This standard applies
to all occupational exposures to cadmium and cadmium compounds,
in all forms, and in all industries covered by the Washington
Industrial Safety and Health Act, except the construction-related
industries, which are covered under WAC
296-155-174.
(1) “Action
level” (AL) is defined as an airborne concentration
of cadmium of 2.5 micrograms per cubic meter of air (2.5 µg/m3),
calculated as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA).
(2) “Authorized
person” means any person authorized by the employer
and required by work duties to be present in regulated areas or
any person authorized by the WISH Act or regulations issued under
it to be in regulated areas.
(3) “Director”
means the director of the department of labor and industries,
or authorized representatives.
(4) “Employee
exposure” and similar language referring to the air
cadmium level to which an employee is exposed means the exposure
to airborne cadmium that would occur if the employee were not
using respiratory protective equipment.
(5) “Final
medical determination” is the written medical opinion
of the employee's health status by the examining physician under
WAC
296-62-07423(3) through (12) or, if multiple physician review
under
WAC 296-62-07423(13) or the alternative physician determination
under WAC
296-62-07423(14) is invoked, it is the final, written medical
finding, recommendation or determination that emerges from that
process.
(6) High-efficiency
particulate air (HEPA) filter means a filter capable of trapping
and retaining at least 99.97 percent of mono-dispersed particles
of 0.3 micrometers in diameter.
(7) Regulated area
means an area demarcated by the employer where an employee's exposure
to airborne concentrations of cadmium exceeds, or can reasonably
be expected to exceed the permissible exposure limit (PEL).
WAC
296-62-07405 Permissible exposure limit (PEL).
The employer shall assure that no employee
is exposed to an airborne concentration of cadmium in excess of
five micrograms per cubic meter of air (5 µg/m3), calculated
as an 8-hour time-weighted average exposure (TWA).
(a) Each employer who has a workplace
or work operation covered by this section shall determine if
any employee may be exposed to cadmium at or above the action
level.
(b) Determinations of employee exposure
shall be made from breathing zone air samples that reflect the
monitored employee's regular, daily 8-hour TWA exposure to cadmium.
(c) 8-hour TWA exposures shall be determined
for each employee on the basis of one or more personal breathing
zone air samples reflecting full shift exposure on each shift,
for each job classification, in each work area. Where several
employees perform the same job tasks, in the same job classification,
on the same shift, in the same work area, and the length, duration,
and level of cadmium exposures are similar, an employer may
sample a representative fraction of the employees instead of
all employees in order to meet this requirement. In representative
sampling, the employer shall sample the employee(s) expected
to have the highest cadmium exposures.
(2) Specific.
(a) Initial monitoring. Except as provided
for in (b) and (c) of this subsection, the employer shall monitor
employee exposures and shall base initial determinations on
the monitoring results.
(b) Where the employer has monitored after
September 14, 1991, under conditions that in all important aspects
closely resemble those currently prevailing and where that monitoring
satisfies all other requirements of this section, including
the accuracy and confidence levels of subsection (6) of this
section, the employer may rely on such earlier monitoring results
to satisfy the requirements of WAC
296-62-07427 (2)(a).
(c)
Where the employer has objective data, as defined in WAC
296-62-07427(2), demonstrating that employee exposure to
cadmium will not exceed the action level under the expected
conditions of processing, use, or handling, the employer may
rely upon such data instead of implementing initial monitoring.
(3) Monitoring
frequency (periodic monitoring).
(a) If the initial monitoring or periodic
monitoring reveals employee exposures to be at or above the
action level, the employer shall monitor at a frequency and
pattern needed to represent the levels of exposure of employees
and where exposures are above the PEL to assure the adequacy
of respiratory selection and the effectiveness of engineering
and work-practice controls. However, such exposure monitoring
shall be performed at least every six months. The employer,
at a minimum, shall continue these semiannual measurements unless
and until the conditions set out in (b) of this subsection are
met.
(b) If the initial monitoring or the periodic
monitoring indicates that employee exposures are below the action
level and that result is confirmed by the results of another
monitoring taken at least seven days later, the employer
may discontinue the monitoring for those employees whose exposures
are represented by such monitoring.
(4) Additional monitoring. The employer
also shall institute the exposure monitoring required under (2)(a)
and (3) of this section whenever there has been a change in the
raw materials, equipment, personnel, work-practices, or finished
products that may result in additional employees being exposed
to cadmium at or above the action level or in employees already
exposed to cadmium at or above the action level being exposed
above the PEL, or
whenever the employer has any reason to
suspect that any other change might result in such further exposure.
(5) Employee
notification of monitoring results.
(a) Within fifteen working days after
the receipt of the results of any monitoring performed under
this section, the employer shall notify each affected employee
individually in writing of the results. In addition, within
the same time period the employer shall post the results of
the exposure monitoring in an appropriate location that is accessible
to all affected employees.
(b) Wherever monitoring results indicate
that employee exposure exceeds the PEL, the employer shall include
in the written notice a statement that the PEL has been exceeded
and a description of the corrective action being taken by the
employer to reduce employee exposure to or below the PEL.
(6) Accuracy of measurement. The
employer shall use a method of monitoring and analysis that has
an accuracy of not less than plus or minus twenty-five percent,
with a confidence level of ninety-five percent, for airborne concentrations
of cadmium at or above the action level, the permissible exposure
limit (PEL), and the separate engineering control
(1) Establishment. The employer shall
establish a regulated area wherever an employee's exposure to
airborne concentrations of cadmium is, or can reasonably be expected
to be in excess of the permissible exposure limit (PEL).
(2) Demarcation. Regulated areas
shall be demarcated from the rest of the workplace in any manner
that adequately establishes and alerts employees of the boundaries
of the regulated area.
(3) Access. Access to regulated areas
shall be limited to authorized persons.
(4) Provision of respirators. Each
person entering a regulated area shall be supplied with and required
to use a respirator, selected in accordance with WAC
296-62-07413(2).
(5) Prohibited activities. The employer
shall assure that employees do not eat, drink, smoke, chew tobacco
or gum, or apply cosmetics in regulated areas, carry the products
associated with these activities into regulated areas, or store
such products in those areas.
(a) Except as specified in (b), (c), and
(d) of this subsection, the employer shall implement engineering
and work-practice controls to reduce and maintain employee exposure
to cadmium at or below the PEL, except to the extent that the
employer can demonstrate that such controls are not feasible.
(b) Except as specified in (c) and (d)
of this subsection, in industries where a separate engineering
control air limit (SECAL) has been specified for particular
processes (Table 1 of this subsection), the employer shall implement
engineering and work-practice controls to reduce and maintain
employee exposure at or below the SECAL, except to the extent
that the employer can demonstrate that such controls are not
feasible.
Table 1. --Separate Engineering
Control Airborne Limits (SECALs) for Processes in Selected Industries
(SECALs)
Process
SECAL
(µg/m3)
Nickel Cadmium battery
Plate making, plate preparation
All other processes
* Processes in these industries that are
not specified in this table must achieve the PEL using engineering
controls and work-practices as required in (a) of this subsection.
(c) The requirement to implement engineering
and work-practice controls to achieve the PEL or, where applicable,
the SECAL does not apply where the employer demonstrates the
following:
(i) The employee is only intermittently
exposed; and
(ii) The employee is not exposed above
the PEL on thirty or more days per year (twelve consecutive
months).
(d) Wherever engineering and work-practice
controls are required and are not sufficient to reduce employee
exposure to or below the PEL or, where applicable, the SECAL,
the employer nonetheless shall implement such controls to reduce
exposures to the lowest levels achievable.
The employer shall supplement such controls
with respiratory protection that complies with the requirements
of WAC
296-62-07413 and the PEL.
(e) The employer shall not use employee
rotation as a method of compliance.
(2) Compliance
program.
(a) Where the PEL is exceeded, the employer
shall establish and implement a written compliance program to
reduce employee exposure to or below the PEL by means of engineering
and work-practice controls, as required by subsection (1) of
this section. To the extent that engineering and work-practice
controls
cannot reduce exposures to or below the
PEL, the employer shall include in the written compliance program
the use of appropriate respiratory protection to achieve compliance
with the PEL.
(b) Written compliance programs shall
include at least the following:
(i) A description of each operation
in which cadmium is emitted; e.g., machinery used, material
processed, controls in place, crew size, employee job responsibilities,
operating procedures, and maintenance practices;
(ii) A description of the specific means
that will be employed to achieve compliance, including engineering
plans and studies
used to determine methods selected for
controlling exposure to cadmium, as well as, where necessary,
the use of appropriate respiratory protection to achieve the
PEL;
(iii) A report of the technology considered
in meeting the PEL;
(iv) Air monitoring data that document
the sources of cadmium emissions;
(v) A detailed schedule for implementation
of the program, including documentation such as copies of
purchase orders for equipment, construction contracts, etc.;
(vii) A written plan for emergency situations,
as specified in WAC
296-62-07415; and
(viii) Other relevant information.
(c) The written compliance programs shall
be reviewed and updated at least annually, or more often if
necessary, to reflect significant changes in the employer's
compliance status.
(d) Written compliance programs shall
be provided upon request for examination and copying to affected
employees, designated employee representatives, and the director.
(3) Mechanical
ventilation.
(a) When ventilation is used to control
exposure, measurements that demonstrate the effectiveness of
the system in controlling exposure, such as capture velocity,
duct velocity, or static pressure shall be made as necessary
to maintain its effectiveness.
(b) Measurements of the system's effectiveness
in controlling exposure shall be made as necessary within five
working days of any change in production, process, or control
that might result in a significant increase in employee exposure
to cadmium.
(c) Recirculation of air. If air from
exhaust ventilation is recirculated into the workplace, the
system shall have a high efficiency filter and be monitored
to assure effectiveness.
(d) Procedures shall be developed and
implemented to minimize employee exposure to cadmium when maintenance
of ventilation systems and changing of filters is being conducted.
(1) General. For employees who use
respirators required by this section, the employer must provide
respirators that comply with the requirements of this subsection.
Respirators must be used during:
(a) Periods necessary to install or implement
feasible engineering and work-practice controls when employee
exposure levels exceed the PEL;
(b) Maintenance and repair activities,
and brief or intermittent operations, where employee exposures
exceed the PEL and engineering and work-practice controls are
not feasible or are not required;
(c) Activities in regulated areas as specified
in WAC
296-62-07409;
(d) Work operations for which the employer
has implemented all feasible engineering and work-practice controls
and such controls are not sufficient to reduce employee exposures
to or below the PEL;
(e) Work operations for which an employee
who is exposed to cadmium at or above the action level, and
the employee requests a respirator;
(f) Work operations for which an employee
is exposed above the PEL and engineering controls are not required
by WAC
296-62-07411(1)(b); and
(g) Emergencies.
(2) Respirator
program.
(a) The employer must develop, implement
and maintain a respiratory protection program as required by
chapter 296-842
WAC, Respirators.
(b) No employees must use a respirator
if, based on their recent medical examination, the examining
physician determines that they will be unable to continue to
function normally while using a respirator. If the physician
determines that the employee must be limited in, or removed
from, their current job because of their inability to use a
respirator, the limitation or removal must be in accordance
with WAC
296-62-07423(11) and (12).
(c) If an employee has breathing difficulty
during fit testing or respirator use, the employer must provide
the employee with a medical examination as required by WAC
296-62-07423(6)(b) to determine if the employee can use
a respirator while performing the required duties.
(3) Respirator selection. The
employer must:
(a) Select and provide the appropriate
respirator as specified in this section and WAC 296-842-13005,
found in the respirator rule.
(i) Provide employees with full-facepiece
respirators when they experience eye irritation.
(ii) Make sure high-efficiency particulate
air (HEPA) filters or N-, R-, or P-100 series filters are
provided for powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) and
negative-pressure air-purifying respirators.
(b) Provide an employee with a powered,
air-purifying respirator (PAPR) instead of a negative-pressure
respirator when an employee who is entitled to a respirator
chooses to use this type of respirator, and such a respirator
provides adequate protection to the employee.
WAC
296-62-07415 Emergency situations.
The employer shall develop and implement a written plan
for dealing with emergency situations involving substantial releases
of airborne cadmium. The plan shall include provisions for the
use of appropriate respirators and personal protective equipment.
In addition, employees not essential to
correcting the emergency situation shall be restricted from
the area and normal operations halted in that area until the
emergency is abated.
(1) Provision and use. If an employee
is exposed to airborne cadmium above the PEL or where skin or
eye irritation is associated with cadmium exposure at any level,
the employer shall provide at no cost to the employee, and assure
that the employee uses, appropriate protective work clothing
and equipment that prevents contamination of the employee and
the employee's garments.
Protective work clothing and equipment
includes, but is not limited to:
(a) Coveralls or similar full-body work
clothing;
(b) Gloves, head coverings, and boots
or foot coverings; and
(c) Face shields, vented goggles, or
other appropriate protective equipment that complies with
WAC
296-800-160.
(2) Removal
and storage.
(a) The employer shall assure that employees
remove all protective clothing and equipment contaminated
with cadmium at the completion of the work shift and do so
only in change rooms provided in accordance with WAC
296-62-07419(1).
(b) The employer shall assure that no
employee takes cadmium-contaminated protective clothing or
equipment from the workplace, except for employees authorized
to do so for purposes of laundering, cleaning, maintaining,
or disposing of cadmium contaminated protective clothing and
equipment
at an appropriate location or facility
away from the workplace.
(c) The employer shall assure that contaminated
protective clothing and equipment, when removed for laundering,
cleaning, maintenance, or disposal, is placed and stored in
sealed, impermeable bags or other closed, impermeable containers
that are designed to prevent dispersion of cadmium dust.
(d) The employer shall assure that bags
or containers of contaminated protective clothing and equipment
that are to be taken out of the change rooms or the workplace
for laundering, cleaning, maintenance, or disposal shall bear
labels in accordance with WAC
296-62-07425(3).
(3) Cleaning,
replacement, and disposal.
(a) The employer shall provide the protective
clothing and equipment required by subsection (1) of this
section in a clean and dry condition as often as necessary
to maintain its effectiveness, but in any event at least weekly.
The employer is responsible for cleaning and laundering the
protective clothing and equipment required by this paragraph
to maintain its effectiveness and is also responsible for
disposing of such clothing and equipment.
(b) The employer also is responsible
for repairing or replacing required protective clothing and
equipment as needed to maintain its effectiveness. When rips
or tears are detected while an employee is working they shall
be immediately mended, or the worksuit shall be immediately
replaced.
(c) The employer shall prohibit the
removal of cadmium from protective clothing and equipment
by blowing, shaking, or any other means that disperses cadmium
into the air.
(d) The employer shall assure that any
laundering of contaminated clothing or cleaning of contaminated
equipment in the workplace is done in a manner that prevents
the release of airborne cadmium in excess of the permissible
exposure limit prescribed in WAC
296-62-07405.
(e) The employer shall inform any person
who launders or cleans protective clothing or equipment contaminated
with cadmium of the potentially harmful effects of exposure
to cadmium and that the clothing and equipment should be laundered
or cleaned in a manner to effectively prevent the release
of airborne cadmium in excess of the PEL.
(1) General. For employees whose
airborne exposure to cadmium is above the PEL, the employer
shall provide clean change rooms, handwashing facilities, showers,
and lunchroom facilities that comply with WAC
296-800-230.
(2) Change rooms. The employer
shall assure that change rooms are equipped with separate storage
facilities for street clothes and for protective clothing and
equipment, which are designed to prevent dispersion of cadmium
and contamination of the employee's street clothes.
(3) Showers
and handwashing facilities.
(a) The employer shall assure that employees
who are exposed to cadmium above the PEL shower during the
end of the work shift.
(b) The employer shall assure that employees
whose airborne exposure to cadmium is above the PEL wash their
hands and faces prior to eating, drinking, smoking, chewing
tobacco or gum, or applying cosmetics.
(4) Lunchroom
facilities.
(a) The employer shall assure that the
lunchroom facilities are readily accessible to employees,
that tables for eating are maintained free of cadmium, and
that no employee in a lunchroom facility is exposed at any
time to cadmium at or above a concentration of 2.5 µg/m3.
(b) The employer shall assure that employees
do not enter lunchroom facilities with protective work clothing
or equipment unless surface cadmium has been removed from
the clothing and equipment by HEPA vacuuming or some other
method that removes cadmium dust without dispersing it.
(1) All surfaces shall be maintained as
free as practicable of accumulations of cadmium.
(2) All spills and sudden releases of
material containing cadmium shall be cleaned up as soon as possible.
(3) Surfaces contaminated with cadmium
shall, wherever possible, be cleaned by vacuuming or other methods
that minimize the likelihood of cadmium becoming airborne.
(4) HEPA-filtered vacuuming equipment
or equally effective filtration methods shall be used for vacuuming.
The equipment shall be used and emptied in a manner that minimizes
the reentry of cadmium into the workplace.
(5) Shoveling, dry or wet sweeping, and
brushing may be used only where vacuuming or other methods that
minimize the likelihood of cadmium becoming airborne have been
tried and found not to be effective.
(6) Compressed air shall not be used to
remove cadmium from any surface unless the compressed air is
used in conjunction with a ventilation system designed to capture
the dust cloud created by the compressed air.
(7) Waste, scrap, debris, bags, containers,
personal protective equipment, and clothing contaminated with
cadmium and consigned for disposal must be collected and disposed
of in sealed impermeable bags or other closed, impermeable containers.
These bags and containers must be labeled in accordance with
WAC
296-62-07425(3).
(i) Currently exposed. The employer
shall institute a medical surveillance program for all employees
who are or may be exposed to cadmium at or above the action
level unless the employer demonstrates that the employee
is not, and will not be, exposed at or above the action
level on thirty or more days per year (twelve consecutive
months); and
(ii) Previously exposed. The employer
shall also institute a medical surveillance program for
all employees who prior to the effective date of this section
might previously have been exposed to cadmium at or above
the action level by the employer, unless the employer demonstrates
that the employee did not prior to the effective date of
this section work for the employer in jobs with exposure
to cadmium for an aggregated total of more than sixty months.
(b) To determine an employee's fitness
for using a respirator, the employer shall provide the limited
medical examination specified in subsection (6) of this section.
(c) The employer shall assure that all
medical examinations and procedures required by this standard
are performed by or under the supervision of a licensed physician,
who has read and is familiar with the health effects WAC
296-62-07441, Appendix A, the regulatory text of this
section, the protocol for sample handling and laboratory selection
in WAC
296-62-07451, Appendix F and the questionnaire of WAC
296-62-07447, Appendix D. These examinations and procedures
shall be provided without cost to the employee and at a time
and place that is reasonable and convenient to employees.
(d) The employer shall assure that the
collecting and handling of biological samples of cadmium in
urine (CdU), cadmium in blood (CdB), and beta-2 microglobulin
in urine (ß2-M) taken from employees under this section is
done in a manner that assures their reliability and that analysis
of biological samples of cadmium in urine (CdU), cadmium in
blood (CdB), and beta-2 microglobulin in urine (ß2-M) taken
from employees under this section is performed in laboratories
with demonstrated proficiency for that particular analyte.
(See WAC
296-62-07451, Appendix F.)
(2) Initial
examination.
(a) The employer shall provide an initial
(preplacement) examination to all employees covered by the
medical surveillance program required in subsection (1)(a)
of this section. The examination shall be provided to those
employees within thirty days after initial assignment to a
job with exposure to cadmium or no later than ninety days
after the effective date of this section, whichever
date is later.
(b) The initial (preplacement) medical
examination shall include:
(i) A detailed medical and work history,
with emphasis on:
Past, present, and anticipated future
exposure to cadmium; any history of renal, cardiovascular,
respiratory, hematopoietic, reproductive, and/or musculo-skeletal
system dysfunction; current usage of medication with potential
nephrotoxic side-effects; and smoking history and current
status; and
(ii) Biological monitoring that includes
the following tests:
(A) Cadmium in urine (CdU), standardized
to grams of creatinine (g/Cr);
(B) Beta-2 microglobulin in urine
(ß2-M), standardized to grams of creatinine (g/Cr), with
pH specified, as described in WAC
296-62-07451, Appendix F; and
(C) Cadmium in blood (CdB), standardized
to liters of
whole blood (lwb).
(c) Recent examination: An initial examination
is not required to be provided if adequate records show that
the employee has been examined in accordance with the requirements
of (b) of this subsection within the past twelve months. In
that case, such records shall be maintained as part of the
employee's medical record and the prior exam shall be treated
as if it were an initial examination for the purposes of subsections
(3) and (4) of this section.
(3) Actions
triggered by initial biological monitoring:
(a) If the results of the initial biological
monitoring tests show the employee's CdU level to be at or
below 3 µg/g Cr, ß2-M level to be at or below 300 µg/g Cr
and CdB level to be at or below 5 µg/lwb, then:
(i) For currently exposed employees,
who are subject to medical surveillance under subsection
(1)(a)(i) of this section, the employer shall provide the
minimum level of periodic medical surveillance in accordance
with the requirements in subsection (4)(a) of this section;
and
(ii) For previously exposed employees,
who are subject to medical surveillance under subsection
(1)(a)(ii) of this section, the employer shall provide biological
monitoring for CdU, ß2-M, and CdB one year after the initial
biological monitoring and then the employer shall comply
with the requirements of subsection (4)(e) of this section.
(b) For all employees who are subject
to medical surveillance under subsection (1)(a) of this section,
if the results of the initial biological monitoring tests
show the level of CdU to exceed 3 µg/g Cr, the level of ß2-M
to exceed 300 µg/g Cr, or the level of CdB to exceed 5 µg/lwb,
the employer shall:
(i) Within two weeks after receipt
of biological monitoring results, reassess the employee's
occupational exposure to
cadmium as follows:
(A) Reassess the employee's work-practices
and personal hygiene;
(B) Reevaluate the employee's respirator
use, if any, and the respirator program;
(C) Review the hygiene facilities;
(D) Reevaluate the maintenance and
effectiveness
of the relevant engineering controls;
(E) Assess the employee's smoking
history and status;
(ii) Within thirty days after the
exposure reassessment, specified in (b)(i) of this subsection,
take reasonable steps to correct any deficiencies found
in the reassessment that may be responsible for the employee's
excess exposure to cadmium; and,
(iii) Within ninety days after receipt
of biological monitoring results, provide a full medical
examination to the employee in accordance with the requirements
of WAC
296-62-07423 (4)(b). After completing the medical examination,
the examining physician shall determine in a written medical
opinion whether to medically remove the employee.
If the physician determines that medical removal is not
necessary, then until the employee's CdU level falls to
or below 3 µg/g Cr, ß2-M level falls to or below 300 µg/g
Cr and CdB level falls to or below 5 µg/lwb, the employer
shall:
(A) Provide biological monitoring
in accordance with subsection (2)(b)(ii) of this section
on a semiannual basis; and
(B) Provide annual medical examinations
in accordance
with subsection (4)(b) of this section.
(c) For all employees who are subject
to medical surveillance under subsection (1)(a) of this section,
if the results of the initial biological monitoring tests
show the level of CdU to be in excess of 15 µg/g Cr, or the
level of CdB to be in excess of 15 µg/lwb, or the level f
ß2-M to be in excess of 1,500 µg/g Cr, the employer shall
comply with the requirements of (b)(i) and (ii) of this subsection.
Within ninety days after receipt of biological monitoring
results, the employer shall provide a full medical examination
to the employee in accordance with the requirements of subsection
(4)(b) of this section.
After completing the medical examination,
the examining physician shall determine in a written medical
opinion whether to medically remove the employee. However,
if the initial biological monitoring results and the biological
monitoring results obtained during the medical examination
both show that: CdU exceeds 15 µg/g Cr; or CdB exceeds 15
µg/lwb; or ß2-M exceeds 1500 µg/g Cr, and in addition CdU
exceeds 3 µg/g Cr or CdB exceeds 5 µg/liter of whole blood,
then the physician shall medically remove the employee from
exposure to cadmium at or above the action level. If the second
set of biological monitoring results obtained during the medical
examination does not show that a mandatory removal trigger
level has been exceeded, then the employee is not required
to be removed by the mandatory provisions of this section.
If the employee is not required to be removed by the mandatory
provisions of this section or by the physician's determination,
then until the employee's CdU level falls to or below 3 µg/g
Cr, ß2-M level falls to or below 300 µg/g Cr and CdB level
falls to or below 5 µg/lwb, the employer shall:
(i) Periodically reassess the employee's
occupational exposure to cadmium;
(ii) Provide biological monitoring
in accordance with subsection (2)(b)(ii) of this section
on a quarterly basis; and
(iii) Provide semiannual medical examinations
in accordance
with subsection (4)(b) of this section.
(d) For all employees to whom medical
surveillance is provided, beginning on January 1, 1999, and
in lieu of (a) through (c) of this subsection:
(i) If the results of the initial
biological monitoring tests show the employee's CdU level
to be at or below 3 µg/g Cr, ß2-M level to be at or below
300 µg/g Cr and CdB level to be at or below 5 µg/lwb, then
for currently exposed employees, the employer shall comply
with the requirements of (a)(i) of this subsection and for
previously exposed employees, the employer shall comply
with the requirements of (a)(ii) of this subsection;
(ii) If the results of the initial
biological monitoring tests show the level of CdU to exceed
3 µg/g Cr, the level of ß2-M to exceed 300 µg/g Cr, or the
level of CdB to exceed 5 µg/lwb, the employer shall comply
with the requirements of (b)(i) through (iii) of this subsection;
and
(iii) If the results of the initial
biological monitoring tests show the level of CdU to be
in excess of 7 µg/g Cr, or the level of CdB to be in excess
of 10 µg/lwb, or the level of ß2-M to be in excess of 750
µg/g Cr, the employer shall: Comply with the requirements
of (b)(i) through (ii) of this subsection; and, within ninety
days after receipt of biological monitoring results, provide
a full medical examination to the employee in accordance
with the requirements of subsection (4)(b) of this section.
After completing the medical examination, the examining
physician shall determine in a written medical opinion whether
to medically remove the employee. However, if the initial
biological monitoring results and the biological monitoring
results obtained during the medical examination both show
that: CdU exceeds 7 µg/g Cr; or CdB exceeds 10 µg/lwb; or
ß2-M exceeds 750 µg/g Cr, and in addition CdU exceeds 3
µg/g Cr or CdB exceeds 5 µg/liter of whole blood, then the
physician shall medically remove the employee from exposure
to cadmium at or above the action level. If the second
set of biological monitoring results obtained during the
medical examination does not show that a mandatory removal
trigger level has been exceeded, then the employee is not
required to be removed by the mandatory provisions of this
section. If the employee is not required to be removed by
the mandatory provisions of this section or by the physician's
determination, then until the employee's CdU level falls
to or below 3 µg/g Cr, ß2-M level falls to or below 300
µg/g Cr and CdB level falls to or below 5 µg/lwb, the employer
shall: periodically reassess the employee's occupational
exposure to cadmium; provide biological monitoring in accordance
with subsection (2)(b)(ii) of this section on a quarterly
basis; and provide semiannual medical examinations in accordance
with subsection (4)(b) of this section.
(4) Periodic
medical surveillance.
(a) For each employee who is covered
under subsection (1)(a)(i) of this section, the employer shall
provide at least the minimum level of periodic medical surveillance,
which consists of periodic medical examinations and periodic
biological monitoring. A periodic medical examination shall
be provided within one year after the initial examination
required by subsection (2) of this section and thereafter
at least biennially. Biological sampling shall be provided
at least annually, either as part of a periodic medical examination
or separately as periodic biological monitoring.
(b) The periodic medical examination
shall include:
(i) A detailed medical and work history,
or update thereof, with emphasis on: Past, present and anticipated
future exposure to cadmium; smoking history and current
status; reproductive history; current use of medications
with potential nephrotoxic side-effects; any history of
renal, cardiovascular, respiratory, hematopoietic, and/or
musculo-skeletal system dysfunction; and as part of the
medical and work history, for employees who wear respirators,
questions 3-11 and 25-32 in WAC
296-62-07447, Appendix D;
(ii) A complete physical examination
with emphasis on: Blood pressure, the respiratory system,
and the urinary system;
(iii) A 14 inch by 17 inch, or a reasonably
standard sized posterior-anterior chest X-ray (after the
initial X-ray, the
frequency of chest X-rays is to be
determined by the examining physician);
(iv) Pulmonary function tests, including
forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume
at 1 second (FEV1);
(v) Biological monitoring, as required
in subsection (2)(b)(ii) of this section;
(vi) Blood analysis, in addition to
the analysis required under this section, including blood
urea nitrogen, complete blood count, and serum creatinine;
(vii) Urinalysis, in addition to the
analysis required under subsection (2)(b)(ii) of this section,
including the determination of albumin, glucose, and total
and low molecular weight proteins;
(viii) For males over forty years
old, prostate palpation, or other at least as effective
diagnostic test(s); and
(ix) Any additional tests deemed appropriate
by the examining physician.
(c) Periodic biological monitoring shall
be provided in accordance with subsection (2)(b)(ii) of this
section.
(d) If the results of periodic biological
monitoring or the results of biological monitoring performed
as part of the periodic medical examination show the level
of the employee's CdU, ß2-M, or CdB to be in excess of the
levels specified in subsection (3)(b) or (c) of this section;
or, beginning on January 1 1999, in excess of the levels specified
in subsection (3)(b) or (d) of this section, the employer
shall take the appropriate actions specified in subsection
(3)(b) through (d) of this section.
(e) For previously exposed employees
under subsection (1)(a)(ii) of this section:
(i) If the employee's levels of CdU
did not exceed 3 µg/g Cr, CdB did not exceed 5 µg/lwb, and
ß2-M did not exceed 300 µg/g Cr in the initial biological
monitoring tests, and if the results of the follow-up biological
monitoring required by subsection (3)(a)(ii) of this section
one year after the initial examination confirm the previous
results, the employer may discontinue all periodic medical
surveillance for that employee.
(ii) If the initial biological monitoring
results for CdU, CdB, or ß2-M were in excess of the levels
specified in subsection (3)(a) of this section, but subsequent
biological monitoring results required by subsection (3)(b)
through (e) of this section show that the employee's CdU
levels no longer exceed 3 µg/g Cr, CdB levels no longer
exceed 5 µg/lwb, and 2-M levels no longer exceed 300 µg/g
Cr, the employer shall provide biological monitoring for
CdU, CdB, and ß2-M one year after these most recent biological
monitoring results. If the results of the follow-up biological
monitoring, specified in this section, confirm the previous
results, the employer may discontinue all periodic medical
surveillance for that employee.
(iii) However, if the results of the
follow-up tests specified in (e)(i) or (ii) of this subsection
indicate that the level of the employee's CdU, ß2-M, or
CdB exceeds these same levels, the employer is required
to provide annual medical examinations in accordance with
the provisions of (b) of this subsection until the results
of biological monitoring are consistently below these levels
or the examining physician determines in a written medical
opinion that further medical surveillance is not required
to protect the employee's health.
(f) A routine, biennial medical examination
is not required to be provided in accordance with subsections
(3)(a) and (4) of this section if adequate medical records
show that the employee has been examined in accordance with
the requirements of (b) of this subsection within the past
twelve months. In that case, such records shall be maintained
by the employer as part of the employee's medical record,
and the next routine, periodic medical examination shall be
made available to the employee within two years of the previous
examination.
(5) Actions triggered by medical examinations.
If the results of a medical examination carried out in accordance
with this section indicate any laboratory or clinical finding
consistent with cadmium toxicity that does not require employer
action under subsections (2), (3), or (4) of this section, the
employer, within thirty days, shall reassess the employee's
occupational exposure to cadmium and take the following corrective
action until the physician determines they are no longer necessary:
(a) Periodically reassess: The employee's
work-practices and personal hygiene; the employee's respirator
use, if any; the employee's smoking history and status; the
respiratory protection program; the hygiene facilities; and
the maintenance and effectiveness of the relevant engineering
controls;
(b) Within thirty days after the reassessment,
take all reasonable steps to correct the deficiencies found
in the reassessment that may be responsible for the employee's
excess exposure to cadmium;
(c) Provide semiannual medical reexaminations
to evaluate the abnormal clinical sign(s) of cadmium toxicity
until the results are normal or the employee is medically
removed; and
(d) Where the results of tests for total
proteins in urine are abnormal, provide a more detailed medical
evaluation of the toxic effects of cadmium on the employee's
renal system.
(6) Examination
for respirator use.
(a) To determine an employee's fitness
for respirator use, the employer shall provide a medical examination
that includes the elements specified in (a)(i) through (iv)
of this subsection. This examination shall be provided prior
to the employee's being assigned to a job that requires the
use of a respirator or no later than ninety days after this
section goes into effect, whichever date is later, to any
employee without a medical examination within the preceding
twelve months that satisfies the requirements of this paragraph.
(i) A detailed medical and work history,
or update thereof, with emphasis on: Past exposure to cadmium;
smoking history and current status; any history of renal,
cardiovascular, respiratory, hematopoietic, and/or musculoskeletal
system dysfunction; a description of the job for which the
respirator is required; and questions 3 through 11 and 25
through 32 in WAC
296-62-07447, Appendix D;
(ii) A blood pressure test;
(iii) Biological monitoring of the
employee's levels of CdU, CdB and ß2-M in accordance with
the requirements of subsection (2)(b)(ii) of this section,
unless such results already have been obtained within the
previous twelve months; and
(iv) Any other test or procedure that
the examining physician deems appropriate.
(b) After reviewing all the information
obtained from the medical examination required in (a) of this
subsection, the physician shall determine whether the employee
is fit to wear a respirator.
(c) Whenever an employee has exhibited
difficulty in breathing during a respirator fit test or during
use of a respirator, the employer, as soon as possible, shall
provide the employee with a periodic medical examination in
accordance with subsection (4)(b) of this section to determine
the employee's fitness to wear a respirator.
(d) Where the results of the examination
required under (a), (b), or (c) of this subsection are abnormal,
medical limitation or prohibition of respirator use shall
be considered. If the employee is allowed to wear a respirator,
the employee's ability to continue to do so shall be periodically
evaluated by a physician.
(7) Emergency
examinations.
(a) In addition to the medical surveillance
required in subsections (2) through (6) of this section, the
employer shall provide a medical examination as soon as possible
to any employee who may have been acutely exposed to cadmium
because of an emergency.
(b) The examination shall include the
requirements of subsection (4)(b) of this section, with emphasis
on the respiratory system, other organ systems considered
appropriate by the examining physician, and symptoms of acute
overexposure, as identified in WAC
296-62-07441 (2)(b)(i) through (ii) and (4), Appendix
A.
(8) Termination
of employment examination.
(a) At termination of employment, the
employer shall provide a medical examination in accordance
with subsection (4)(b) of this section, including a chest
x-ray, to any employee to whom at any prior time the employer
was required to provide medical surveillance under subsection
(1)(a) or (7) of this section. However, if the last examination
satisfied the requirements of subsection (4)(b) of this section
and was less than six months prior to the date of termination,
no further examination is required unless otherwise specified
in subsection (3) or (5) of this section;
(b) However, for employees covered by
subsection (1)(a)(ii) of this section, if the employer has
discontinued all periodic medical surveillance under subsection
(4)(e) of this section, no termination of employment medical
examination is required.
(9) Information provided to the physician.
The employer shall provide the following information to the
examining physician:
(a) A copy of this standard and appendices;
(b) A description of the affected employee's
former, current, and anticipated duties as they relate to
the employee's occupational exposure to cadmium;
(c) The employee's former, current,
and anticipated future levels of occupational exposure to
cadmium;
(d) A description of any personal protective
equipment, including respirators, used or to be used by the
employee, including when and for how long the employee has
used that equipment; and
(e) Relevant results of previous biological
monitoring and medical examinations.
(10) Physician's
written medical opinion.
(a) The employer shall promptly obtain
a written, signed medical opinion from the examining physician
for each medical examination performed on each employee. This
written opinion shall contain:
(i) The physician's diagnosis for
the employee;
(ii) The physician's opinion as to
whether the employee has any detected medical condition(s)
that would place the employee at increased risk of material
impairment to health from further exposure to cadmium, including
any indications of potential cadmium toxicity;
(iii) The results of any biological
or other testing or related evaluations that directly assess
the employee's absorption of cadmium;
(iv) Any recommended removal from,
or limitation on the activities or duties of the employee
or on the employee's use of personal protective equipment,
such as respirators;
(v) A statement that the physician
has clearly and carefully explained to the employee the
results of the medical examination, including all biological
monitoring results and any medical conditions related to
cadmium exposure that require further evaluation or treatment,
and any limitation on the employee's diet or use of medications.
(b) The employer promptly shall obtain
a copy of the results of any biological monitoring provided
by an employer to an employee independently of a medical examination
under subsections (2) and (4) of this section, and, in lieu
of a written medical opinion, an explanation sheet explaining
those results.
(c) The employer shall instruct the
physician not to reveal orally or in the written medical opinion
given to the employer specific findings or diagnoses unrelated
to occupational exposure to cadmium.
(11) Medical removal protection (MRP).
(a) General.
(i) The employer shall temporarily
remove an employee from work where there is excess exposure
to cadmium on each occasion that medical removal is required
under subsection (3), (4), or (6) of this section and on
each occasion that a physician determines in a written medical
opinion that the employee should be removed from such exposure.
The physician's determination may be based on biological
monitoring results, inability to wear a respirator, evidence
of illness, other signs or symptoms of cadmium-related dysfunction
or disease, or any other reason deemed medically sufficient
by the physician.
(ii) The employer shall medically
remove an employee in accordance with this subsection regardless
of whether at the time of removal a job is available into
which the removed employee may be transferred.
(iii) Whenever an employee is medically
removed under this subsection, the employer shall transfer
the removed employee to a job where the exposure to cadmium
is within the permissible levels specified in that subsection
as soon as one becomes available.
(iv) For any employee who is medically
removed under the provisions of (a) of this subsection,
the employer shall provide follow-up biological monitoring
in accordance with subsection (2)(b)(ii) of this section
at least every three months and follow-up medical examinations
semiannually at least every six months until in a written
medical opinion the examining physician determines that
either the employee may be returned to his/her former job
status as specified under (d) through (e) of this subsection
or the employee must be permanently removed from excess
cadmium exposure.
(v) The employer may not return an
employee who has been medically removed for any reason to
his/her former job status
until a physician determines in a
written medical opinion that continued medical removal is
no longer necessary to protect the employee's health.
(b) Where an employee is found unfit
to wear a respirator under subsection (6)(b) of this section,
the employer shall remove the employee from work where exposure
to cadmium is above the PEL.
(c) Where removal is based on any reason
other than the employee's inability to wear a respirator,
the employer shall remove the employee from work where exposure
to cadmium is at or above the action level.
(d) Except as specified in (e) of this
subsection, no employee who was removed because his/her level
of CdU, CdB and/or ß2-M exceeded the medical removal trigger
levels in subsection (3) or (4) of this section may be returned
to work with exposure to cadmium at or above the action level
until the employee's levels of CdU fall to or below 3 µg/g
Cr, CdB falls to or below 5 µg/lwb, and ß2-M falls to or below
300 µg/g Cr.
(e) However, when in the examining physician's
opinion continued exposure to cadmium will not pose an increased
risk to the employee's health and there are special circumstances
that make continued medical removal an inappropriate remedy,
the physician shall fully discuss these matters with the employee,
and then in a written determination
may return a worker to his/her former job status despite what
would otherwise be unacceptably high biological monitoring
results. Thereafter, the returned employee shall continue
to be provided with medical surveillance as if he/she were
still on medical removal until the employee's levels of CdU
fall to or below 3 µg/g Cr, CdB falls to or below 5 µg/lwb,
and ß2-M falls to or below 300 µg/g Cr.
(f) Where an employer, although not
required by (a) through (c) of this subsection to do so, removes
an employee from exposure to cadmium or otherwise places limitations
on an employee due to the effects of cadmium exposure on the
employee's medical condition, the employer shall provide the
same medical removal protection benefits to that employee
under subsection (12) of this section as would have been provided
had the removal been required under (a) through (c) of this
subsection.
(12) Medical
removal protection benefits (MRPB).
(a) The employer shall provide MRPB
for up to a maximum of eighteen months to an employee each
time and while the employee is temporarily medically removed
under subsection (11) of this section.
(b) For purposes of this section, the
requirement that the employer provide MRPB means that the
employer shall maintain the total normal earnings, seniority,
and all other employee rights and benefits of the removed
employee, including the employee's right to his/her former
job status, as if the employee had not been removed from the
employee's job or otherwise medically limited.
(c) Where, after eighteen months on
medical removal because of elevated biological monitoring
results, the employee's monitoring results have not declined
to a low enough level to permit the employee to be returned
to his/her former job status:
(i) The employer shall make available
to the employee a medical examination pursuant in order
to obtain a final medical determination as to whether the
employee may be returned to his/her former job status or
must be permanently removed from excess cadmium exposure;
and
(ii) The employer shall assure that
the final medical determination indicates whether the employee
may be returned to his/her former job status and what steps,
if any, should be taken to protect the employee's health.
(d) The employer may condition the provision
of MRPB upon the employee's participation in medical surveillance
provided in accordance with this section.
(13) Multiple physician review.
(a) If the employer selects the initial
physician to conduct any medical examination or consultation
provided to an employee under this section, the employee may
designate a second physician to:
(i) Review any findings, determinations,
or recommendations of the initial physician; and
(ii) Conduct such examinations, consultations,
and laboratory tests as the second physician deems necessary
to facilitate this review.
(b) The employer shall promptly notify
an employee of the right to seek a second medical opinion
after each occasion that an initial physician provided by
the employer conducts a medical examination or consultation
pursuant to this section. The employer may condition its participation
in, and payment for,
multiple physician review upon the employee
doing the following within fifteen days after receipt of this
notice, or receipt of the initial physician's written opinion,
whichever is later:
(i) Informing the employer that he
or she intends to seek a medical opinion; and
(ii) Initiating steps to make an appointment
with a second physician.
(c) If the findings, determinations,
or recommendations of the second physician differ from those
of the initial physician, then the employer and the employee
shall assure that efforts are made for the two physicians
to resolve any disagreement.
(d) If the two physicians have been
unable to quickly resolve their disagreement, then the employer
and the employee, through their respective physicians, shall
designate a third physician to:
(i) Review any findings, determinations,
or recommendations of the other two physicians; and
(ii) Conduct such examinations, consultations,
laboratory tests, and discussions with the other two physicians
as the third physician deems necessary to resolve the disagreement
among them.
(e) The employer shall act consistently
with the findings, determinations, and recommendations of
the third physician, unless the employer and the employee
reach an agreement that is consistent with the recommendations
of at least one of the other two physicians.
(14) Alternate physician determination.
The employer and an employee or designated employee representative
may agree upon the use of any alternate form of physician determination
in lieu of the multiple physician review provided by subsection
(13) of this section, so long as the alternative is expeditious
and at least as protective of the employee.
(15) Information the employer must
provide the employee.
(a) The employer shall provide a copy
of the physician's written medical opinion to the examined
employee within two weeks after receipt thereof.
(b) The employer shall provide the employee
with a copy of the employee's biological monitoring results
and an explanation sheet explaining the results within two
weeks after receipt thereof.
(c) Within thirty days after a request
by an employee, the employer shall provide the employee with
the information the employer is required to provide the examining
physician under subsection (9) of this section.
(16) Reporting. In addition to
other medical events that are required to be reported on the
OSHA Form No. 200, the employer shall report any abnormal condition
or disorder caused by occupational exposure to cadmium associated
with employment as specified in WAC 296-27-060.
(1) General. In communications
concerning cadmium hazards, employers shall comply with
the requirements of WISHA's chemical hazard communication standard,
WAC 296-800-170,
including but not limited to the requirements concerning warning
signs and labels, material safety data sheets (MSDS), and employee
information and training. In addition, employers shall comply
with the following requirements:
(2) Warning signs.
(a) Warning signs shall be provided
and displayed in regulated areas. In addition, warning signs
shall be posted at all approaches to regulated areas so that
an employee may read the signs and take necessary protective
steps before entering the area.
(b) Warning signs required by (a) of
this subsection shall bear the following information:
DANGER CADMIUM CANCER
HAZARD CAN CAUSE LUNG AND KIDNEY DISEASE AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL
ONLY RESPIRATORS REQUIRED IN THIS AREA
(c) The employer shall assure that signs
required by this subsection are illuminated, cleaned, and
maintained as necessary so that the legend is readily visible.
(3) Warning
labels.
(a) Shipping and storage containers
containing cadmium, cadmium compounds, or cadmium contaminated
clothing, equipment, waste, scrap, or debris shall bear appropriate
warning labels, as specified in (b) of this subsection.
(b) The warning labels shall include
at least the following information:
DANGER CONTAINS CADMIUM
CANCER HAZARD AVOID CREATING DUST CAN CAUSE LUNG AND KIDNEY
DISEASE
(c) Where feasible, installed cadmium
products shall have a visible label or other indication that
cadmium is present.
(4) Employee information and training.
(a) The employer shall institute a training
program for all employees who are potentially exposed to cadmium,
assure employee participation in the program, and maintain
a record of the contents of such program.
(b) Training shall be provided prior
to or at the time of initial assignment to a job involving
potential exposure to cadmium and at least annually thereafter.
(c) The employer shall make the training
program understandable to the employee and shall assure that
each employee is informed of the following:
(i) The health hazards associated
with cadmium exposure, with special attention to the information
incorporated in WAC
296-62-07441, Appendix A;
(ii) The quantity, location, manner
of use, release, and storage of cadmium in the workplace
and the specific nature of operations that could result
in exposure to cadmium, especially exposures above the PEL;
(iii) The engineering controls and
work-practices associated with the employee's job assignment;
(iv) The measures employees can take
to protect themselves from exposure to cadmium, including
modification of such habits as smoking and personal hygiene,
and specific procedures the employer has implemented to
protect employees from exposure to cadmium such as appropriate
work-practices, emergency procedures, and the provision
of personal protective equipment;
(v) The purpose, proper selection,
fitting, proper use, and limitations of protective clothing;
(vi) The purpose and a description
of the medical surveillance program required by WAC
296-62-07423;
(vii) The contents of this section
and its appendices;
(viii) The employee's rights of access
to records under WAC 296-800-170
and chapter
296-802 WAC; and
(ix) The purpose, proper use, limitations,
and other training requirements for respiratory protection
as required in chapter 296-62 WAC, Part E.
(d) Additional access to information
and training program and materials.
(i) The employer shall make a copy
of this section and its appendices readily available without
cost to all affected employees and shall provide a copy
if requested.
(ii) The employer shall provide to
the director, upon request, all materials relating to the
employee information and the training program.
(a) The employer shall establish and
keep an accurate record of all air monitoring for cadmium
in the workplace.
(b) This record shall include at least
the following information:
(i) The monitoring date, duration,
and results in terms of an 8-hour TWA of each sample taken;
(ii) The name, Social Security number,
and job classification of the employees monitored and of
all other employees whose exposures the monitoring is intended
to represent;
(iii) A description of the sampling
and analytical methods used and evidence of their accuracy;
(iv) The type of respiratory protective
device, if any, worn by the monitored employee;
(v) A notation of any other conditions
that might have affected the monitoring results.
(c) (c) The employer shall maintain
this record for at least thirty years, in accordance with
chapter
296-802 WAC.
(2) Objective data for exemption from
requirement for initial monitoring.
(a) For purposes of this section, objective
data are information demonstrating that a particular product
or material containing cadmium or a specific process, operation,
or activity involving cadmium cannot release dust or fumes
in concentrations at or above the action level even under
the worst-case release conditions. Objective data can be obtained
from an industry-wide study or from laboratory product test
results from manufacturers of cadmium-containing products
or materials. The data the employer uses from an industry-wide
survey must be obtained under workplace conditions closely
resembling the processes, types of material, control methods,
work-practices and environmental conditions in the employer's
current operations.
(b) The employer shall establish and
maintain a record of the objective data for at least thirty
years.
(3) Medical
surveillance.
(a) The employer shall establish and
maintain an accurate record for each employee covered by medical
surveillance under WAC
296-62-07423 (1)(a).
(b) The record shall include at least
the following information about the employee:
(i) Name, Social Security number,
and description of the duties;
(ii) A copy of the physician's written
opinions and an explanation sheet for biological monitoring
results;
(iii) A copy of the medical history,
and the results of any physical examination and all test
results that are required to be provided by this section,
including biological tests, x-rays, pulmonary function tests,
etc., or that have been obtained to further evaluate any
condition that might be related to cadmium exposure;
(iv) The employee's medical symptoms
that might be related to exposure to cadmium; and
(v) A copy of the information provided
to the physician as required by WAC
296-62-07423 (9)(b) through (e).
(c) The employer shall assure that this
record is maintained for the duration of employment plus thirty
years, in accordance with chapter
296-802 WAC.
(4) Training. The employer shall
certify that employees have been trained by preparing a certification
record which includes the identity of the person trained, the
signature of the employer or the person who conducted the training,
and the date the training was completed. The certification records
shall be prepared at the completion of training and shall be
maintained on file for one year beyond the date of training
of that employee.
(5) Availability.
(a) Except as otherwise provided for
in this section, access to all records required to be maintained
by subsections (1) through (4) of this section shall be in
accordance with the provisions of chapter
296-802 WAC.
(b) Within fifteen days after a request,
the employer shall make an employee's medical records required
to be kept by subsection (3) of this section available for
examination and copying to the subject employee, to designated
representatives, to anyone having the specific written consent
of the subject employee, and after the employee's death or
incapacitation, to the employee's family members.
(6) Transfer of records. Whenever an employer
ceases to do business and there is no successor employer to
receive and retain records for the prescribed period or the
employer intends to dispose of any records required to be preserved
for at least thirty years, the employer shall comply with the
requirements concerning transfer of records set forth in chapter
296-802 WAC.
(1) Employee observation. The employer
shall provide affected employees or their designated representatives
an opportunity to observe any monitoring of employee exposure
to cadmium.
(2) Observation procedures. When
observation of monitoring requires entry into an area where
the use of protective clothing or equipment is required, the
employer shall provide the observer with that clothing and equipment
and shall assure that the observer uses such clothing and equipment
and complies with all other applicable safety and health procedures.
(c) TWA PEL: Five micrograms of cadmium
per cubic meter of air 5 µg/m3, time-weighted
average (TWA) for an 8-hour workday.
(d) Appearance: Cadmium metal--soft,
blue-white, malleable, lustrous metal or grayish-white powder.
Some cadmium compounds may also appear as a brown, yellow,
or red powdery substance.
(2) Health hazard data.
(a) Routes of exposure. Cadmium can
cause local skin or eye irritation. Cadmium can affect your
health if you inhale it or if you swallow it.
(b) Effects of overexposure.
(i) Short-term (acute) exposure: Cadmium
is much more dangerous by inhalation than by ingestion.
High exposures to cadmium that may be immediately dangerous
to life or health occur in jobs where workers handle large
quantities of cadmium dust or fume; heat cadmium-containing
compounds or cadmium-coated surfaces; weld with cadmium
solders or cut cadmium-containing materials such as bolts.
(ii) Severe exposure may occur before
symptoms appear. Early symptoms may include mild irritation
of the upper respiratory tract, a sensation of constriction
of the throat, a metallic taste and/or a cough. A period
of one to ten hours may precede the onset of rapidly progressing
shortness of breath, chest pain, and flu-like symptoms with
weakness, fever, headache, chills, sweating, and
muscular pain. Acute pulmonary edema
usually develops within twenty-four hours and reaches a
maximum by three days. If death from asphyxia does not occur,
symptoms may resolve within a week.
(iii) Long-term (chronic) exposure.
Repeated or long-term exposure to cadmium, even at relatively
low concentrations, may result in kidney damage and an increased
risk of cancer of the lung and of the prostate.
(c) Emergency first aid procedures.
(i) Eye exposure: Direct contact may
cause redness or pain. Wash eyes immediately with large
amounts of water, lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get
medical attention immediately.
(ii) Skin exposure: Direct contact
may result in irritation. Remove contaminated clothing and
shoes immediately. Wash affected area with soap or mild
detergent and large amounts of water. Get medical attention
immediately.
(iii) Ingestion: Ingestion may result
in vomiting, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, headache,
and sore throat. Treatment for symptoms must be administered
by medical personnel. Under no circumstances should the
employer allow any person whom he/she retains, employs,
supervises, or controls to engage in therapeutic chelation.
Such treatment is likely to translocate cadmium from pulmonary
or other tissue to renal tissue. Get medical attention immediately.
(iv) Inhalation: If large amounts
of cadmium are inhaled, the exposed person must be moved
to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform
cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Administer oxygen if available.
Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention
immediately.
(v) Rescue: Move the affected person
from the hazardous exposure. If the exposed person has been
overcome, attempt
rescue only after notifying at least
one other person of the emergency and putting into effect
established emergency procedures. Do not become a casualty
yourself. Understand your emergency rescue procedures and
know the location of the emergency equipment before the
need arises.
(3) Employee
information.
(a) Protective clothing and equipment.
(i) Respirators: You may be required
to wear a respirator for nonroutine activities; in emergencies;
while your employer is in the process of reducing cadmium
exposures through engineering controls; and where engineering
controls are not feasible. If air-purifying respirators
are worn , they must have a label issued by the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) under
the provisions of 42 CFR part 84 stating that the respirators
have been certified for use with cadmium. Cadmium does not
have a detectable odor except at levels well above the permissible
exposure limits. If you can smell cadmium while wearing
a respirator, proceed immediately to fresh air. If you experience
difficulty breathing while wearing a respirator, tell your
employer.
(ii) Protective clothing: You
may be required to wear impermeable clothing, gloves, foot
gear, a face shield, or other appropriate protective clothing
to prevent skin contact with cadmium. Where protective clothing
is required, your employer must provide clean garments to
you as necessary to assure that the clothing protects you
adequately. The employer must replace or repair protective
clothing that has become torn or otherwise damaged.
(iii) Eye protection: You may be required
to wear splash-proof or dust resistant goggles to prevent
eye contact with cadmium.
(b) Employer requirements.
(i) Medical: If you are exposed to
cadmium at or above the action level, your employer is required
to provide a medical examination, laboratory tests and a
medical history according to the medical surveillance provisions
under WAC
296-62-07423. (See summary chart and tables in this
section, appendix A.) These tests shall be provided without
cost to you. In addition, if you are accidentally exposed
to cadmium under conditions known or suspected to constitute
toxic exposure to cadmium, your employer is required to
make special tests available to you.
(ii) Access to records: All medical
records are kept strictly confidential. You or your representative
are entitled to see the records of measurements of your
exposure to cadmium. Your medical examination records can
be furnished to your personal physician or designated representative
upon request by you to your employer.
(iii) Observation of monitoring: Your
employer is required to perform measurements that are representative
of your exposure to cadmium and you or your designated representative
are entitled to observe the monitoring procedure. You are
entitled to observe the steps taken in the measurement procedure,
and to record the results obtained. When the monitoring
procedure is taking place in an area where respirators or
personal protective clothing and equipment are required
to be worn, you or your representative must also be provided
with, and must wear the protective clothing and equipment.
(c) Employee requirements. You will
not be able to smoke, eat, drink, chew gum or tobacco, or
apply cosmetics while working with cadmium in regulated areas.
You will also not be able to carry or store tobacco products,
gum, food, drinks, or cosmetics in regulated areas because
these products easily become contaminated with cadmium from
the workplace and can therefore create another source of unnecessary
cadmium exposure. Some workers will have to change out of
work clothes and shower at the end of the day, as part of
their workday, in order to wash cadmium from skin and hair.
Handwashing and cadmium-free eating facilities shall be provided
by the employer and proper hygiene should always be performed
before eating. It is also recommended
that you do not smoke or use tobacco
products, because among other things, they naturally contain
cadmium. For further information, read the labeling on such
products.
(4) Physician
information.
(a) Introduction. The medical surveillance
provisions of WAC
296-62-07423 generally are aimed at accomplishing three
main interrelated purposes: First, identifying employees at
higher risk of adverse health effects from excess, chronic
exposure to cadmium; second, preventing cadmium-induced disease;
and third, detecting and minimizing existing cadmium-induced
disease. The core of medical surveillance in this standard
is the early and periodic monitoring of the employee's biological
indicators of:
(i) Recent exposure to cadmium;
(ii) Cadmium body burden; and
(iii) Potential and actual kidney
damage associated with exposure to cadmium. The main adverse
health effects associated with cadmium overexposure are
lung cancer and kidney dysfunction. It is not yet known
how to adequately biologically monitor human beings to specifically
prevent cadmium-induced lung cancer. By contrast, the kidney
can be monitored to provide prevention and early detection
of cadmium-induced kidney damage. Since, for noncarcinogenic
effects, the kidney is considered the primary target organ
of chronic exposure to cadmium, the medical surveillance
provisions of this standard effectively focus on cadmium-induced
kidney disease. Within that focus, the aim, where possible,
is to prevent the onset of such disease and, where necessary,
to minimize such disease as may already exist. The by-products
of successful prevention of kidney disease are anticipated
to be the reduction and prevention of other cadmium-induced
diseases.
(b) Health effects. The major health
effects associated with cadmium overexposure are described
below.
(i) Kidney: The most prevalent nonmalignant
disease observed among workers chronically exposed to cadmium
is kidney dysfunction. Initially, such dysfunction is manifested
as proteinuria. The proteinuria associated with cadmium
exposure is most commonly characterized by excretion of
low-molecular weight proteins (15,000 to 40,000 MW) accompanied
by loss of electrolytes, uric acid, calcium, amino acids,
and phosphate.
The compounds commonly excreted include:
(i) beta-2-microglobulin (ß2-M), retinol
binding protein (RBP), immunoglobulin light chains, and
lysozyme. Excretion of low molecular weight proteins are
characteristic of damage to the proximal tubules of the
kidney (Iwao et al., 1980). It has also been
observed that exposure to cadmium
may lead to urinary excretion of high-molecular weight proteins
such as albumin, immunoglobulin G, and glycoproteins (Ex.
29). Excretion of high-molecular weight proteins is typically
indicative of damage to the glomeruli of the kidney. Bernard
et al., (1979) suggest that damage to the glomeruli and
damage to the proximal tubules of the kidney may both be
linked to cadmium exposure but they may occur independently
of each other. Several studies indicate that the onset of
low-molecular weight proteinuria is a sign of irreversible
kidney damage (Friberg et al., 1974; Roels et al., 1982;
Piscator 1984;
Elinder et al., 1985; Smith et al.,
1986). Above specific levels of ß2-M associated with cadmium
exposure it is unlikely that ß2-M levels return to normal
even when cadmium exposure is eliminated by removal of the
individual from the cadmium work environment (Friberg, Ex.
29, 1990). Some studies indicate that such proteinuria may
be progressive; levels of ß2-M observed in the urine increase
with time even after cadmium exposure has ceased. See, for
example, Elinder et al., 1985. Such observations, however,
are not universal, and it has been suggested that studies
in which proteinuria has not been observed to progress may
not have tracked patients for a sufficiently long time interval
(Jarup, Ex. 8-661). When cadmium exposure continues after
the onset of proteinuria, chronic nephrotoxicity may occur
(Friberg, Ex. 29). Uremia results from the inability of
the glomerulus to adequately filter blood. This leads to
severe disturbance of electrolyte concentrations and may
lead to various clinical complications including kidney
stones (L-140-50). After prolonged exposure to cadmium,
glomerular proteinuria, glucosuria, aminoaciduria, phosphaturia,
and hypercalciuria may develop (Exs. 8-86, 4-28, 14-18).
Phosphate, calcium, glucose, and amino acids are essential
to life, and under normal conditions, their excretion should
be regulated by the kidney. Once low molecular weight proteinuria
has developed, these elements dissipate from the human body.
Loss of glomerular function may also occur, manifested by
decreased glomerular filtration rate and increased serum
creatinine. Severe cadmium-induced renal damage may eventually
develop into chronic renal failure and uremia (Ex. 55).
Studies in which animals are chronically exposed to cadmium
confirm the renal effects observed in humans (Friberg et
al., 1986). Animal studies also confirm problems with calcium
metabolism and related skeletal effects which have been
observed among humans exposed to cadmium in addition to
the renal effects. Other effects commonly reported in chronic
animal studies include anemia, changes in liver morphology,
immunosuppression and hypertension. Some of these effects
may be associated with co-factors. Hypertension, for example,
appears to be associated with diet as well as cadmium exposure.
Animals injected with cadmium have also shown testicular
necrosis (Ex. 8- 86B).
(ii) Biological markers. It is universally
recognized that the best measures of cadmium exposures and
its effects are measurements of cadmium in biological fluids,
especially urine and blood. Of the two, CdU is conventionally
used to determine body burden of cadmium in workers without
kidney disease. CdB is conventionally used to monitor for
recent exposure to cadmium. In addition, levels of CdU and
CdB historically have been used to predict the percent of
the population likely to develop kidney disease (Thun et
al., Ex. L-140-50; WHO, Ex. 8-674; ACGIH, Exs. 8-667, 140-50).
The third biological parameter upon which WISHA relies for
medical surveillance is beta-2-microglobulin in urine (ß2-M),
alow molecular weight protein. Excess ß2-M has been widely
accepted by physicians and scientists as a reliable indicator
of functional damage to the proximal tubule of the kidney
(Exs. 8-447, 144-3-C, 4-47, L-140-45, 19-43-A). Excess ß2-M
is found when the proximal tubules can no longer reabsorb
this protein in a normal manner. This failure of the proximal
tubules is an early stage of a kind of kidney disease that
commonly occurs among workers with excessive cadmium exposure.
Used in conjunction with biological test results indicating
abnormal levels of CdU and CdB, the finding of excess ß2-M
can establish for an examining physician that any existing
kidney disease is probably cadmium-related (Trs. 6/6/90,
pp. 82-86, 122, 134). The upper limits of normal levels
for cadmium in urine and cadmium in blood are 3 µg Cd/gram
creatinine in urine and 5 µg Cd/liter whole blood, respectively.
These levels were derived from broad-based population studies.
Three issues confront the physicians in the use of ß2-M
as a marker of kidney dysfunction and material impairment.
First, there are a few other causes of elevated levels of
ß2-M not related to cadmium exposures, some of which may
be rather common diseases and some of which are serious
diseases (e.g., myeloma or transient flu, Exs. 29 and 8-086).
These can be medically evaluated as alternative causes (Friberg,
Ex. 29). Also, there are other factors that can cause ß2-M
to degrade so that low levels would result in workers with
tubular dysfunction. For example, regarding the degradation
of ß2-M, workers with acidic urine (pH<6) might have
ß2-M levels that are within the “normal” range
when in fact kidney dysfunction has occurred (Ex. L-140-1)
and the low molecular weight proteins are degraded in acid
urine.
Thus, it is very important that the
pH of urine be measured, that urine samples be buffered
as necessary (See WAC
296-62-07451, appendix F.), and that urine samples be
handled correctly, i.e., measure the pH of freshly voided
urine samples, then if necessary, buffer to Ph>6 (or
above for shipping purposes), measure Ph again and then,
perhaps, freeze the sample for storage and shipping. (See
also WAC
296-62-07451, appendix F.) Second, there is debate over
the pathological significance of proteinuria, however, most
world experts believe that ß2-M levels greater than 300
µg/g Cr are abnormal (Elinder, Ex. 55, Friberg, Ex. 29).
Such levels signify kidney dysfunction that constitutes
material impairment of health. Finally, detection of ß2-M
at low levels has often been considered difficult, however,
many laboratories have the capability of detecting excess
ß2-M using simple kits, such as the Phadebas Delphia test,
that
are accurate to levels of 100 µg ß2-M/g
Cr U (Ex. L-140-1). Specific recommendations for ways to
measure ß2-M and proper handling of urine samples to prevent
degradation of ß2-M have been addressed by WISHA in WAC
296-62-07451, appendix F, in the section on laboratory
standardization. All biological samples
must be analyzed in a laboratory that
is proficient in the analysis of that particular analyte,
under WAC
296-62-07423 (1)(d). (See WAC
296-62-07451, appendix F). Specifically, under WAC
296-62-07423 (1)(d), the employer is to assure that
the collecting and handling of biological samples of cadmium
in urine (CdU), cadmium in blood (CdB), and beta-2 microglobulin
in urine (ß2-M) taken from employees is collected in a manner
that assures reliability. The employer must also assure
that analysis of biological samples of cadmium in urine
(CdU), cadmium in blood (CdB), and beta-2 microglobulin
in urine (ß2-M) taken from employees is performed in laboratories
with demonstrated proficiency for that particular analyte.
(See WAC
296-62-07451, appendix F).
(iii) Lung and prostate cancer. The
primary sites for cadmium-associated cancer appear to be
the lung and the prostate (L-140-50). Evidence for an association
between cancer and cadmium exposure derives from both epidemiological
studies and animal experiments. Mortality from prostate
cancer associated with cadmium is slightly elevated in several
industrial cohorts, but the number of cases is small and
there is not clear dose-response relationship. More substantive
evidence exists for lung cancer. The major epidemiological
study of lung cancer was conducted by Thun et al., (Ex.
4-68). Adequate data on cadmium exposures were available
to allow evaluation of dose-response relationships between
cadmium exposure and lung cancer. A statistically significant
excess of lung cancer attributed to cadmium exposure was
observed in this study even when confounding variables such
as co-exposure to arsenic and smoking habits were taken
into consideration (Ex. L-140-50). The primary evidence
for quantifying a link between lung cancer and cadmium exposure
from animal studies derives from two rat bioassay studies;
one by Takenaka et al., (1983), which is a study of cadmium
chloride and a second study by Oldiges and Glaser (1990)
of four cadmium compounds. Based on the above cited studies,
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified
cadmium as “B1”, a probable human carcinogen,
in 1985 (Ex. 4-4). The International Agency for Research
on Cancer (IARC) in 1987 also recommended that cadmium be
listed as “2A”, a probable human carcinogen
(Ex. 4-15). The American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH) has recently recommended that cadmium
be labeled as a carcinogen. Since 1984, NIOSH has concluded
that cadmium is possibly a human carcinogen and has recommended
that exposures be controlled to the lowest level feasible.
(iv) Noncarcinogenic effects. Acute
pneumonitis occurs 10 to 24 hours after initial acute inhalation
of high levels of cadmium fumes with symptoms such as fever
and chest pain (Exs. 30, 8-86B). In extreme exposure cases
pulmonary edema may develop and cause death several days
after exposure. Little actual exposure measurement data
is available on the level of airborne cadmium exposure that
causes such immediate adverse lung effects, nonetheless,
it is reasonable to believe cadmium concentration of approximately
1 mg/m3 over an eight hour period is “immediately
dangerous” (55 FR 4052, ANSI; Ex. 8-86B). In addition
to acute lung effects and chronic renal effects, long term
exposure to cadmium may cause other severe effects on the
respiratory system. Reduced pulmonary function and chronic
lung disease indicative of emphysema have been observed
in workers who have had prolonged exposure to cadmium dust
or fumes (Exs. 4-29, 4-22, 4-42, 4-50, 4-63). In a study
of workers conducted by Kazantzis et al., a statistically
significant excess of worker deaths due to chronic bronchitis
was found, which in his opinion was directly related to
high cadmium exposures of 1 mg/m3 or more (Tr.
6/8/90, pp. 156-157). Cadmium need not be respirable to
constitute a hazard. Inspirable cadmium particles that are
too large to be respirable but small enough to enter the
tracheobronchial region of the lung can lead to bronchoconstriction,
chronic pulmonary disease, and cancer of that portion of
the lung. All of these diseases have been associated with
occupational exposure to cadmium (Ex. 8- 86B). Particles
that are constrained by their size to the extra-thoracic
regions of the respiratory system such as the nose and maxillary
sinuses can be swallowed through mucocillary clearance and
be
absorbed into the body (ACGIH, Ex.
8-692). The impaction of these particles in the upper airways
can lead to anosmia, or loss of sense of smell, which is
an early indication of overexposure among workers exposed
to heavy metals. This condition is commonly reported among
cadmium-exposed workers (Ex. 8-86-B).
(c) Medical surveillance. In general,
the main provisions of the medical surveillance section of
the standard, under WAC
296-62-07423 (1) through (16), are as follows:
(i) Workers exposed above the action
level are covered;
(ii) Workers with intermittent exposures
are not covered;
(iii) Past workers who are covered
receive biological monitoring for at least one year;
(iv) Initial examinations include
a medical questionnaire and biological monitoring of cadmium
in blood (CdB), cadmium in urine (CdU), and Beta-2-microglobulin
in urine (ß2-M);
(v) Biological monitoring of these
three analytes is performed at least annually; full medical
examinations are performed biennially;
(vi) Until five years from the effective
date of the standard, medical removal is required when CdU
is greater than 15 µg/gram creatinine (g Cr), or CdB is
greater than 15 µg/liter whole blood (lwb), or ß2-M is greater
than 1500 µg/g Cr, and CdB is greater than 5 µg/lwb or CdU
is greater than 3 µg/g Cr;
(vii) Beginning five years after
the standard is in effect, medical removal triggers will
be reduced;
(viii) Medical removal protection
benefits are to be provided for up to eighteen months;
(ix) Limited initial medical examinations
are required for respirator usage;
(x) Major provisions are fully described
under WAC
296-62-07423; they are outlined here as follows:
(A) Eligibility.
(B) Biological monitoring.
(C) Actions triggered by levels
of CdU, CdB, and ß2-M (See Summary Charts and Tables in
WAC
296-62-07441(5).)
(D) Periodic medical surveillance.
(E) Actions triggered by periodic
medical surveillance (See appendix A Summary Chart and
Tables in WAC
296-62-07441(5).)
(F) Respirator usage.
(G) Emergency medical examinations.
(H) Termination examination.
(I) Information to physician.
(J) Physician's medical opinion.
(K) Medical removal protection.
(L) Medical removal protection benefits.
(M) Multiple physician review.
(N) Alternate physician review.
(O) Information employer gives to
employee.
(P) Recordkeeping.
(Q) Reporting on OSHA form 200.
(xi) The above mentioned summary of
the medical surveillance provisions, the summary chart,
and tables for the actions triggered at different levels
of CdU, CdB and ß2-M (in subsection (5) of this section,
Attachment 1) are included only for the purpose of facilitating
understanding of the provisions of WAC
296-62-07423(3)
of the final cadmium standard. The
summary of the provisions, the summary chart, and the tables
do not add to or reduce the requirements in WAC
296-62-07423(3).
(d) Recommendations to physicians.
(i) It is strongly recommended that
patients with tubular proteinuria are counseled on: The
hazards of smoking; avoidance of nephrotoxins and certain
prescriptions and over-the-counter medications that may
exacerbate kidney symptoms; how to control diabetes and/or
blood pressure; proper hydration, diet, and exercise (Ex.
19-2). A list of prominent or common nephrotoxins is attached.
(See subsection (6) of this section, Attachment 2.)
(ii) DO NOT CHELATE; KNOW WHICH DRUGS
ARE NEPHROTOXINS OR ARE ASSOCIATED WITH NEPHRITIS.
(iii) The gravity of cadmium-induced
renal damage is compounded by the fact there is no medical
treatment to prevent or reduce the accumulation of cadmium
in the kidney (Ex. 8-619). Dr. Friberg, a leading world
expert on cadmium toxicity, indicated in 1992, that there
is no form of chelating agent that could be used without
substantial risk. He stated that tubular proteinuria has
to be treated in the same way as other kidney disorders
(Ex. 29).
(iv) After the results of a workers'
biological monitoring or medical examination are received
the employer is required to provide an information sheet
to the patient, briefly explaining the significance of the
results. (See subsection (7) of this section.)
(v) For additional information the
physician is referred to the following additional resources:
(A) The physician can always obtain
a copy of the OSHA final rule preamble, with its full
discussion of the health effects, from OSHA's Computerized
Information System (OCIS).
(B) The OSHA Docket Officer maintains
a record of the OSHA rulemaking. The Cadmium Docket (H-057A),
is located at 200 Constitution Ave. NW., Room N-2625,
Washington, DC 20210; telephone: (202) 219-7894.
(C) The following articles and exhibits
in particular from that docket (H- 057A):
Exhibit
number
Author
and paper title
8-447
Lauwerys
et. al., Guide for physicians, “Health Maintenance
of Workers Exposed to Cadmium,” published by the
Cadmium Council.
4-67
Takenaka,
S., H. Oldiges, H. Konig, D. Hochrainer, G. Oberdorster.
“Carcinogenicity of Cadmium Chloride Aerosols in
Wistar Rats”. JNCI 70:367-373, 1983. (32)
4-68
Thun, M.J.,
T.M. Schnoor, A.B. Smith, W.E. Halperin, R.A. Lemen. “Mortality
Among a Cohort of U.S. Cadmium Production Workers--An
Update.” JNCI 74(2):325-33, 1985. (8)
4-25
Elinder,
C.G., Kjellstrom, T., Hogstedt, C., et al., “Cancer
Mortality of Cadmium Workers.” Brit. J. Ind. Med.
42:651-655, 1985. (14)
4-26
Ellis,
K.J. et al., “Critical Concentrations of Cadmium
in Human Renal Cortex: Dose Effect Studies to Cadmium
Smelter Workers.” J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 7:691-703,
1981. (76)
4-27
Ellis,
K.J., S.H. Cohn and T.J. Smith. “Cadmium Inhalation
Exposure Estimates: Their Significance with Respect to
Kidney and Liver Cadmium Burden.” J. Toxicol. Environ.
Health 15:173-187, 1985.
4-28
Falck,
F.Y., Jr., Fine, L.J., Smith, R.G., McClatchey, K.D.,
Annesley, T., England, B., and Schork, A.M. “Occupational
Cadmium Exposure and Renal Status.” Am. J. Ind.
Med. 4:541, 1983. (64)
8-86A
Friberg,
L., C.G. Elinder, et al., “Cadmium and Health a
Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, Volume I,
Exposure, Dose, and Metabolism.” CRC Press, Inc.,
Boca Raton, FL, 1986. (Available from the OSHA Technical
Data Center)
8-86B
Friberg,
L., C.G. Elinder, et al., “Cadmium and Health: A
Toxicological and Epidemiological Appraisal, Volume II,
Effects and Response.” CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton,
FL, 1986. (Available from the OSHA Technical Data Center)
L-140-45
Elinder,
C.G., “Cancer Mortality of Cadmium Workers”,
Brit. J. Ind. Med., 42, 651-655, 1985.
L-140-50
Thun, M.,
Elinder, C.G., Friberg, L, “Scientific Basis for
an Occupational Standard for Cadmium, Am. J. Ind. Med.,
20; 629-642, 1991.
(5) Information sheet. The information
sheet (subsection (8) of
this section, Attachment 3) or an equally
explanatory one should
be provided to you after any biological
monitoring results are reviewed by the physician, or where applicable,
after any medical examination.
(6) Attachment 1--Appendix A, summary
chart and Tables A and B of actions triggered by biological
monitoring.
(a) Summary chart: WAC
296-62-07423(3) Medical surveillance--Categorizing biological
monitoring results.
(i) Biological monitoring results
categories are set forth in Table A for the periods ending
December 31, 1998, and for the period beginning January
1, 1999.
(ii) The results of the biological
monitoring for the initial medical exam and the subsequent
exams shall determine an employee's biological monitoring
result category.
(b) Actions triggered by biological
monitoring.
(i) The actions triggered by biological
monitoring for an employee are set forth in Table B.
(ii) The biological monitoring results
for each employee under
WAC 296-62-07423(3) shall determine the actions required
for that employee. That is, for any employee in biological
monitoring category C, the employer will perform all of
the actions for which there is an X in column C of Table
B.
(iii) An employee is assigned the
alphabetical category (“A” being the lowest)
depending upon the test results of the three biological
markers.
(iv) An employee is assigned category
A if monitoring results for all three biological markers
fall at or below the levels indicated in the table listed
for category A.
(v) An employee is assigned category
B if any monitoring result for any of the three biological
markers fall within the range of levels indicated in the
table listed for category B, providing no result exceeds
the levels listed for category B.
(vi) An employee is assigned category
C if any monitoring result for any of the three biological
markers are above the levels listed for category C.
(c) The user of Tables A and B should
know that these tables are provided only to facilitate understanding
of the relevant provisions of WAC
296-62-07423. Tables A and B are not meant to add to or
subtract from the requirements of those provisions.
Table A
Categorization of
Biological Monitoring Results
Applicable Through
1998 Only
Monitoring result
categories
Biological
Marker
A
B
C
Cadmium
in urine (CdU)
(µg/g creatinine)
<
= 3
>
3 and < = 15
>
15
ß2-microglobulin
ß2-M)
(µg/g creatinine)
<
= 300
>
300 and < = 1500
>
1500*
Cadmium
in blood (CdB)
µg/liter whole blood)
<
= 5
>
5 and < = 15
>
15
* If an employee's ß2-M levels are above
1,500 µg/g creatinine, in order for mandatory medical removal
to be required (See WAC
296-62-07441, Appendix A Table B.), either the employee's
CdU level must also be >3 µg/g creatinine or CdB level
must also be >5 µg/liter whole blood.
Applicable Beginning
January 1, 1999
Monitoring result
categories
Biological
Marker
A
B
C
Cadmium
in urine (CdU)
(µg/g
creatinine)
<
= 3
>
3 and < = 7
>
7
ß2-microglobulin
ß2-M)
(µg/g
creatinine)
<
= 300
>
300 and < = 750
>
750*
Cadmium
in blood (CdB)
µg/liter whole blood)
<
= 5
>
5 and < = 10
>
10
* If an employee's ß2-M levels are above
750 µg/g creatinine, in order for mandatory medical removal
to be required (See WAC
296-62-07441, Appendix A Table B.), either the employee's
CdU level must also be >3 µg/g creatinine or CdB level
must also be >5 µg/liter whole blood.
Table B--Actions determined by biological
monitoring.
This table presents the actions required
based on the monitoring result in Table A. Each item is a
separate requirement in citing noncompliance. For example,
a medical examination within ninety days for an employee in
category B is separate from the requirement to administer
a periodic medical examination for category B employees on
an annual basis.
Table B
Monitoring result category
Required actions
A1
B1
C1
(1)
Biological monitoring:
(a) Annual.
X
(b) Semiannual.
X
(c) Quarterly.
X
(2)
Medical examination:
(a) Biennial.
X
(b) Annual.
X
(c) Semiannual.
X
(d) Within 90 days
X
X
(3)
Access within two weeks:
(a) Access cadmium exposure.
X
X
(b) Work-practices.
X
X
(c) Personal hygiene.
X
X
(d) Respirator Usage.
X
X
(e) Smoking history.
X
X
(f) Hygiene facilities.
X
X
(g) Engineering controls.
X
X
(h) Correct within 30 days.
X
X
(i) Periodically access exposures.
X
(4)
Discretionary medical removal.
X
X
(5)
Mandatory medical removal
X2
1 For all employees covered
by medical surveillance exclusively
because of exposures prior to the effective
date of this standard,
if they are in Category A, the employer
shall follow the requirements of WAC
296-62-07423 (3)(a)(ii) and (4)(e)(i). If they are in
Category B or C, the employer shall follow the requirements
of WAC
296-62-07423 (4)(e)(ii) and (iii).
2 See footnote in Table A.
(7) Attachment
2, list of medications.
(a) A list of the more common medications
that a physician, and the employee, may wish to review is
likely to include some of the following:
(vi) Halogenated alkanes, hydrocarbons,
and solvents that may occur in some settings: Carbon tetrachloride,
ethylene glycol, toluene; iodinated radiographic contrast
media; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; and
(ii) Other miscellaneous drugs:
Allopurinol, antipyrine, azathioprine, captopril, cimetidine,
clofibrate, methyldopa, phenindione, phenylpropanolamine,
phenytoin, probenecid, sulfinpyrazone, sulfonamide diuretics,
triamterene; and
(iii) Metals: Bismuth, gold. This
list has been derived from commonly available medical
textbooks (e.g., Ex. 14-18). The list has been included
merely to facilitate the physician's, employer's, and
employee's understanding. The list does not represent
an official OSHA opinion or policy regarding the use of
these medications for particular employees. The use of
such medications should be under physician discretion.
(8) Attachment
3--Biological monitoring and medical examination results.
Physician's Review of Pulmonary Function
Test: N/A Normal Abnormal.
Next biological monitoring or medical
examination scheduled for.
(a) The biological monitoring program
has been designed for three main purposes:
(i) To identify employees at risk
of adverse health effects from excess, chronic exposure
to cadmium;
(ii) To prevent cadmium-induced
disease(s); and
(iii) To detect and minimize existing
cadmium-induced disease(s).
(b) The levels of cadmium in the urine
and blood provide an estimate of the total amount of cadmium
in the body. The amount of a specific protein in the urine
(beta-2-microglobulin) indicates changes in kidney function.
All three tests must be evaluated together. A single mildly
elevated result may not be important if testing at a later
time indicates that the results are normal and the workplace
has been evaluated to decrease possible sources of cadmium
exposure. The levels of cadmium or beta-2-microglobulin
may change over a period of days to months and the time
needed for those changes to occur is different for each
worker.
(c) If the results for biological
monitoring are above specific “high levels”
(cadmium urine greater than 10 micrograms per gram of creatinine
µg/ Cr), cadmium blood greater than 10 micrograms per liter
of whole blood (µg/lwb), or beta-2-microglobulin greater
than 1000 micrograms per gram of creatinine (µg/g Cr), the
worker has a much greater chance of developing other kidney
diseases.
(d) One way to measure for kidney
function is by measuring beta-2-microglobulin in the urine.
Beta-2-microglobulin is a protein which is normally found
in the blood as it is being filtered in the kidney, and
the kidney reabsorbs or returns almost all of the beta-2-microglobulin
to the blood. A very small amount (less than 300 µg/g Cr
in the urine) of beta-2-microglobulin is not reabsorbed
into the blood, but is released in the urine. If cadmium
damages the kidney, the amount of beta-2-microglobulin in
the urine increases because the kidney cells are unable
to reabsorb the beta-2-microglobulin normally. An increase
in the amount of beta-2-microglobulin in the urine is a
very early sign of kidney dysfunction. A small increase
in beta-2-microglobulin in the urine will serve as an early
warning sign that the worker may be absorbing cadmium from
the air, cigarettes contaminated in the workplace, or eating
in areas that are cadmium contaminated.
(e) Even if cadmium causes permanent
changes in the kidney's ability to reabsorb beta-2-microglobulin,
and the beta-2-microglobulin is above the “high levels,”
the loss of kidney function may not lead to any serious
health problems. Also, renal function naturally declines
as people age. The risk for changes in kidney function for
workers who have biological monitoring results between the
“normal values” and the “high levels”
is not well known. Some people are more cadmium-tolerant,
while others are more cadmium-susceptible.
(f) For anyone with even a slight
increase of beta-2-microglobulin, cadmium in the urine,
or cadmium in the blood, it is very important to protect
the kidney from further damage. Kidney damage can come from
other sources than excess cadmium-exposure so it is also
recommended that if a worker's levels are “high”
he/she should receive counseling about drinking more water;
avoiding cadmium-tainted tobacco and certain medications
(nephrotoxins, acetaminophen); controlling diet, vitamin
intake, blood pressure and diabetes; etc.
WAC
296-62-07443 Appendix B--Substance technical guidelines
for cadmium.
(1) Cadmium
metal.
(a) Physical and chemical data.
(i) Substance identification.
Chemical name: Cadmium.
Formula: Cd.
Molecular Weight: 112.4.
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)
Registry No.: 7740-43-9.
Other identifiers: RETCS EU9800000;
EPA D006; DOT 2570 53.
Synonyms: Colloidal Cadmium: Kadmium
(German): CI 77180.
(ii) Physical data.
Boiling point: (760 mm Hg): 765
degrees C.
Melting point: 321 degrees C.
Specific gravity: (H2O
= @ 20°C): 8.64.
Solubility: Insoluble in water;
soluble in dilute nitric acid and
in sulfuric acid.
Appearance: Soft, blue-white, malleable,
lustrous metal
or grayish-white powder.
(b) Fire, explosion, and reactivity
data.
(i) Fire.
Fire and explosion hazards: The
finely divided metal is pyrophoric, that is the dust is
a severe fire hazard and moderate explosion hazard when
exposed to heat or flame. Burning material reacts violently
with extinguishing agents such as water, foam, carbon
dioxide, and halons.
Conditions contributing to instability:
Stable when kept in sealed containers under normal temperatures
and pressure, but dust may ignite upon contact with air.
Metal tarnishes in moist air.
(iii) Incompatibilities: Ammonium
nitrate, fused: Reacts violently or explosively with cadmium
dust below 20°C. Hydrozoic acid: Violent explosion occurs
after thirty minutes. Acids: Reacts violently, forms hydrogen
gas. Oxidizing agents or metals:
Strong reaction with cadmium dust.
Nitryl fluoride at slightly elevated temperature: Glowing
or white incandescence occurs. Selenium: Reacts exothermically.
Ammonia: Corrosive reaction. Sulfur dioxide: Corrosive
reaction. Fire extinguishing agents (water, foam, carbon
dioxide, and halons): Reacts violently. Tellurium: Incandescent
reaction in hydrogen atmosphere.
(iv) Hazardous decomposition products:
The heated metal rapidly forms highly toxic, brownish
fumes of oxides of cadmium.
(c) Spill, leak, and disposal procedures.
(i) Steps to be taken if the materials
is released or spilled. Do not touch spilled material.
Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not get water
inside container. For large spills, dike spill for later
disposal. Keep unnecessary people away. Isolate hazard
area and deny entry.
(ii) The Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act of 1986 Section 304 requires that
a release equal to or greater than the reportable quantity
for this substance (one pound) must be immediately reported
to the local emergency planning committee, the state emergency
response commission, and the National Response Center
(800) 424-8802; in Washington, DC metropolitan area (202)
426-2675.
(2) Cadmium
oxide.
(a) Physical and chemical date.
(i) Substance identification.
Chemical name: Cadmium oxide.
Formula: CdO.
Molecular Weight: 128.4.
CAS No.: 1306-19-0.
Other identifiers: RTECS EV1929500.
Synonyms: Kadmu tlenek (Polish).
(ii) Physical data.
Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 950 degrees
C decomposes.
Melting point: 1500°C.
Specific gravity: (H2O
= 1@20°C): 7.0.
Solubility: Insoluble in water;
soluble in acids and alkalines.
Appearance: Red or brown crystals.
(b) Fire, explosion, and reactivity
data.
(i) Fire.
Fire and explosion hazards: Negligible
fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame.
Flash point: Nonflammable.
Extinguishing media: Dry chemical,
carbon dioxide, water spray or foam.
(ii) Reactivity.
Conditions contributing to instability:
Stable under normal temperatures and pressures.
(iii) Incompatibilities: Magnesium
may reduce CdO2 explosively on heating.
(iv) Hazardous decomposition products:
Toxic fumes of cadmium.
(c) Spill, leak, and disposal procedures.
(i) Steps to be taken if the material
is released or spilled. Do not touch spilled material.
Stop leak if you can do it without risk. For small spills,
take up with sand or other absorbent material and place
into containers for later disposal. For small dry spills,
use a clean shovel to place material into clean, dry
container and then cover. Move containers from spill
area. For larger spills, dike far ahead of spill for
later disposal. Keep unnecessary people away. Isolate
hazard area and deny entry.
(ii) The Superfund Amendments
and Reauthorization Act of 1986 Section 304 requires
that a release equal to or greater than the reportable
quantity for this substance (one pound) must be immediately
reported to the local emergency planning committee,
the state emergency response commission, and the National
Response Center (800) 424-8802; in Washington, DC metropolitan
area (202) 426-2675.
Boiling point (760 mm. Hg): sublines
in N2 at 980°C.
Melting point: 1750 degrees C
(100 atm).
Specific gravity: (H2O
= 1@ 20°C): 4.82.
Solubility: Slightly soluble in
water; soluble in acid.
Appearance: Light yellow or yellow-orange
crystals.
(b) Fire, explosion, and reactivity
data.
(i) Fire.
Fire and explosion hazards: Negligible
fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame.
Flash point: Nonflammable.
Extinguishing media: Dry chemical,
carbon dioxide, water spray or foam.
(ii) Reactivity. Conditions contributing
to instability: Generally nonreactive under normal conditions.
Reacts with acids to form toxic hydrogen sulfide gas.
(iii) Incompatibilities: Reacts
vigorously with iodinemonochloride.
(iv) Hazardous decomposition products:
Toxic fumes of cadmium and sulfur oxides.
(c) Spill, leak, and disposal procedures.
(i) Steps to be taken if the material
is released or spilled. Do not touch spilled material.
Stop leak if you can do it without risk. For small,
dry spills, with a clean shovel place material into
clean, dry container and cover. Move containers from
spill area.
(ii) For larger spills, dike far
ahead of spill for later disposal. Keep unnecessary
people away. Isolate hazard and deny entry.
(4) Cadmium
chloride.
(a) Physical and chemical data.
(i) Substance identification.
Chemical name: Cadmium chloride.
Formula: CdC12.
Molecular weight: 183.3.
CAS No. 10108-64-2.
Other identifiers: RTECS EY0175000.
Synonyms: Caddy; Cadmium dichloride;
NA 2570 (DOT); UI-CAD; dichlorocadmium.
(ii) Physical data.
Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 960
degrees C.
Melting point: 568 degrees C.
Specific gravity: (H2O
= 1 @ 20°C): 4.05.
Solubility: Soluble in water (140
g/100 cc); soluble in acetone.
Appearance: Small, white crystals.
(b) Fire, explosion, and reactivity
data.
(i) Fire.
Fire and explosion hazards: Negligible
fire and negligible explosion hazard in dust form when
exposed to heat or flame.
Flash point: Nonflammable.
Extinguishing media: Dry chemical,
carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam.
(ii) Reactivity. Conditions contributing
to instability: Generally stable under normal temperatures
and pressures.
(iii) Incompatibilities: Bromine
triflouride [trifluoride] rapidly attacks cadmium chloride.
A mixture of potassium and cadmium chloride may produce
a strong explosion on impact.
(iv) Hazardous decomposition products:
Thermal decomposition may release toxic fumes of hydrogen
chloride, chloride, chlorine or oxides of cadmium.
(c) Spill, leak, and disposal procedures.
(i) Steps to be taken if the materials
is released or spilled. Do not touch spilled material.
Stop leak if you can do it without risk. For small,
dry spills, with a clean shovel place material into
clean, dry container and cover. Move containers from
spill area. For larger spills, dike far ahead of spill
for later disposal. Keep unnecessary people away. Isolate
hazard and deny entry.
(ii) The Superfund Amendments
and Reauthorization Act of 1986 Section 304 requires
that a release equal to or greater than the reportable
quantity for this substance (one hundred pounds) must
be immediately reported to the local emergency planning
committee, the state emergency response commission,
and the National Response Center (800) 424-8802; in
Washington, DC Metropolitan area (202) 426-2675.
WAC
296-62-07447 Appendix D--Occupational health history
interview with reference to cadmium exposure directions.
(To be read by employee and signed
prior to the interview.) Please answer the questions you
will be asked as completely and carefully as you can. These
questions are asked of everyone who works with cadmium.
You will also be asked to give blood and urine samples.
The doctor will give your employer a written opinion on
whether you are physically capable of working with cadmium.
Legally, the doctor cannot share personal information you
may tell him/her with your employer. The following information
is considered strictly confidential. The results of the
tests will go to you, your doctor and your employer. You
will also receive an information sheet explaining the results
of any biological monitoring or physical examinations performed.
If you are just being hired, the results of this interview
and examination will be used to:
(1) Establish your health status and
see if working with cadmium might be expected to cause unusual
problems;
(2) Determine your health status today
and see if there are changes over time;
(3) See if you can wear a respirator
safely. If you are not a new hire: WISHA says that everyone
who works with cadmium can have periodic medical examinations
performed by a doctor. The reasons for this are:
(a) If there are changes in your
health, either because of cadmium or some other reason,
to find them early;
(b) To prevent kidney damage.
Please sign below.
I have read these directions and understand
them:
Employee signature
Date
Thank you for answering these questions.
(Suggested Format)
Name:
Age:
Social Security #:
Company: Job:
Type of Preplacement Exam: [ ] Periodic
[ ] Termination
[ ] Initial [ ] Other
Blood Pressure:Pulse Rate:
1. How long have you worked at the
job listed above?
[ ] Not yet hired [ ] Number of months
[ ] Number of years
2. Job Duties etc.
3. Have you ever been told by a doctor
that you had bronchitis?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
If yes, how long ago? [ ] Number of
months [ ] Number of years
4. Have you ever been told by a doctor
that you had emphysema?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
If yes, how long ago? [ ] Number of
years [ ] Number of months
5. Have you ever been told by a doctor
that you had other lung problems?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
If yes, please describe type of lung
problems and when you had these problems:
6. In the past year, have you had
a cough? [ ] Yes [ ] No
If yes, did you cough up sputum? [
] Yes [ ] No
If yes, how long did the cough with
sputum production last?
[ ] Less than 3 months [ ] 3 months
or longer
If yes, for how many years have you
had episodes of cough with sputum production lasting this
long? [ ] Less than one [ ] 1 [ ]
2 [ ] Longer than 2
7. Have you ever smoked cigarettes?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
8. Do you now smoke cigarettes? [
] Yes [ ] No
9. If you smoke or have smoked cigarettes,
for how many years have you smoked, or did you smoke?
[ ] Less than 1 year [ ] Number of
years
What is or was the greatest number
of packs per day that you have smoked?
[ ] Number of packs
If you quit smoking cigarettes, how
many years ago did you quit?
[ ] Less than 1 year [ ] Number of
years
How many packs a day do you now smoke?
[ ] Number of packs per day
10. Have you ever been told
by a doctor that you had a kidney or urinary tract disease
or disorder? [ ] Yes [ ] No
11. Have you ever had any of these
disorders?
Kidney stones [ ] Yes [ ] No
Protein in urine [ ] Yes [ ] No
Blood in urine [ ] Yes [ ] No
Difficulty urinating [ ] Yes [ ] No
Other kidney/Urinary disorders [ ]
Yes [ ] No
Please describe problems, age, treatment,
and follow up for any kidney or urinary problems you have
had:
12. Have you ever been told by a doctor
or other health care provider who took your blood pressure
that your blood pressure was high?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
13 Have you ever been advised to take
any blood pressure medication?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
14. Are you presently taking any blood
pressure medication?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
15. Are you presently taking any other
medication? [ ] Yes [ ] No
16. Please list any blood pressure
or other medications and describe how long you have been
taking each one:
Medicine: How Long Taken:
17. Have you ever been told by a doctor
that you have diabetes?
(sugar in your blood or urine)
[ ] Yes [ ] No
If yes, do you presently see a doctor
about your diabetes?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
If yes, how do you control your blood
sugar? [ ] Diet alone [ ] Diet
plus oral medicine [ ] Diet plus insulin
(injection)
18. Have you ever been told by a doctor
that you had:
Anemia ? [ ] Yes [ ] No
A low blood count? [ ] Yes [ ] No
19. Do you presently feel that you
tire or run out of energy sooner than normal or sooner than
other people your age? [ ] Yes [ ] No
If yes, for how long have you felt
that you tire easily?
[ ] Less than 1 year [ ] Number of
years
20. Have you given blood within the
last year? [ ] Yes [ ] No
If yes, how many times? [ ] Number
of times
How long ago was the last time you
gave blood?
[ ] Less than 1 month [ ] Number of
months
21. Within the last year have you
had any injuries with heavy bleeding?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
If yes, how long ago? [ ] Less than
1 month [ ] Number of months describe:
22. Have you recently had any surgery?
[ ] Yes [ ] No If yes, please describe:
23. Have you seen any blood lately
in your stool or after a bowel
movement? [ ] Yes [ ] No
24. Have you ever had a test for blood
in your stool? [ ] Yes [ ] No
If yes, did the test show any blood
in the stool? [ ] Yes [ ] No
What further evaluation and treatment
were done?
The following questions pertain to
the ability to wear a respirator.
Additional information for the physician
can be found in The Respiratory Protective Devices Manual.
25. Have you ever been told by a doctor
that you have asthma?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
If yes, are you presently taking any
medication for asthma?
Mark all that apply. [ ] Shots [ ]
Pills [ ] Inhaler
26. Have you ever had a heart attack?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
If yes, how long ago? [ ] Number of
years [ ] Number of months
27. Have you ever had pains in your
chest? [ ] Yes [ ] No
If yes, when did it usually happen?
[ ] While resting [ ] While working
[ ] While exercising
[ ] Activity didn't matter
28. Have you ever had a thyroid problem?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
29. Have you ever had a seizure or
fits? [ ] Yes [ ] No
30. Have you ever had a stroke (cerebrovascular
accident)?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
31. Have you ever had a ruptured eardrum
or a serious hearing problem?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
32. Do you now have a claustrophobia,
meaning fear of crowded or closed in spaces or any psychological
problems that would make it hard for you to wear a respirator?
[ ] Yes [ ] No
The following questions pertain to
reproductive history.
33. Have you or your partner had a
problem conceiving a child?
Collection procedure: A known volume
of air is drawn through a 37-mm diameter filter cassette
containing a 0.8 µm mixed cellulose ester membrane filter
(MCEF).
Recommended air volume: 960 L
Recommended sampling rate: 2.0 L/min
Analytical procedure: Air filter samples
are digested with nitric acid. After digestion, a small
amount of hydrochloric acid is added. The samples are then
diluted to volume with deionized water and analyzed by either
flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) or flameless
atomic absorption spectroscopy using a heated graphite furnace
atomizer (AAS-HGA).
Detection limits:
Qualitative: 0.2 µg/m3
for a 200 L sample by Flame AAS, 0.007 µg/m3 for
a 60 L sample by AAS-HGA
Quantitative: 0.70 µg/m3
for a 200 L sample by Flame AAS, 0.025 µg/m3
for a 60 L sample by AAS-HGA
Precision and accuracy: (Flame AAS
Analysis and AAS-HGA Analysis):
Validation level: 2.5 to 10 µg/m3
for a 400 L air vol, 1.25 to 5.0 µg/m3 for a
60 L air vol CV1 (pooled): 0.010, 0.043
Analytical bias: +4.0%, -5.8%
Overall analytical error: ±6.0%, ±14.2%
Method classification: Validated Date:
June, 1992
Inorganic Service Branch II, OSHA
Salt Lake Technical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah Commercial
manufacturers and products mentioned in this method are
for descriptive use only and do not constitute endorsements
by USDOL-OSHA. Similar products from other sources can be
substituted.
(1) Introduction.
(a) Scope.
This method describes the collection
of airborne elemental cadmium and cadmium compounds on
0.8 µm mixed cellulose ester membrane filters and their
subsequent analysis by either flame atomic absorption
spectroscopy (AAS) or flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy
using a heated graphite furnace atomizer (AAS-HGA). It
is applicable for both TWA and action level TWA permissible
exposure level (PEL) measurements. The two atomic absorption
analytical techniques included in the method do not differentiate
between cadmium fume and cadmium dust samples. They also
do not differentiate between elemental cadmium and its
compounds.
(b) Principle.
Airborne elemental cadmium and cadmium
compounds are collected on a 0.8 µm mixed cellulose ester
membrane filter (MCEF). The air filter samples are digested
with concentrated nitric acid to destroy the organic matrix
and dissolve the cadmium analytes. After digestion, a
small amount of concentrated hydrochloric acid is added
to help dissolve other metals which may be present. The
samples are diluted to volume with deionized water and
then aspirated into the oxidizing air/acetylene flame
of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer for analysis
of elemental cadmium. If the concentration of cadmium
in a sample solution is too low for quantitation by this
flame AAS analytical technique, and the sample is to be
averaged with other samples for TWA calculations, aliquots
of the sample and a matrix modifier are later injected
onto a L'vov platform in a pyrolytically-coated graphite
tube of a Zeeman atomic absorption spectrophotometer/graphite
furnace assembly for analysis of elemental cadmium. The
matrix modifier is added to stabilize the cadmium metal
and minimize sodium chloride as an interference during
the high temperature charring step of the analysis subsection
(5)(a) and (b) of this section.
(c) History.
Previously, two OSHA sampling and
analytical methods for cadmium were used concurrently
WAC
296-62-07449 (5)(c) and (d). Both of these methods
also required 0.8 µm mixed cellulose ester membrane filters
for the collection of air samples. These cadmium air filter
samples were analyzed by either flame atomic absorption
spectroscopy (subsection (5)(c) of this section) or inductively
coupled plasma/atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)
(subsection (5)(d) of this section). Neither of these
two analytical methods have adequate sensitivity for measuring
workplace exposure to airborne cadmium at the new lower
TWA and action level TWA PEL levels when consecutive samples
are taken on one employee and the sample results need
to be averaged with other samples to determine a single
TWA. The inclusion of two atomic absorption analytical
techniques in the new sampling and analysis method for
airborne cadmium permits quantitation of sample results
over a broad range of exposure levels and sampling periods.
The flame AAS analytical technique included in this method
is similar to the previous procedure given in the General
Metals Method ID-121 (subsection (5)(c) of this section)
with some modifications. The sensitivity of the AAS-HGA
analytical technique included in this method is adequate
to measure exposure levels at 1/10 the action level TWA,
or lower, when less than full-shift samples need to be
averaged together.
(d) Properties (subsection (5)(e)
of this section). Elemental cadmium is a silver-white,
blue-tinged, lustrous metal which is easily cut with a
knife. It is slowly oxidized by moist air to form cadmium
oxide. It is insoluble in water, but reacts readily with
dilute nitric acid. Some of the physical properties and
other descriptive information of elemental cadmium are
given below:
CAS No
7440-43-9
Atomic
Number
48
Atomic
Symbol
Cd
Atomic
Weight
112.41
Melting
Point
321°C
Boiling
Point
765°C
Density
8.65
g/mL (25°C)
The properties of specific cadmium compounds
are described in reference subsection (5)(e) of this section.
(e) Method performance.
A synopsis of method performance is
presented below. Further information can be found in subsection
(4) of this section.
(i) The qualitative and quantitative
detection limits for the flame AAS analytical technique
are 0.04 µg (0.004 µg/mL) and 0.14 µg (0.014 µg/mL) cadmium,
respectively, for a 10 mL solution volume. These correspond,
respectively, to 0.2 µg/m3 and 0.70 µg/m3
for a 200 L air volume.
(ii) The qualitative and quantitative
detection limits for the AAS-HGA analytical technique
are 0.44 ng (0.044 ng/mL) and 1.5 ng (0.15 ng/mL) cadmium,
respectively, for a 10 mL solution volume. These correspond,
respectively, to 0.007 µg/m3 and 0.025 µg/m3
for a 60 L air volume.
(iii) The average recovery by the
flame AAS analytical technique of 17 spiked MCEF samples
containing cadmium in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 times the
TWA target concentration of 5 µg/m3 (assuming
a 400 L air volume) was 104.0% with a pooled coefficient
of variation (CV1) of 0.010. The flame analytical technique
exhibited a positive bias of +4.0% for the validated concentration
range. The overall analytical error (OAE) for the flame
AAS analytical technique was ±6.0%.
(iv) The average recovery by the
AAS-HGA analytical technique of 18 spiked MCEF samples
containing cadmium in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 times the
action level TWA target concentration of 2.5 µg/m3
(assuming a 60 L air volume) was 94.2% with a pooled coefficient
of variation (CV1) of 0.043. The AAS-HGA analytical technique
exhibited a negative bias of -5.8% for the validated concentration
range. The overall analytical error (OAE) for the AAS-HGA
analytical technique was ±14.2%.
(v) Sensitivity in flame atomic
absorption is defined as the characteristic concentration
of an element required to produce a signal of 1% absorbance
(0.0044 absorbance units). Sensitivity values are listed
for each element by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer
manufacturer and have proved to be a very valuable diagnostic
tool to determine if instrumental parameters are optimized
and if the instrument is performing up to specification.
The sensitivity of the spectrophotometer used in the validation
of the flame AAS analytical technique agreed with the
manufacturer
specifications (subsection (5)(f)
of this section); the 2 µg/mL cadmium standard gave an
absorbance reading of 0.350 abs. units.
(vi) Sensitivity in graphite furnace
atomic absorption is defined in terms of the characteristic
mass, the number of picograms required to give an integrated
absorbance value of 0.0044 absorbance-second (subsection
(5)(g) of this section). Data suggests that under stabilized
temperature platform furnace (STPF) conditions (see (f)(ii)
of this subsection), characteristic mass values are
transferable between properly functioning instruments
to an accuracy of about twenty percent (subsection (5)(b)
of this section). The characteristic mass for STPF analysis
of cadmium with Zeeman background correction listed by
the manufacturer of the instrument used in the validation
of the AAS-HGA analytical technique was 0.35 pg. The experimental
characteristic mass value observed during the determination
of the working range and detection limits of the AAS-HGA
analytical technique was 0.41 pg.
(f) Interferences.
(i) High concentrations of silicate
interfere in determining cadmium by flame AAS (subsection
(5)(f) of this section). However, silicates are not significantly
soluble in the acid matrix used to prepare the samples.
(ii) Interferences, such as background
absorption, are reduced to a minimum in the AAS-HGA analytical
technique by taking full advantage of the stabilized temperature
platform furnace (STPF) concept. STPF includes all of
the following parameters (subsection (5)(b) of this section):
(A) Integrated absorbance;
(B) Fast instrument electronics
and sampling frequency;
(C) Background correction;
(D) Maximum power heating;
(E) Atomization off the L'vov
platform in a pyrolytically coated graphite tube;
(F) Gas stop during atomization;
(G) Use of matrix modifiers.
(g) Toxicology (subsection (5)(n)
of this section). Information listed within this section
is synopsis of current knowledge of the physiological effects
of cadmium and is not intended to be used as the basis for
WISHA policy. IARC classifies cadmium and certain of its
compounds as Group 2A carcinogens (probably carcinogenic
to humans). Cadmium fume is intensely irritating to the
respiratory tract. Workplace exposure to cadmium can cause
both chronic and acute effects. Acute effects include tracheobronchitis,
pneumonitis, and pulmonary edema. Chronic effects include
anemia, rhinitis/anosmia, pulmonary emphysema, proteinuria
and lung cancer. The primary target organs for chronic disease
are the kidneys (noncarcinogenic) and the lungs (carcinogenic).
(2) Sampling.
(a) Apparatus.
(i) Filter cassette unit for air
sampling: A 37-mm diameter mixed cellulose ester membrane
filter with a pore size of 0.8 µm contained in a 37-mm
polystyrene two- or three-piece cassette filter holder
(part no. MAWP 037 A0, Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA).
The filter is supported with a cellulose backup pad. The
cassette is sealed prior to use with a shrinkable gel
band.
(ii) A calibrated personal sampling
pump whose flow is determined to an accuracy of ±5% at
the recommended flow rate with the filter cassette unit
in line.
(b) Procedure
(i) Attach the prepared cassette
to the calibrated sampling pump (the backup pad should
face the pump) using flexible tubing. Place the sampling
device on the employee such that air is sampled from the
breathing zone.
(ii) Collect air samples at a flow
rate of 2.0 L/min. If the filter does not become overloaded,
a full-shift (at least seven hours) sample is strongly
recommended for TWA and action level TWA measurements
with a maximum air volume of 960 L. If overloading occurs,
collect consecutive air samples for shorter sampling periods
to cover the full workshift.
(iii) Replace the end plugs into
the filter cassettes immediately after sampling. Record
the sampling conditions.
(iv) Securely wrap each sample filter
cassette end-to-end with a sample seal.
(v) Submit at least one blank sample.
With each set of air samples. The blank sample should
be handled the same as the other samples except that no
air is drawn through it.
(vi) Ship the samples to the laboratory
for analysis as soon as possible in a suitable container
designed to prevent damage in transit.
(3) Analysis.
(a) Safety precautions.
(i) Wear safety glasses, protective
clothing and gloves at all times.
(ii) Handle acid solutions with
care. Handle all cadmium samples and solutions with extra
care (see subsection (1)(g) of this section). Avoid their
direct contact with work area surfaces, eyes, skin and
clothes. Flush acid solutions which contact the skin or
eyes with copious amounts of water.
(iii) Perform all acid digestions
and acid dilutions in an exhaust hood while wearing a
face shield. To avoid exposure to acid vapors, do not
remove beakers containing concentrated acid solutions
from the exhaust hood until they have returned to room
temperature and have been diluted or emptied.
(iv) Exercise care when using laboratory
glassware. Do not use chipped pipets, volumetric flasks,
beakers or any glassware with sharp edges exposed in order
to avoid the possibility of cuts or abrasions.
(v) Never pipet by mouth.
(vi) Refer to the instrument instruction
manuals and SOPs (subsection (5)(h) and (i) of this section)
for proper and safe operation of the atomic absorption
spectrophotometer, raphite furnace atomizer and associated
equipment.
(vii) Because metallic elements
and other toxic substances are vaporized during AAS flame
or graphite furnace atomizer operation, it is imperative
that an exhaust vent be used. Always ensure that the exhaust
system is operating properly during instrument use.
(b) Apparatus for sample and standard
preparation.
(i) Hot plate, capable of reaching
150°C, installed in an exhaust hood.
(ii) Phillips beakers, 125 mL.
(iii) Bottles, narrow-mouth, polyethylene
or glass with leakproof caps: used for storage of standards
and matrix modifier.
(iv) Volumetric flasks, volumetric
pipets, beakers and other associated general laboratory
glassware.
(v) Forceps and other associated
general laboratory equipment.
(c) Apparatus for flame AAS analysis.
(i) Atomic absorption spectrophotometer
consisting of a(an): Nebulizer and burner head; pressure
regulating devices
capable of maintaining constant
oxidant and fuel pressures; optical system capable of
isolating the desired wavelength of radiation (228.8 nm);
adjustable slit; light measuring and amplifying device;
display, strip chart, or computer interface for indicating
the amount of absorbed radiation; cadmium hollow cathode
lamp or
electrodeless discharge lamp (EDL)
and power supply.
(ii) Oxidant: Compressed air, filtered
to remove water, oil and other foreign substances.
(iii) Fuel: Standard commercially
available tanks of acetylene dissolved in acetone; tanks
should be equipped with flash arresters.
Caution: Do not
use grades of acetylene containing solvents other than acetone
because they may damage the PVC tubing used in some instruments.
(iv) Pressure-reducing valves: Two
gauge, two-stage pressure regulators to maintain fuel
and oxidant pressures somewhat higher than the controlled
operating pressures
of the instrument.
(v) Exhaust vent installed directly
above the spectrophotometer burner head.
(d) Apparatus for AAS-HGA analysis.
(i) Atomic absorption spectrophotometer
consisting of a(an): Heated graphite furnace atomizer
(HGA) with argon purge
system pressure-regulating devices
capable of maintaining constant argon purge pressure;
optical system capable of isolating the desired wavelength
of radiation (228.8 nm); adjustable slit; light measuring
and amplifying device; display, strip chart, or computer
interface for indicating the amount of absorbed radiation
(as integrated absorbance, peak area); background corrector:
Zeeman or deuterium arc. The Zeeman background corrector
is recommended; cadmium hollow cathode lamp or electrodeless
discharge lamp (EDL) and power supply; autosampler capable
of accurately injecting 5 to 20 µL sample aliquots onto
the L'vov Platform in a graphite tube.
(ii) Pyrolytically coated graphite
tubes containing solid, pyrolytic L'vov platforms.
(iii) Polyethylene sample cups,
2.0 to 2.5 mL, for use with the autosampler.
(iv) Inert purge gas for graphite
furnace atomizer: Compressed gas cylinder of purified
argon.
(v) Two gauge, two-stage pressure
regulator for the argon gas cylinder.
(vi) Cooling water supply for graphite
furnace atomizer.
(vii) Exhaust vent installed directly
above the graphite furnace atomizer.
(e) Reagents. All reagents should
be ACS analytical reagent grade or better.
(i) Deionized water with a specific
conductance of less than 10 µS.
(ii) Concentrated nitric acid, HNO3.
(iii) Concentrated hydrochloric
acid, HCl.
(iv) Ammonium phosphate, monobasic,
NH4H2PO4.
(v) Magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2
* 6H2O.
(vi) Diluting solution (4% HNO3,
0.4% HCl): Add 40 mL HNO3 and 4 mL HCl carefully
to approximately 500 mL deionized water and dilute to
1 L with deionized water.
(vii) Cadmium standard stock solution,
1,000 µg/mL: Use a commercially available certified 1,000
µg/mL cadmium standard or, alternatively, dissolve 1.0000
g of cadmium metal in a minimum volume of 1:1 HCl and
dilute to 1 L with 4% HNO3. Observe expiration dates of
commercial standards. Properly dispose of commercial standards
with no expiration dates or prepared standards one year
after their receipt or preparation date.
(viii) Matrix modifier for AAS-HGA
analysis: Dissolve 1.0 g NH4H2PO4
and 0.15 g Mg(NO3)2 * 6H2O
in approximately 200 mL deionized water. Add 1 mL HNO3
and dilute to 500 mL with deionized water.
(ix) Nitric Acid, 1:1 HNO3/DI
H2O mixture: Carefully add a measured volume
of concentrated HNO3 to an equal volume of
DI H2O.
(x) Nitric acid, 10% v/v: Carefully
add 100 mL of concentrated HNO3 to 500 mL of
DI H2O and dilute to 1 L.
(f) Glassware preparation.
(i) Clean Phillips beakers by refluxing
with 1:1 nitric acid on a hot plate in a fume hood. Thoroughly
rinse with deionized water and invert the beakers to allow
them to drain dry.
(ii) Rinse volumetric flasks and
all other glassware with 10% nitric acid and deionized
water prior to use.
(g) Standard preparation for flame
AAS analysis.
(i) Dilute stock solutions: Prepare
1, 5, 10 and 100 µg/mL cadmium standard stock solutions
by making appropriate serial dilutions of 1,000 µg/mL
cadmium standard stock solution with the diluting solution
described in (e)(vi) of this subsection.
(ii) Working standards: Prepare
cadmium working standards in the range of 0.02 to 2.0
µg/mL by making appropriate serial dilutions of the dilute
stock solutions with the same diluting solution. A suggested
method of preparation of the working standards is given
below.
Working Standard
(µg/mL)
Std Solution (µg/mL)
Aliquot (mL)
Final vol (mL)
0.02
1
10
500
0.05
5
5
500
0.1
10
5
500
0.2
10
10
500
0.5
10
25
500
1
100
5
500
2
100
10
500
Store the working standards in 500-mL,
narrow-mouth polyethylene or glass bottles with leak proof
caps. Prepare every twelve months.
(h) Standard preparation for AAS-HGA
analysis.
(i) Dilute stock solutions: Prepare
10, 100 and 1,000 ng/mL cadmium standard stock solutions
by making appropriate ten-fold serial dilutions of the
1,000 µg/mL cadmium standard stock solution with the diluting
solution described in (e)(vi) of this subsection.
(ii) Working standards: Prepare
cadmium working standards in the range of 0.2 to 20 ng/mL
by making appropriate serial dilutions of the dilute stock
solutions with the same diluting solution. A suggested
method of preparation of the working standards is given
below.
Working Standard
(ng/mL)
Std Solution (ng/mL)
Aliquot (mL)
Final vol (mL)
0.2
10
2
100
0.5
10
5
100
1
10
10
100
2
100
2
100
5
100
5
100
10
100
10
100
20
1,000
2
100
Store the working standards in narrow-mouth
polyethylene or glass bottles with leakproof caps. Prepare
monthly.
(i) Sample preparation.
(i) Carefully transfer each sample
filter with forceps from its filter cassette unit to a
clean, separate 125-mL Phillips beaker along with any
loose dust found in the cassette. Label each Phillips
beaker with the appropriate sample number.
(ii) Digest the sample by adding
5 mL of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) to
each Phillips beaker containing an air filter sample.
Place the Phillips beakers on a hot plate in an exhaust
hood and heat the samples until approximately 0.5 mL remains.
The sample solution in each Phillips beaker should become
clear. If it is not clear, digest the sample with another
portion of concentrated nitric acid.
(iii) After completing the HNO3
digestion and cooling the samples, add 40 µL (2 drops)
of concentrated HCl to each air sample solution and then
swirl the contents. Carefully add about 5 mL of deionized
water by pouring it down the inside of each beaker.
(iv) Quantitatively transfer each
cooled air sample solution from each Phillips beaker to
a clean 10-mL volumetric flask. Dilute each flask to volume
with deionized water and mix well.
(j) Flame AAS analysis.
Analyze all of the air samples for
their cadmium content by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy
(AAS) according to the instructions given below.
(i) Set up the atomic absorption
spectrophotometer for the air/acetylene flame analysis
of cadmium according to the
SOP (subsection (5)(h) of this section)
or the manufacturer's operational instructions. For the
source lamp, use the cadmium hollow cathode or electrodeless
discharge lamp operated at the manufacturer's recommended
rating for continuous operation. Allow the lamp to warm
up ten to twenty minutes or until the energy output stabilizes.
Optimize conditions such as lamp position, burner head
alignment, fuel and oxidant flow rates, etc. See the SOP
or specific instrument manuals for details. Instrumental
parameters for the Perkin-Elmer Model 603 used in the
validation of this method are given in subsection (6)
of this section.
(ii) Aspirate and measure the absorbance
of a standard solution of cadmium. The standard concentration
should be within the linear range. For the instrumentation
used in the validation of this method a 2 µg/mL cadmium
standard gives a net absorbance reading of about 0.350
abs. units (see subsection (1)(e)(v) of this section)
when the instrument and the source lamp are performing
to manufacturer specifications.
(iii) To increase instrument response,
scale expand the absorbance reading of the aspirated 2
µg/mL working standard approximately four times. Increase
the integration time to at least three seconds to reduce
signal noise.
(iv) Autozero the instrument while
aspirating a deionized water blank. Monitor the variation
in the baseline absorbance
reading (baseline noise) for a few
minutes to insure that the instrument, source lamp and
associated equipment are in good operating condition.
(v) Aspirate the working standards
and samples directly into the flame and record their absorbance
readings. Aspirate the deionized water blank immediately
after every standard or sample to correct for and monitor
any baseline drift and noise. Record the baseline absorbance
reading of each deionized water blank. Label each standard
and sample reading and its accompanying baseline reading.
(vi) It is recommended that the
entire series of working standards be analyzed at the
beginning and end of the analysis of a set of samples
to establish a concentration response curve, ensure that
the standard readings agree with each other and are reproducible.
Also, analyze a working standard after every five or six
samples to
monitor the performance of the spectrophotometer.
Standard readings should agree within ±10 to 15% of the
readings obtained at the beginning of the analysis.
(vii) Bracket the sample readings
with standards during the analysis. If the absorbance
reading of a sample is above the absorbance reading of
the highest working standard, dilute the sample with diluting
solution and reanalyze. Use the appropriate dilution factor
in the calculations.
(viii) Repeat the analysis of approximately
ten percent of the samples for a check of precision.
(ix) If possible, analyze quality
control samples from an independent source as a check
on analytical recovery and precision.
(x) Record the final instrument
settings at the end of the analysis. Date and label the
output.
Initially analyze all of the air samples
for their cadmium content by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy
(AAS) according to the instructions given in (j) of this
subsection. If the concentration of cadmium in a sample
solution is less than three times the quantitative detection
limit (0.04 µg/mL (40 ng/mL) for the instrumentation used
in the validation) and the sample results are to be averaged
with other samples for TWA calculations, proceed with the
AAS-HGA analysis of the sample as described below.
(i) Set up the atomic absorption
spectrophotometer and HGA for flameless atomic absorption
analysis of cadmium according to the SOP (subsection (5)(i)
of this section) or the manufacturer's operational instructions
and allow the instrument to stabilize. The graphite furnace
atomizer is equipped with a pyrolytically coated graphite
tube containing a pyrolytic platform. For the source lamp,
use a cadmium hollow cathode or electrodeless discharge
lamp operated at the manufacturer's recommended setting
for graphite furnace operation. The Zeeman background
corrector and EDL are recommended for use with the L'vov
platform. Instrumental parameters for the Perkin-Elmer
Model 5100 spectrophotometer and Zeeman HGA-600 graphite
furnace used in the validation of this method are given
in subsection (7) of this section.
(ii) Optimize the energy reading
of the spectrophotometer at 228.8 nm by adjusting the
lamp position and the wavelength according to the manufacturer's
instructions.
(iii) Set up the autosampler to
inject a 5-µL aliquot of the working standard, sample
or reagent blank solution onto the L'vov platform along
with a 10-µL overlay of the matrix modifier.
(iv) Analyze the reagent blank (diluting
solution, (e)(vi) of this subsection) and then autozero
the instrument before starting the analysis of a set of
samples. It is recommended that the reagent blank be analyzed
several times during the analysis to assure the integrated
absorbance (peak area) reading remains at or near zero.
(v) Analyze a working standard approximately
midway in the linear portion of the working standard range
two or three times to check for reproducibility and sensitivity
(see subsection (1)(e)(v) and (vi) of this section) before
starting the analysis of samples. Calculate the experimental
characteristic mass value from the average integrated
absorbance reading and injection volume of the analyzed
working standard. Compare this value to the manufacturer's
suggested value as a check of proper instrument operation.
(vi) Analyze the reagent blank,
working standard, and sample solutions. Record and label
the peak area (abs-sec) readings and the peak and background
peak profiles on the printer/plotter.
(vii) It is recommended the entire
series of working standards be analyzed at the beginning
and end of the analysis of a set of samples. Establish
a concentration-response curve and ensure standard readings
agree with each other and are reproducible. Also, analyze
a working standard after every five or six samples to
monitor the performance of the system. Standard readings
should agree within ±15% of the readings obtained at the
beginning of the analysis.
(viii) Bracket the sample readings
with standards during the analysis. If the peak area reading
of a sample is above the peak area reading of the highest
working standard, dilute the sample with the diluting
solution and reanalyze. Use the appropriate dilution factor
in the calculations.
(ix) Repeat the analysis of approximately
ten percent of the samples for a check of precision.
(x) If possible, analyze quality
control samples from an independent source as a check
of analytical recovery and precision.
(xi) Record the final instrument
settings at the end of the analysis. Date and label the
output.
(l) Calculations.
Note: Standards used for HGA analysis
are in ng/mL. Total amounts of cadmium from calculations will be in ng (not µg) unless
a prior conversion
is made.
(i) Correct for baseline drift and
noise in flame AAS analysis by subtracting each baseline
absorbance reading from its corresponding working standard
or sample absorbance reading to obtain the net absorbance
reading for each standard and sample.
(ii) Use a least squares regression
program to plot a concentration-response curve of net
absorbance reading (or peak area for HGA analysis) versus
concentration (µg/mL or ng/mL) of cadmium in each
working standard.
(iii) Determine the concentration
(µg/mL or ng/mL) of cadmium in each sample from the resulting
concentration-response curve. If the concentration of
cadmium in a sample solution is less than three times
the quantitative detection limit (0.04 µg/mL (40 ng/mL)
for the instrumentation used in the validation of the
method) and if consecutive samples were taken on one employee
and the sample results are to be averaged with other samples
to determine a single TWA, reanalyze the sample by AAS-HGA
as described in (k) of this subsection and report the
AAS-HGA analytical results.
(iv) Calculate the total amount
(µg or ng) of cadmium in 'each sample from the sample
solution volume (mL):
W = (C)(sample vol, mL)(DF)
Where: W = Total cadmium in sample
C = Calculated concentration of
cadmium
DF = Dilution Factor (if applicable)
(v) Make a blank correction for
each air sample by subtracting the total amount of cadmium
in the corresponding blank sample from the total amount
of cadmium in the sample.
(vi) Calculate the concentration
of cadmium in an air sample (mg/ m3or µg/m3)
by using one of the following equations:
mg/m3= Wbc/(Air vol sampled,
L)
or
µg/m3= (Wbc)(1,000 ng/µg)/(Air
vol sampled, L)
Where: Wbc = blank corrected total
µg cadmium in the sample.
(1µg = 1,000 ng)
(4) Backup
data.
(a) Introduction.
(i) The purpose of this evaluation
is to determine the analytical method recovery, working
standard range, and qualitative and quantitative detection
limits of the two atomic absorption analytical techniques
included in this method. The evaluation consisted of the
following experiments:
(A) An analysis of twenty-four
samples (six samples each at 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2 times
the TWA-PEL) for the analytical method recovery study
of the
flame AAS analytical technique.
(B) An analysis of eighteen samples
(six samples each at 0.5, 1 and 2 times the action level
TWA-PEL) for the analytical method recovery study of
the AAS-HGA analytical technique.
(C) Multiple analyses of the reagent
blank and a series of standard solutions to determine
the working standard range and the qualitative and quantitative
detection limits for both atomic absorption analytical
techniques.
(ii) The analytical method recovery
results at all test levels were calculated from concentration-response
curves and statistically examined for outliers at the
ninety-nine percent confidence level. Possible outliers
were determined using the Treatment of Outliers test (subsection
(5)(j) of this section). In addition, the sample results
of the two analytical techniques, at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0
times their target concentrations, were tested for homogeneity
of variances also at the ninety-nine percent confidence
level. Homogeneity of the coefficients of variation was
determined using the Bartlett's test (subsection (5)(k)
of this section). The overall analytical error (OAE) at
the ninety-five percent confidence level was calculated
using the equation (subsection (5)(l) of this section):
OAE = ± [ |Bias| + (1.96)(CV1
(pooled))(100%)]
(iii) A derivation of the International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) detection
limit equation (subsection (5)(m) of this section) was
used to determine the qualitative and quantitative detection
limits for both atomic absorption analytical techniques:
Cld = k (sd)/m (Equation
1)
Where: Cld = the smallest
reliable detectable concentration an analytical instrument
can determine at a given confidence level.
k = 3 for the Qualitative Detection
Limit at the 99.86% Confidence Level.
k = 10 for the Quantitative Detection
Limit at the 99.99% Confidence Level.
sd = standard deviation of the reagent
blank (Rbl) readings.
m = analytical sensitivity or slope
as calculated by linear regression.
(iv) Collection efficiencies of
metallic fume and dust atmospheres on 0.8-µm mixed cellulose
ester membrane filters are well documented and have been
shown to be excellent (subsection (5)(k) of this section).
Since elemental cadmium and the cadmium component of cadmium
compounds are nonvolatile, stability studies of cadmium
spiked MCEF samples were not performed.
(b) Equipment.
(i) A Perkin-Elmer (PE) Model 603
spectrophotometer equipped with a manual gas control system,
a stainless steel nebulizer, a burner mixing chamber,
a flow spoiler and a 10 cm (one-slot) burner head was
used in the experimental validation of the flame AAS analytical
technique. A PE cadmium hollow cathode lamp, operated
at the manufacturer's recommended current setting for
continuous operation (4 mA), was used as the source lamp.
Instrument parameters are listed in subsection (6) of
this section.
(ii) A PE Model 5100 spectrophotometer,
Zeeman HGA-600 graphite furnace atomizer and AS-60 HGA
autosampler were used in the experimental validation of
the AAS-HGA analytical technique. The spectrophotometer
was equipped with a PE Series 7700 professional computer
and Model PR-310 printer. A PE System 2 cadmium electrodeless
discharge lamp, operated at the manufacturer's
recommended current setting for
modulated operation (170 mA), was used as the source lamp.
Instrument parameters are listed in subsection (7) of
this section.
(c) Reagents.
(i) J.T. Baker Chem. Co. (Analyzed
grade) concentrated nitric acid, 69.0-71.0%, and concentrated
hydrochloric acid, 36.5-38.0%, were used to prepare the
samples and standards.
(ii) Ammonium phosphate, monobasic,
NH4H2PO4 and magnesium nitrate hexahydrate, Mg(NO3)2.6
H2O both manufactured by the Mallinckrodt Chem.
Co., were used to prepare the matrix modifier for AAS-HGA
analysis.
(d) Standard preparation for flame
AAS analysis.
(i) Dilute stock solutions: Prepared
0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 µg/mL cadmium standard stock
solutions by making appropriate serial dilutions of a
commercially available 1,000 µg/mL cadmium standard stock
solution (RICCA Chemical Co., Lot# A102) with the diluting
solution (4% HNO3, 0.4% HCl).
(ii) Analyzed standards: Prepared
cadmium standards in the range of 0.001 to 2.0 µg/mL by
pipetting 2 to 10 mL of the appropriate dilute cadmium
stock solution into a 100-mL volumetric flask and diluting
to volume with the diluting solution. (See subsection
(3)(g)(ii) of this section).
(e) Standard preparation for AAS-HGA
analysis.
(i) Dilute stock solutions: Prepared
1, 10, 100 and 1,000 ng/mL cadmium standard stock solutions
by making appropriate serial dilutions of a commercially
available 1,000 µg/mL cadmium standard stock solution
(J.T. Baker Chemical Co., Instra-analyzed, Lot# D22642)
with the diluting solution (4% HNO3, 0.4% HCl).
(ii) Analyzed standards: Prepared
cadmium standards in the range of 0.1 to 40 ng/mL by pipetting
2 to 10 mL of the appropriate dilute cadmium stock solution
into a 100-mL volumetric flask and diluting to volume
with the diluting solution. (See subsection (3)(h)(ii)
of this section).
(f) Detection limits and standard
working range for flame AAS analysis.
(i) Analyzed the reagent blank solution
and the entire series of cadmium standards in the range
of 0.001 to 2.0 µg/mL three to six times according to
the instructions given in subsection (3)(j) of this section.
The diluting solution (4% HNO3, 0.4% HCl) was
used as the reagent blank. The integration time on the
PE 603 spectrophotometer was set to 3.0 seconds and a
four-fold expansion of the absorbance reading of the 2.0
µg/mL cadmium standard was made prior to analysis. The
2.0 µg/mL standard gave
a net absorbance reading of 0.350
abs. units prior to expansion in agreement with the manufacturer's
specifications (subsection (5)(f) of this section).
(ii) The net absorbance readings
of the reagent blank and the low concentration Cd standards
from 0.001 to 0.1 µg/mL and the statistical analysis of
the results are shown in Table 1. The standard deviation,
sd, of the six net absorbance readings of the reagent
blank is 1.05 abs. units. The slope, m, as calculated
by a linear regression plot of the net absorbance readings
(shown in Table 2) of the 0.02 to 1.0 µg/mL cadmium standards
versus their concentration is 772.7 abs. units/(µg/mL).
(iii) If these values for sd and
the slope, m, are used in Eqn. 1 ((a)(ii) of this subsection),
the qualitative and quantitative detection limits as determined
by the IUPAC Method are:
Cld = (3)(1.05 abs. units)/(772.7
abs. units/(µg/mL)) = 0.0041 µg/mL for the qualitative
detection limit.
Cld = (10)(1.05 abs.
units)/(772.7 abs. units/(µg/mL)) = 0.014 µg/mL for the
quantitative detection limit.
The qualitative and quantitative
detection limits for the flame AAS analytical technique
are 0.041 µg and 0.14 µg cadmium, respectively, for a
10 mL solution volume. These correspond, respectively,
to 0.2 µg/m3 and 0.70 µg/m3 for
a 200 L air volume.
(iv) The recommended Cd standard
working range for flame AAS analysis is 0.02 to 2.0 µg/mL.
The net absorbance readings of the reagent blank and the
recommended working range standards and the statistical
analysis of the results are shown in Table 2. The standard
of lowest concentration in the working range, 0.02 µg/mL,
is slightly greater than the calculated quantitative detection
limit, 0.014 µg/mL. The standard of highest concentration
in the working range, 2.0 µg/mL, is at the upper end of
the linear working range suggested by the manufacturer
(subsection (5)(f) of this section). Although the standard
net absorbance readings are not strictly linear at concentrations
above 0.5 µg/mL, the deviation from linearity is only
about ten percent at the upper end of the recommended
standard working range. The deviation from linearity is
probably caused by the four-fold expansion of the signal
suggested in the method. As shown in Table 2, the precision
of the standard net absorbance readings are excellent
throughout the recommended working range; the relative
standard deviations of the readings range from 0.009 to
0.064.
(g) Detection limits and standard
working range for AAS-HGA analysis.
(i) Analyzed the reagent blank solution
and the entire series of cadmium standards in the range
of 0.1 to 40 ng/mL according to the instructions given
in subsection (3)(k) of this section. The diluting solution
(4% HNO3, 0.4% HCl) was used as the reagent
blank. A fresh aliquot of the reagent blank and of each
standard was used for every analysis. The experimental
characteristic mass value was 0.41 pg, calculated from
the average peak area (abs-sec) reading of the 5 ng/mL
standard which is approximately midway in the linear portion
of the working standard range. This agreed within twenty
percent with the characteristic mass value, 0.35 pg, listed
by the manufacturer of the instrument (subsection (5)(b)
of this section).
(ii) The peak area (abs-sec) readings
of the reagent blank and the low concentration Cd standards
from 0.1 to 2.0 ng/mL and statistical analysis of the
results are shown in Table 3. Five of the reagent blank
peak area readings were zero and the sixth reading was
1 and was an outlier. The near lack of a blank signal
does not satisfy a strict interpretation of the IUPAC
method for determining the detection limits. Therefore,
the standard deviation of the six peak area readings of
the 0.2 ng/mL cadmium standard, 0.75 abs-sec, was used
to calculate the detection limits by the IUPAC method.
The slope, m, as calculated by a linear regression plot
of the peak area (abs-sec) readings (shown in Table 4)
of the 0.2 to 10 ng/mL cadmium standards versus their
concentration is 51.5 abs-sec/(ng/mL).
(iii) If 0.75 abs-sec (sd) and 51.5
abs-sec/(ng/mL) (m) are used in Eqn. 1 ((a)(iii) of this
subsection), the qualitative and quantitative detection
limits as determined by the IUPAC method are:
Cld = (3)(0.75 abs-sec)/(51.5
abs-sec/(ng/mL) = 0.044 ng/mL for the qualitative detection
limit.
Cld = (10)(0.75 abs-sec)/(51.5
abs-sec/(ng/mL) = 0.15 ng/mL for the quantitative detection
limit.
The qualitative and quantitative
detection limits for the AAS-HGA analytical technique
are 0.44 ng and 1.5 ng cadmium, respectively, for a 10
mL solution volume. These correspond, respectively, to
0.007 µg/m3 and .025 µg/m3
for a 60 L air volume.
(iv) The peak area (abs-sec) readings
of the Cd standards from 0.2 to 40 ng/mL and the statistical
analysis of the results are given in Table 4. The recommended
standard working range for AAS-HGA analysis is 0.2 to
20 ng/mL. The standard of lowest concentration in the
recommended working range is slightly greater than the
calculated quantitative detection limit, 0.15 ng/mL. The
deviation
from linearity of the peak area
readings of the 20 ng/mL standard, the highest concentration
standard in the recommended working range, is approximately
ten percent. The deviations from linearity of the peak
area readings of the thirty and forty ng/mL standards
are
significantly greater than ten percent.
As shown in Table 4, the precision
of the peak area readings are satisfactory throughout
the recommended working range; the relative standard deviations
of the readings range from 0.025 to 0.083.
(h) Analytical method recovery for
flame AAS analysis.
(i) Four sets of spiked MCEF samples
were prepared by injecting 20 µL of 10, 50, 100 and 200
µg/mL dilute cadmium stock solutions on 37 mm diameter
filters (part No. AAWP 037 00, Millipore Corp., Bedford,
MA) with a calibrated micropipet. The dilute stock solutions
were prepared by making appropriate serial dilutions of
a commercially available 1,000 µg/mL cadmium standard
stock solution (RICCA Chemical Co., Lot # A102) with the
diluting solution (4% HNO3, 0.4% HCl). Each set contained
six samples and a sample blank. The amount of cadmium
in the prepared sets were equivalent to 0.1, 0.5, 1.0
and 2.0 times the TWA PEL target concentration of 5 µg/m3
for a 400 L air volume.
(ii) The air-dried spiked filters
were digested and analyzed for their cadmium content by
flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) following the
procedure described in subsection (3) of this section.
The 0.02 to 2.0µg/mL cadmium standards (the suggested
working range) were used in the analysis of the spiked
filters.
(iii) The results of the analysis
are given in Table 5. One result at 0.5 times the TWA
PEL target concentration was an outlier and was excluded
from statistical analysis. Experimental justification
for rejecting it is that the outlier value was probably
due to a spiking error. The coefficients of variation
for the three test levels at 0.5 to 2.0 times the TWA
PEL target concentration passed the Bartlett's test
and were pooled.
(iv) The average recovery of the
six spiked filter samples at 0.1 times the TWA PEL target
concentration was 118.2% with a coefficient of variation
(CV1) of 0.128. The average recovery of the spiked filter
samples in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 times the TWA target
concentration was 104.0% with a pooled coefficient of
variation (CV1) of 0.010. Consequently, the analytical
bias found in these spiked sample results over the tested
concentration range was +4.0% and the OAE was ±6.0%.
(i) Analytical method recovery for
AAS-HGA analysis.
(i) Three sets of spiked MCEF samples
were prepared by injecting 15 µL of 5, 10 and 20 µg/mL
dilute cadmium stock solutions on 37 mm diameter filters
(part no. AAWP 037 00, Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA) with
a calibrated micropipet. The dilute stock solutions were
prepared by making appropriate serial dilutions of a commercially
available certified 1,000 µg/mL cadmium standard stock
solution (Fisher Chemical Co., Lot# 913438-24) with the
diluting solution (4% HNO3, 0.4% HCl). Each set contained
six samples and a sample blank. The amount of cadmium
in the prepared sets were equivalent to 0.5, 1 and 2 times
the action level TWA target concentration of 2.5 µg/m3
for a 60 L air volume.
(ii) The air-dried spiked filters
were digested and analyzed for their cadmium content by
flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy using a heated
graphite furnace atomizer following the procedure described
in subsection (3) of this section. A five-fold dilution
of the spiked filter samples at 2 times the action level
TWA was made prior to their analysis. The 0.05 to 20 ng/mL
cadmium standards were used in the analysis of the spiked
filters.
(iii) The results of the analysis
are given in Table 6. There were no outliers. The coefficients
of variation for the three test levels at 0.5 to 2.0 times
the action level TWA PEL passed the Bartlett's test and
were pooled. The average recovery of the spiked filter
samples was 94.2% with a pooled coefficient of variation
(CV1)
of 0.043. Consequently, the analytical
bias was -5.8% and the OAE was ±14.2%.
(j) Conclusions.
The experiments performed in this
evaluation show the two atomic absorption analytical techniques
included in this method to be precise and accurate and have
sufficient sensitivity to measure airborne cadmium over
a broad range of exposure levels and sampling periods.
(5) References.
(a) Slavin, W. Graphite Furnace AAS--A
Source Book;
Perkin-Elmer Corp., Spectroscopy Div.:
Ridgefield, CT, 1984; p. 18 and pp. 83-90.
(c) Occupational Safety and Health
Administration Salt Lake Technical Center: Metal and Metalloid
Particulate in Workplace Atmospheres (Atomic Absorption)
(USDOL/OSHA Method No. ID-121). In OSHA Analytical Methods
Manual 2nd ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, 1991.
(d) Occupational Safety and Health
Administration Salt Lake Technical Center: Metal and Metalloid
Particulate in Workplace Atmospheres (ICP) (USDOL/OSHA Method
No. ID-125G). In OSHA Analytical Methods Manual 2nd ed.
Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists, 1991.
(e) Windholz, M., Ed.; The Merck Index,
10th ed.; Merck & Co.: Rahway, NJ, 1983.
(f) Analytical Methods for Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometry, The Perkin-Elmer Corporation:
Norwalk, CT, 1982.
(g) Slavin, W., D.C. Manning, G. Carnrick,
and E. Pruszkowska: Properties of the Cadmium Determination
with the Platform Furnace and Zeeman Background Correction.
Spectrochim. Acta 38B:1157-1170 (1983).
(h) Occupational Safety and Health
Administration Salt Lake Technical Center: Standard Operating
Procedure for Atomic Absorption. Salt Lake City, UT: USDOL/OSHA-SLTC,
In progress.
(i) Occupational Safety and Health
Administration Salt Lake Technical Center: AAS-HGA Standard
Operating Procedure. Salt Lake City, UT: USDOL/OSHA- SLTC,
In progress.
(j) Mandel, J.: Accuracy and Precision,
Evaluation and
Interpretation of Analytical Results,
The Treatment of Outliers. In Treatise On Analytical Chemistry,
2nd ed., Vol.1, edited by I. M. Kolthoff and P. J. Elving.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978. pp. 282-285.
(k) National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health: Documentation of the NIOSH Validation
Tests by D. Taylor, R. Kupel, and J. Bryant (DHEW/NIOSH
Pub. No. 77-185). Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, 1977.
(l) Occupational Safety and Health
Administration Analytical Laboratory: Precision and Accuracy
Data Protocol for Laboratory Validations. In OSHA Analytical
Methods Manual 1st ed. Cincinnati, OH: American
Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (Pub. No. ISBN: 0-936712-66-X), 1985.
(m) Long, G.L. and J.D. Winefordner:
Limit of Detection--A Closer Look at the IUPAC Definition.
Anal. Chem. 55:712A-724A (1983).
(n) American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists: Documentation of Threshold Limit
Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati,
OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
1986.
Table 1-Cd Detection Limit
Study
[Flame AAS Analysis]
STD
(µg/mL)
Absorbance
reading at 228.8 nm
Statistical
analysis
Reagent
blank
5
2
n
= 6.
mean = 3.50.
std dev
= 1.05.
CV = 0.30.
4
3
4
3
0.001
6
6
n
= 6.
mean = 5.00.
std dev
= 1.67.
CV = 0.335.
2
4
6
6
0.002
5
7
n
= 6.
mean = 5.50.
std dev
= 1.76.
CV =0 .320.
7
3
7
4
0.005
7
7
n = 6.
mean = 7.33.
std dev=0.817.
CV = 0.111.
8
8
8
6
0.010
10
9
n
= 6.
mean = 10.3.
std dev =
1.37.
CV = 0.133.
10
13
10
10
0.020
20
23
n
= 6.
mean = 20.8.
std dev =
1.33.
CV = 0.064.
20
22
20
20
0.050
42
42
n
= 6.
mean = 42.5.
std dev =
1.22.
CV = 0.029.
42
42
42
45
0.10
84
80 83
n
= 3.
mean = 82.3.
std dev =
2.08.
CV = 0.025.
Table 2--Cd Standard Working Range Study
[Flame AAS Analysis]
STD (µg/mL)
Absorbance
reading at 228.8 nm
Statistical
analysis
Reagent
blank
5
2
n
= 6.
mean = 3.50.
std dev
= 1.05.
CV = 0.30.
4
3
4
3
0.020
20
23
n
= 6.
mean = 20.8.
std dev
= 1.33.
CV = 0.064.
20
22
20
20
0.050
42
42
n
= 6.
mean = 42.5.
std dev
= 1.22.
CV = 0.029.
42
42
42
45
0.10
84
n
= 3.
mean = 82.3.
std dev
= 2.08.
CV = 0.025.
80
83
0.20
161
n
= 3.
mean = 160.0.
std dev
= 1.73.
CV = 0.011.
161
158
0.50
391
n
= 3.
mean = 391.0.
std dev
= 2.00.
CV = 0.005.
389
393
1.00
760
n
= 3.
mean = 753.3.
std dev
= 6.11.
CV = 0.008.
748
752
2.00
1416
n = 3.
mean=1414.3.
std dev
= 12.6.
CV = 0.009.
1426
1401
Detection Limit Study
[AAS-HGA Analysis]
STD (ng/mL)
Peak
area Readings x 103 at 228.8 nm
Statistical
analysis
Reagent
blank
0
0
n = 6.
mean = 0.167.
std dev=0.41.
CV = 2.45.
0
1
0
0
0.1
8
6
n
= 6.
mean = 7.7.
std dev =
2.8.
CV = 0.366.
5
7
13
7
0.2
11
13
n
= 6.
mean = 11.8.
std dev=0.75.
CV = 0.064.
11
12
12
12
0.5
28
33
n
= 6.
mean = 28.8.
std dev =
2.4.
CV = 0.083.
26
28
28
30
1.0
52
55
n
= 6.
mean = 54.8.
std dev =
2.0.
CV = 0.037.
56
58
54
54
2.0
110
112
n
= 6.
mean = 108.8.
std dev =
3.9.
CV = 0.036.
110
110
110
110
Table 4--Cd Standard Working Range Study
[AAS-HGA Analysis]
STD
(ng/mL)
Peak
area Readings x 103 at 228.8 nm
Statistical
analysis
0.2
11
13
n = 6.
mean = 11.8.
std dev=0.75.
CV = 0.064.
11
12
12
12
0.5
28
33
n
= 6.
mean = 28.8.
std dev = 2.4.
CV = 0.083.
26
28
28
30
1.0
52
55
n
= 6.
mean = 54.8.
std dev = 2.0.
CV = 0.037.
56
58
54
54
2.0
101
112
n
= 6.
mean = 108.8.
std dev = 3.9.
CV = 0.036.
110
110
110
110
5.0
247
265
n
= 6.
mean = 265.5.
std dev=11.5.
CV = 0.044.
268
275
259
279
10.0
495
520
n
= 6.
mean = 516.7.
std dev=12.7.
CV = 0.025.
523
513
516
533
20.0
950
953
n
= 6.
mean = 941.8.
std dev=25.6.
CV = 0.027.
951
958
949
890
30.0
1269
1291
n
= 6.
mean = 1293.
std dev=13.3.
CV = 0.010.
1303
1307
1295
1290
40.0
1505
1567
n
= 6.
mean = 1552.
std dev=26.6.
CV = 0.017.
1535
1567
1566
1572
Table 5--Analytical Method Recovery
[Flame AAS Analysis]
Test Level
µg taken
0.5x µg found
Percent rec.
µg taken
1.0x
µg found
Percent rec.
µg taken
2.0x µg found
Percent rec.
1.00
1.0715
107.2
2.00
2.0688
103.4
4.00
4.1504
103.8
1.00
1.0842
108.4
2.00
2.0174
100.9
4.00
4.1108
102.8
1.00
1.0842
108.4
2.00
2.0431
102.2
4.00
4.0581
101.5
1.00
*1.0081
*100.8
2.00
2.0431
102.2
4.00
4.0844
102.1
1.00
1.0715
107.2
2.00
2.0174
100.9
4.00
4.1504
103.8
1.00
108.4
2.00
2.0045
100.2
4.00
4.1899
104.7
n = 6 6 6
mean = 107.9 101.6 103.1
std dev = 0.657 1.174 1.199
CV1 = 0.006 0.011 0.012
CV1 (pooled) = 0.010
*Rejected as an outlier-this value did not
pass the outlier T-test at the 99% confidence level.
Test Level
0.1x
µg taken
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
0.200
µg found
0.2509
0.2509
0.2761
0.2258
0.2258
0.1881
Percent
rec.
125.5
125.5
138.1
112.9
112.9
94.1
n = 6
mean = 118.2
std dev = 15.1
CV1 = 0.128
Table 6-Analytical Method Recovery
[AAS-HGA analysis]
Test Level
ng taken
0.5x ng found
Percent rec.
ng taken
1.0x ng found
Percent rec.
ng taken
2.0x ng found
Percent rec.
75
71.23
95.0
150
138.00
92.0
300
258.43
86.1
75
71.47
95.3
150
138.29
92.2
300
258.46
86.2
75
70.02
93.4
150
136.30
90.9
300
280.55
93.5
75
77.34
103.1
150
146.62
97.7
300
288.34
96.1
75
78.32
104.4
150
145.17
96.8
300
261.74
87.2
75
71.96
95.9
150
144.88
96.6
300
277.22
92.4
n = 6 6 6
mean = 97.9 94.4 90.3
std dev = 4.66 2.98 4.30
CV1 = 0.048 0.032 0.048
CV1 (pooled) = 0.043
(6) Instrumental Parameters for Flame AAS
Analysis
WAC
296-62-07451A short description
of Appendix F to 29 CFR 1910.1027--Nonmandatory protocol for biological
monitoring.
Appendix F is not included in this standard
due to limited employer/employee application. The following is
a brief synopsis of the content of Appendix F to 29 CFR 1910.1027,
Cadmium.
(1) The medical monitoring program for cadmium
requires that blood and urine samples must be collected at defined
intervals from workers by physicians responsible for medical monitoring.
These samples are sent to commercial laboratories that perform
the required analyses and report results of these analyses to
the responsible physicians. To ensure the accuracy and reliability
of these laboratory analyses, the laboratories to which samples
are submitted should participate in an ongoing and efficacious
proficiency testing program.
(2) This nonmandatory protocol is intended
to provide guidelines and recommendations for physicians and laboratories
to improve the accuracy and reliability of the procedures used
to analyze the biological samples collected as part of the medical
monitoring program for cadmium. This protocol provides procedures
for characterizing and maintaining the quality of analytic results
derived from the analyses of cadmium in blood (CDB), cadmium in
urine (CDU), and beta-2-microglobulin in urine (B2MU) by commercial
laboratories. Laboratories conforming to the provisions of this
nonmandatory protocol shall be known as “participating laboratories.”
(3) This protocol describes procedures that
may be used by the responsible physicians to identify laboratories
most likely to be proficient in the analysis of samples used in
the biological monitoring of cadmium. It also provides procedures
for record keeping and reporting by laboratories participating
in proficiency testing programs, and recommendations to assist
these physicians in interpreting analytical results determined
by participating
laboratories.
(4) For those needing Appendix
F, 29 CFR 1910.1027, in its entirety, a copy may be obtained by
request to:
Department of Labor and Industries
Division of Industrial Safety and Health
Standards and Information
Post Office Box 44620
Olympia, Washington 98504-4620
or telephone (360) 956-5527
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