorcraft/helicopter for power distribution and transmission line installation, construction and repair--Scope.

(1) These standards which include WAC 296-45-675 shall apply to work being done on or near any rotorcraft, helicopter crane, or similar device when such device is for power distribution and transmission line construction, alteration, repair or similar work. These standards include work practices when such equipment is being or is about to be used and shall apply to the exclusion of any other standard should such other standard be in conflict with the standards contained herein.

(2) These rules shall be interpreted where necessary to achieve the protection of employees affected by the hazards particular to the helicopter operation and shall be so interpreted as not to conflict with any federal law or regulation governing the operation or maintenance of such craft.

[Order 76-38, § 296-45-675, filed 12/30/76.]

WAC 296-45-67503 Definitions.

(1) “Cargo hooks.” A device attached or suspended from an aircraft which is used to connect an external load to the aircraft through direct couplings or by lead lines. This unit has both mechanical and electrical locking/unlocking means.

(2) “Designated employees.” Those employees selected or designated by the employer to work under or near helicopters who have first been instructed in hooking, unhooking, guiding and securing the load, including the signalperson, all of whom have been instructed in the hazards of helicopter work and who know the provisions of this section.

(3) “Downwash.” A down and outward air column from the main rotor system.

(4) “Ground personnel or crew.” Those employees who are physically and mentally capable, who are familiar with the hazards of helicopter use in power distribution and transmission line work, and who know these rules and the methods of operation.

(5) “Helicopter,” “helicopter crane,” and “rotorcraft.” Those aircraft whose support in the air is derived solely from the reaction of a stream of air driven downward by propellers revolving around a vertical axis, which are designed for and capable of carrying external loads. The use of the word helicopter in these rules shall also mean helicopter crane, rotorcraft, or similar device.

(6) “Hooking and unhooking.” That process by which an external load is either attached to or released from the cargo hook.

(7) “Positive guide system.” A system or method of installing a load into position so that the load is capable of being released from the helicopter without being otherwise secured so that the load will remain in position permanently or until otherwise secured by physical means.

(8) “Rotors.” That system of blades which rotates or revolves to supply lift or direction to the rotorcraft.

(9) “Approved rubber gloves.” Rubber insulating gloves used for protection of electrical workers from electric shock while working on energized conductors and equipment.

(10) “Signalperson.” That member of the ground crew that is designated by an employer to direct, signal and otherwise communicate with the operator of the helicopter.

(11) “Sling line.” A strap, chain, rope or the like used to securely hold something being lifted, lowered, carried or otherwise suspended.

(12) “Sock line.” A rope(s), cable(s) or similar line(s) which is used to pull a conductor line from a reel or to remove existing strung conductors from poles or towers.

(13) “Static charge.” A stationary charge of electricity.

(14) “Tag line.” A rope or similar device used to guide or control the direction or movement of a load.

[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-20-057 (Order 94-16), § 296-45-67503, filed 9/30/94, effective 11/20/94; Order 76-38, § 296-45-67503, filed 12/30/76.]

WAC 296-45-67505 Briefing.

(1) Before work or a job involving helicopters begins, there shall be a discussion between all affected employees which shall include the ground crew, signalperson and pilot or operator of the helicopter. The discussion shall cover the particular hazards of the job, the methods of performing the work and the signals to be used. All employees shall, before the beginning of such work or job, understand in detail the hazards, the methods and the signals to be used and these regulations.

(2) Every employee before being allowed to work on or near helicopter(s) operating with or without load shall be advised and understand the hazards involved, the methods of performing the work, the signals being used and these regulations.

[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-20-057 (Order 94-16), § 296-45-67505, filed 9/30/94, effective 11/20/94; Order 76-38, § 296-45-67505, filed 12/30/76.]

WAC 296-45-67507 Signals.

(1) The signals between the signalperson and the operator of the helicopter shall be those submitted to the Federal Aviation Agency for the particular procedure or job. In the event no signals have been submitted to the Federal Aviation Administration, a system of signaling shall be used which has been reduced to writing and which is capable of being clearly understood by all employees and others involved in the job.

(2) Should there occur a change in the hazards, method of performing the job, signals to be used, or other operating conditions during the course of any particular job, a conference shall immediately be held at which time all affected employees and others, including signalpersons, groundworkers, pilot(s), will be advised of such hazards or change of operation. No employee shall be permitted to work unless such employee and others fully understand the change(s) which have taken place.

[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-20-057 (Order 94-16), § 296-45-67507, filed 9/30/94, effective 11/20/94; Order 76-38, § 296-45-67507, filed 12/30/76.]

WAC 296-45-67509 Slings and tag lines.

(1) Loads shall be properly slung so that there will be no slippage or shifting of the load and so that the load will not accidentally be dislodged from the helicopter.

(2) Tag lines shall be of such length as not to be capable of being accidentally drawn into or otherwise entering into the rotors.

(3) Pressed sleeves, wedged eyes, or equivalent means shall be used for all suspended loads.

[Order 76-38, § 296-45-67509, filed 12/30/76.]

WAC 296-45-67511 Cargo Hooks.

(1) All electrically operated cargo hooks shall have the electrical activating device which is so designed and installed as to prevent inadvertent or accidental operation. Such cargo hooks shall be equipped with an emergency mechanical or manual control for releasing the load. The electrical control shall be a double button single hand control.

(2) No electrical cargo hook shall be used unless, prior to that day's operation, the releases are tested and functioning properly, both electrically and mechanically (manually).

(3) No employee shall be permitted to work under a hovering helicopter(s) unless the cargo hooks used comply with Federal Aviation Administration regulations governing such hooks.

[Order 76-38, § 296-45-67511, filed 12/30/76.]

WAC 296-45-67513 Personal protective equipment. 

Personal protective equipment when working on, under or in the near vicinity of helicopters:

(1) All employees shall wear eye protection of such design as to prevent the likelihood of dust or other substances from contacting the eye(s) of employees.

(2) All employees shall wear hard hats which shall be secured on the employee's head by a chinstrap.

[Order 76-38, § 296-45-67513, filed 12/30/76.]

WAC 296-45-67515 Wearing apparel. 

No employee shall wear clothing or apparel which is either designed to or in fact can reasonably be expected to flap or otherwise react in a similar fashion in the downwash or air disturbance of a helicopter(s). No employee shall work on, under or in the near vicinity of a helicopter while wearing such apparel or clothing which flaps or moves to the extent that it presents a hazard in that it could be caught in the moving equipment, the hoist line, or otherwise interfere with the safe performance of the work.

[Order 76-38, § 296-45-67515, filed 12/30/76.]

WAC 296-45-67517 Loose gear and objects. 

All loose gear, including lunch boxes, rope, cardboard, wire covers and similar items shall be removed or secured or otherwise made fast before the helicopter is started or allowed to approach such area. In the event the gear is not secured or fastened, it shall be removed and located outside the downwash at least 100 feet from the helicopter.

[Order 76-38, § 296-45-67517, filed 12/30/76.]

WAC 296-45-67519 Housekeeping. 

All helicopter landing, loading and unloading areas shall be maintained in a neat and orderly fashion so as to reduce the likelihood of flying materials, tripping, or other hazards attendant to the work being performed.

[Order 76-38, § 296-45-67519, filed 12/30/76.]

WAC 296-45-67521 Operator's responsibility.

(1) The helicopter operator shall be responsible for the size, weight and manner in which loads are connected to the helicopter.

(2) No load shall be made if the helicopter operator believes the lift cannot safely be performed. The employer shall make certain that the operator of the helicopter is able to freely exercise their prerogative and judgment as to safe operation of the helicopter itself concerning size, weight and manner by which loads are connected.

(3) No employee shall work on, under, near or in conjunction with a helicopter whose operation does not correspond with the foregoing provisions.

[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-20-057 (Order 94-16), § 296-45-67521, filed 9/30/94, effective 11/20/94; Order 76-38, § 296-45-67521, filed 12/30/76.]

WAC 296-45-67523 Hooking and unhooking loads. 

No employee shall perform work under hovering helicopters: Provided, That qualified and capable employees may function under such craft for that limited period of time necessary to guide, secure, hook or unhook the loads. When guiding, securing, hooking or unhooking the load at elevated positions, employees shall be assisted by and use a positive positioning guide system. When under hovering helicopters at any other location, the employee shall have a safe means of ingress and egress, including readily available escape route or routes in the event of an emergency. No other work or work-related activity other than the aforementioned shall be permitted under hovering helicopters. Bolting of or otherwise permanently securing the structures is prohibited under hovering helicopters except that in the event of an unforeseen contingency of an emergency nature which represents a substantial hazard to life or property, an employee may do such work as is necessary to preserve life or protect substantial property.

[Order 76-38, § 296-45-67523, filed 12/30/76.].

WAC 296-45-67525 Static charge. 

All loads shall be grounded with a grounding device capable of discharging either the actual or potential static charge before ground personnel either touch or come close enough to touch the suspended load, or protective rubber gloves shall be worn by all ground personnel either touching the suspended load or who are likely to touch the load.

[Order 76-38, § 296-45-67525, filed 12/30/76.]

WAC 296-45-67527 Load permitted.

(1) Weight of the external load shall not exceed the manufacturer's load limit.

(2) A helicopter shall not pull any cable, rope or similar line which is at any point attached to a fixed object other than the helicopter itself. Helicopters may pull a free-wheeling sock line so long as the end of the sock line is not tied to a reel, truck, or other fixed object. Such line cannot be tied to or otherwise secured to the roll-off reel other than by having been wrapped around such reel.

[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-20-057 (Order 94-16), § 296-45-67527, filed 9/30/94, effective 11/20/94; Order 76-38, § 296-45-67527, filed 12/30/76.]

WAC 296-45-67529 Visibility. 

Employees shall keep clear of and outside the downwash of the helicopters except as necessary to perform a permitted activity. Where reasonably practicable, reduced vision of the operator and ground crew shall be eliminated. 

[Order 76-38, § 296-45-67529, filed 12/30/76.]

WAC 296-45-67531 Signal systems.

(1) Communication shall be maintained between the air crew and ground personnel at all times. Such signal systems shall be understood by the air crew and the ground crew, including signalpersons, prior to the hoisting of any load. There shall be constant radio and hand signals used. The signalperson shall have the sole and exclusive function during periods of loading and unloading of signaling and maintaining communications with the pilot. The signalperson shall be so dressed as to make their appearance distinguishable from other members of the ground crew by the operator of the craft. This may be by way of orange-colored gloves, vest, or other wearing apparel. In addition, the leadworker and one top person shall also have an operating transmitter and receiver.

(2) Designated employees may come within 50 feet of the helicopter when the rotor blades are turning, but no closer, other than to enter the craft or to hook or unhook the load or do other essential functions. Other employee(s) shall not come closer than 100 feet of the craft when it is operating. 

[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-20-057 (Order 94-16), § 296-45-67531, filed 9/30/94, effective 11/20/94; Order 76-38, § 296-45-67531, filed 12/30/76.]

WAC 296-45-67533 Approaching the helicopter. 

Whenever approaching or leaving a helicopter with blades rotating, all employees shall remain in full view of pilot or operator and remain in a crouched position if within 50 feet of the helicopter. No employee shall approach the rear of the helicopter unless directly authorized and directed by the operator of such craft to be there at that time. All employees when operating or working within 50 feet of the helicopter with blades turning are subject to the direction of the helicopter operator. No employee shall enter or leave the helicopter unless and until the place at which they enter or leave such craft is large enough for the helicopter itself to land. 

[Order 76-38 § 296-45-67533, filed 12/30/76.].

WAC 296-45-67535 In helicopter.

(1) While in the helicopter, safety belts will remain fastened at all times except when pilot or operator instructs otherwise or while entering or leaving the helicopter.

(2) No smoking in the helicopter unless otherwise permitted by the pilot.

(3) All rack cargo will be secured prior to and during takeoff and flight.

(4) All internal cargo will be secured or otherwise held.

(5) No gear shall be thrown toward or placed in front of the cockpit on or near plexiglass enclosure.

(6) No employee shall lean against or rub the plexiglass.

(7) No employee shall ride in or work under or near a helicopter with less than 15 minutes reserve fuel.

(8) No employee shall have sharp objects in their pocket while sitting in or on the helicopter.

(9) No employee shall touch any switch, knob, instrument, or other control or device in the cockpit unless specifically directed by the operator.

(10) No cargo shall be thrown into pans or cargo rack.

(11) No employee shall obscure or otherwise obstruct the pilot's ability to visually see the instruments or flight path during flight or operation.\par(12) No employee shall attempt to slow or stop the rotorcraft blades by hand unless directed or instructed to do so and aided by the pilot.

[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-20-057 (Order 94-16), § 296-45-67535, filed 9/30/94, effective 11/20/94; Order 76-38, § 296-45-67535, filed 12/30/76.]

WAC 296-45-67537 Sling and rigging.

(1) The sling used for the external load shall be inspected each day before use. An employee designated as rigger, who shall be capable of properly inspecting the rigging, shall inspect the sling.

(2) No sling shall be used unless it has a minimum tensile strength of four times the load which will be carried or is being carried.

(3) No sling shall be used unless upon inspection it is determined to be in good condition and capable of the work which is to be performed. 

[Order 76-38, § 296-45-67537, filed 12/30/76.[

WAC 296-45-67539 Personnel. 

All ground personnel shall be physically and mentally able to perform the work to which they are assigned, including being knowledgeable in these rules. There shall be a sufficient number of ground personnel so as to be able to safely guide, secure, hook and unhook the load.

[Order 76-38, § 296-45-67539, filed 12/30/76.]

WAC 296-45-67541 Fires. 

Open fires shall not be permitted in any area in which said fires will be affected by the downwash of the rotors, nor shall any employee smoke in an area subject to the downdraft of the rotor.

[Order 76-38, § 296-45-67541, filed 12/30/76.]

WAC 296-45-67543 General. 

No employee shall work under or in the near vicinity of helicopters unless the operator has a valid license for operating the craft, knows the signals to be used, has been present at the last briefing held and knows these rules. No employee shall work under or near such craft if the operator is under the influence of intoxicating beverages or prescription medications which affect his/her ability, nor shall any employee work under or near such craft if the operator is careless or engages in any negligent or reckless operation of the helicopter.

[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-20-057 (Order 94-16), § 296-45-67543, filed 9/30/94, effective 11/20/94; Order 76-38, § 296-45-67543, filed 12/30/76.]

WAC 296-45-67545 Refueling operations.

(1) Under no circumstances shall the refueling of any type helicopter with either aviation gasoline or Jet B (Turbine) type fuel be permitted while the engines are running.

(2) Helicopters using Jet A (Turbine-Kerosene) type fuel may be refueled with engines running provided the following criteria is met:

(a) No unauthorized persons shall be allowed within fifty feet of the refueling operation or fueling equipment.

(b) A minimum of one thirty-pound fire extinguisher, or a combination of same, good for class A, B and C fires, shall be provided within one hundred feet on the upwind side of the refueling operation.

Note: For additional requirements relating to portable fire extinguishers see WAC 296-800-300.

(c) All fueling personnel shall be thoroughly trained in the refueling operation and in the use of the available fire extinguishing equipment they may be expected to utilize.

(d) There shall be no smoking, open flames, exposed flame heaters, flare pots, or open flame lights within fifty feet of the refueling area or fueling equipment. All entrances to the refueling area shall be posted with “no smoking” signs.

(e) Due to the numerous causes of static electricity, it shall be considered present at all times. Prior to starting refueling operations, the fueling equipment and the helicopter shall be grounded and the fueling nozzle shall be electrically bonded to the helicopter. The use of conductive hose shall not be accepted to accomplish this bonding. All grounding and bonding connections shall be electrically and mechanically firm, to clean unpainted metal parts.

(f) To control spills, fuel shall be pumped either by hand or power. Pouring or gravity flow shall not be permitted. Self-closing nozzles or deadman controls shall be used and shall not be blocked open. Nozzles shall not be dragged along the ground.

(g) In case of a spill, the fueling operation shall be immediately stopped until such time as the person-in-charge determines that it is safe to resume the refueling operation.

(h) When ambient temperatures have been in the one hundred degrees Fahrenheit range for an extended period of time, all refueling of helicopters with the engines running shall be suspended until such time as conditions become suitable to resume refueling with the engines running.

(3) Helicopters with their engines stopped being refueled with aviation gasoline or Jet B (Turbine) type fuel, shall also comply with subsection (2)(a) through (g) of this section.

[Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 89-11-035 (Order 89-03), § 296-45-67545, filed 5/15/89, effective 6/30/89.]

WAC 296-45-900 Appendices. Nonmandatory.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-900, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-901 Appendix A-Nonmandatory.

Appendix A -- Tables

Table 2 (pdf) 

AC Live Work Minimum Approach Distance With 

Transient Overvoltage Factor

Note 1: The distances specified in this table may be applied only where the maximum anticipated per-unit transient overvoltage has been determined by engineering analysis and has been supplied by the employer. Table 1 applies otherwise.

Note 2: The distances specified in this table are the air, and live-line tool distances.

Table 3 (pdf) 

AC Live Work Minimum Approach Distance 

With Transient Overvoltage Factor

Note 1: The distances specified in this table may be applied only where the maximum anticipated per-unit transient overvoltage has been determined by engineering analysis and has been supplied by the employer. Table 1 applies otherwise.

Note 2: The distances specified in this table are the air, and live-line tool distances.

Table 4 (pdf) 

DC Live Work Minimum Approach Distance 

With Transient Overvoltage Factor

Note 1: The distances specified in this table may be applied only where the maximum anticipated per-unit transient overvoltage has been determined by engineering analysis and has been supplied by the employer. However, if the transient overvoltage factor is not known, a factor of 1.8 shall be assumed.

Note 2: The distances specified in this table are the air, and live-line tool distances.

Table 5 (pdf) 

Altitude Correction Factor

Note: If the work is performed at elevations greater than 3000 ft (900 m) above mean sea level, the minimum approach distance shall be determined by multiplying the distances in Table 1 through Table 4 by the correction factor corresponding to the altitude at which work is performed.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040. 99-09-080 (Order 99-04), § 296-45-901, filed 04/20/99, effective 08/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-901, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-903 Appendix B - Protection from Step and Touch Potentials-Nonmandatory.

I. “Introduction”

When a ground fault occurs on a power line, voltage is impressed on the “grounded” object faulting the line. The voltage to which this object rises depends largely on the voltage on the line, on the impedance of the faulted conductor, and on the impedance to “true,” or “absolute,” ground represented by the object. If the object causing the fault represents a relatively large impedance, the voltage impressed on it is essentially the phase-to-ground system voltage. However, even faults to well grounded transmission towers or substation structures can result in hazardous voltages.(1) The degree of the hazard depends upon the magnitude of the fault current and the time of exposure.

Footnote(¹) This appendix provides information primarily with respect to employee protection from contact between equipment being used and an energized power line. The information presented is also relevant to ground faults to transmission towers and substation structures; however, grounding systems for these structures should be designed to minimize the step and touch potentials involved.

II. “Voltage-Gradient Distribution”

A. Voltage-Gradient Distribution Curve

The dissipation of voltage from a grounding electrode (or from the grounded end of an energized grounded object) is called the ground potential gradient. Voltage drops associated with this dissipation of voltage are called ground potentials. Figure A is a typical voltage-gradient distribution curve (assuming a uniform soil texture). This graph shows that voltage decreases rapidly with increasing distance from the grounding electrode.

B. Step and Touch Potentials

“Step potential” is the voltage between the feet of a person standing near an energized grounded object. It is equal to the difference in voltage, given by the voltage distribution curve, between two points at different distances from the “electrode”. A person could be at risk of injury during a fault simply by standing near the grounding point.

“Touch potential” is the voltage between the energized object and the feet of a person in contact with the object. It is equal to the difference in voltage between the object (which is at a distance of 0 feet) and a point some distance away. It should be noted that the touch potential could be nearly the full voltage across the grounded object if that object is grounded at a point remote from the place where the person is in contact with it. For example, a crane that was grounded to the system neutral and that contacted an energized line would expose any person in contact with the crane or its uninsulated load line to a touch potential nearly equal to the full fault voltage.

Step and touch potentials are illustrated in Figure B.

C. “Protection From the Hazards of Ground-Potential Gradients.”

An engineering analysis of the power system under fault conditions can be used to determine whether or not hazardous step and touch voltages will develop. The result of this analysis can ascertain the need for protective measures and can guide the selection of appropriate precautions.

Several methods may be used to protect employees from hazardous ground-potential gradients, including equipotential zones, insulating equipment, and restricted work areas.

1. The creation of an equipotential zone will protect a worker standing within it from hazardous step and touch potentials. (See Figure C.) Such a zone can be produced through the use of a metal mat connected to the grounded object. In some cases, a grounding grid can be used to equalize the voltage within the grid. Equipotential zones will not, however, protect employees who are either wholly or partially outside the protected area. Bonding conductive objects in the immediate work area can also be used to minimize the potential between the objects and between each object and ground. (Bonding an object outside the work area can increase the touch potential to that object in some cases, however.)

Figure C

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-903, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]

WAC 296-45-905 Appendix C - Methods of Inspecting and Testing Wood Poles-Nonmandatory.

I. “Introduction”

When work is to be performed on a wood pole, it is important to determine the condition of the pole before it is climbed. The weight of the employee, the weight of equipment being installed, and other working stresses (such as the removal or retensioning of conductors) can lead to the failure of a defective pole or one that is not designed to handle the additional stresses.(1) For these reasons, it is essential that an inspection and test of the condition of a wood pole be performed before it is climbed.

Footnote(¹) A properly guyed pole in good condition should, at a minimum, be able to handle the weight of an employee climbing it. If the pole is found to be unsafe to climb or to work from, it must be secured so that it does not fail while an employee is on it.

The pole can be secured by a line truck boom, by ropes or guys, or by lashing a new pole alongside it. If a new one is lashed alongside the defective pole, work should be performed from the new one.

II. “Inspection of Wood Poles”

Wood poles should be inspected by a qualified employee for the following condition:(2)

Footnote(²) The presence of any of these conditions is an indication that the pole may not be safe to climb or to work from. The employee performing the inspection must be qualified to make a determination as to whether or not it is safe to perform the work without taking additional precautions.

A. General Condition

The pole should be inspected for buckling at the ground line and for an unusual angle with respect to the ground. Buckling and odd angles may indicate that the pole has rotted or is broken.

B. Cracks

The pole should be inspected for cracks. Horizontal cracks perpendicular to the grain of the wood may weaken the pole. Vertical ones, although not considered to be a sign of a defective pole, can pose a hazard to the climber, and the employee should keep his or her gaffs away from them while climbing.

C. Holes

Hollow spots and woodpecker holes can reduce the strength of a wood pole.

D. Shell Rot and Decay

Rotting and decay are cutout hazards and are possible indications of the age and internal condition of the pole.

E. Knots

One large knot or several smaller ones at the same height on the pole may be evidence of a weak point on the pole.

F. Depth of Setting

Evidence of the existence of a former ground line substantially above the existing ground level may be an indication that the pole is no longer buried to a sufficient extent.

G. Soil Conditions

Soft, wet, or loose soil may not support any changes of stress on the pole.

H. Burn Marks

Burning from transformer failures or conductor faults could damage the pole so that it cannot withstand mechanical stress changes.

III. “Testing of Wood Poles”

The following tests are recognized as acceptable methods of testing wood poles:

A. Hammer Test

Rap the pole sharply with a hammer weighing about 3 pounds, starting near the ground line and continuing upwards circumferentially around the pole to a height of approximately 6 feet. The hammer will produce a clear sound and rebound sharply when striking sound wood. Decay pockets will be indicated by a dull sound or a less pronounced hammer rebound. Also, prod the pole as near the ground line as possible using a pole prod or a screwdriver with a blade at least 5 inches long. If substantial decay is encountered, the pole is considered unsafe.

B. Rocking Test

Apply a horizontal force to the pole and attempt to rock it back and forth in a direction perpendicular to the line. Caution must be exercised to avoid causing power lines to swing together. The force may be applied either by pushing with a pike pole or pulling with a rope. If the pole cracks during the test, it shall be considered unsafe.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050, .060. 98-07-009 (Order 97-17), §296-45-905, filed 03/06/98, effective 05/06/98.]