WAC 296-54-58960 Log trucks--Miscellaneous requirements.

(1) A truck wheel must not have more than twenty-five percent of the lugs missing or defective.

(2) All truck wheels must be maintained free of cracks, breaks, or defects.

(3) Windshields on all equipment must have windshield wipers in good working condition.

(4) Mule train trailers must have a platform on the trailer tongue at least twelve inches by twenty-four inches made of nonslip material and able to support at least three hundred pounds. The platform must be self-cleaning.

(5) Trailer loading and unloading straps, links, or chains must be fastened securely to the trailer frame and used in hoisting the trailer. The connections must be maintained in good condition and not be attached to the trailer bunk. Using molles for this purpose is prohibited.

(6) When unloading trailers from trucks, the trailers must be hoisted clear, the truck driven forward a safe distance, and the trailer lowered to within one foot of the roadway before persons approach the trailer or reach.

(7) Trailer hoisting or unloading straps must be constructed and installed in a manner enabling the loading or unloading machine to engage the strap without manual personal contact.

(8) All motor vehicles must be equipped with a horn that is audible above the surrounding noise level. The horn must be sounded before operating the vehicle in reverse gear and when necessary to alert employees.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040 and .050. 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-58960, filed 08/18/99, effective 12/01/99.]

WAC 296-54-58970 Log trucks--Steered trailers. 

Steered trailers, not controlled from the truck cab, must be designed, constructed, and operated as follows:

(1) A secure seat with substantial foot rest must be provided for the operator at the rear of the bunk. Any arrangement that permits the operator to ride in front of the bunk is prohibited unless a false bunk or other adequate protection is provided for the operator.

(2) The seat for the operator must be so arranged that he has an unobstructed exit from both sides and the rear.

(3) The bunk support must be so constructed that the operator has a clear view ahead at all times.

(4) Adequate means of communication must be provided between the operator and the truck driver.

(5) Eye protection and respirator must be provided for the operator.

(6) The trailer must be equipped with fenders or splash plates to protect the operator from mud and dust so far as possible.

(7) If used during periods of reduced visibility on roads not under the control of the state department of transportation, counties, or cities, the trailer must be equipped with head, tail, turn and stop lights.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040 and .050. 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-58970, filed 08/18/99, effective 12/01/99.]

WAC 296-54-591 Stationary log truck trailer loading.

(1) All loading devices must be designed, constructed and maintained so as to have a five to one safety factor for the rated load capacity.

(2) Loaders must be high and wide enough so they can safely load the maximum-sized trailers they are expected to handle without hanging up or striking the equipment.

(3) Electric-powered trailer loading devices must be equipped with a switch or device that will safely limit the upper direction of travel of the load line.

(4) Electric motors used for hoisting must be equipped with approved overload switches or breakers.

(5) Electrical switch controls must not exceed twenty-four volts. All control switches must be the momentary-contact type that require continuous manual pressure for the hoist to operate.

(6) Pendent control switches must be suspended by a chain or other suitable device that will prevent placing a strain on the electrical cable.

(7) Pendents must be installed so that the control switch does not touch the ground when retracted.

(8) All electrical equipment must be weatherproof-type or adequately protected from the weather, and must meet or exceed the requirements of the National Electrical Code as promulgated by the director of the department of labor and industries pursuant to RCW 19.28.060.

(9) Trailer loaders, except A-frames or bridge crane, must be equipped with reach guides or devices that will keep the reach in proper alignment. A tag rope or other safe guidance device must be used to guide trailers being loaded by an A-frame loader.

(10) Access roads and the area around the trailer loading devices must be kept free of standing water and debris and maintained in good repair.

(11) The maximum capacity load to be lifted must be posted in a conspicuous location where it can be easily seen by any person operating the hoist.

(12) Trailer loading equipment must be periodically inspected at least every thirty days and must be maintained in good repair. A written report must be made and signed by the person making the inspection and kept on file by the company for twelve months.

(13) The employer must conduct an annual lifting test on each loading device and maintain a written record of the test.

(a) The written record must contain:

• The date of the test;

• The name of person conducting the test;

• The amount of weight lifted; and

• The results kept in the office of the employer or at the site.

(b) The test weight must be at least one hundred twenty-five percent of the maximum rated load and a maximum of one hundred thirty percent of the maximum rated load.

(14) Each drum must be designed and arranged in such a manner that the line will maintain lead and spool evenly without chafing, crossing, or kinking.

(15) A braking system must be installed that has the ability to safely brake and hold one and one-half times weight of the full rated load.

(16) When trailers are to be loaded after dark, sufficient lights must be provided for a safe operation.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040 and .050. 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-591, filed 08/18/99, effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .150 and .240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), § 296-54-591, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-593 Log unloading, booms, and rafting grounds--Storage and sorting areas--General.

(1) At least two persons must be present for all storing, sorting, or boom work, except for boomboat operations.

(2) In operations where regular logging machinery, rigging, etc., is used, the applicable rules apply.

(3) The employer must provide and ensure the use of artificial lights where employees work between the hours of sunset and sunrise. The lights must be located in a manner that will:

• Be reasonably free of glare;

• Provide uniform distribution of illumination; and

• Avoid sharply defined shadows.

(4) On all log dumps, adequate power for the unloading method used must be provided. All machines used for hoisting, reloading, or lowering must be of an approved design and have enough power to control or hold the maximum load imposed in mid-air.

(5) Methods of unloading logs must be arranged and used in a manner to provide full protection to all employees.

(6) Binders must not be released from any load until an effective safeguard is provided.

(7) All mobile log handling machines must be equipped with a means to prevent the logs from accidentally leaving the forks, and it must be used.

(8) The operator of the unloading machine must have an unobstructed view of the unloading area or must make certain no one is in the area where the logs are to be unloaded. Rearview mirrors must be installed on mobile log handling equipment to assist the operator in determining that the area behind the machine is clear before backing up.

(9) Unloading lines must be arranged so that it is not necessary for an employee to attach them on the pond or dump side of the load.

(10) Life rings with a minimum of ninety feet of 1/4-inch line with a minimum breaking strength of five hundred pounds attached, must be provided at convenient points adjacent to water that is five feet or more in depth. Life rings must be a minimum of thirty inches outside diameter and seventeen inches inside diameter and be maintained so as to retain a thirty-two pound positive buoyancy.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040 and .050. 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-593, filed 08/18/99, effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050 and .060. 96-22-013, § 296-54-593, filed 10/28/96, effective 1/1/97. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050, and .240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), § 296-54-593, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .150 and .240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), § 296-54-593, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-59310 Log unloading, booms, and rafting grounds--Water dumps.

(1) All water dumps must have brow logs except when logs are lifted from the load. If portable equipment is used, adequate stops must be provided to prevent equipment from running off the dump.

(2) Where necessary for employees to walk alongside loads and equipment on trestles or fills, a minimum twenty-two inch wide walkway must be provided, unless otherwise specified.

(3) All decks and plankways on log dumps must be kept in good repair and free from bark and other debris. Roadways must not be inclined more than one inch to twelve inches across the driving surface.

(4) The use of small bridge-over logs, planking, or timbers between regular foot logs, or walkways, which will not support the weight of at least three persons are prohibited. All regular foot logs must be barked on the upper side.

(5) Electric-powered hoists using hand-held cord remote controls in grounded locations must be actuated by circuits operating at no more than twenty-four volts. All control switches must be the momentary contact type that require continuous manual pressure for the hoist to operate.

(6) Roadbeds at log dumps must be hard-packed gravel, heavy planking, or equivalent material, and must be of sufficient width and even surface to ensure safe operation of equipment.

(7) Where logs are unloaded on to rollways, enough space must be provided between the top of the skids and the ground to clear the body of a person.

(8) When a brow log is used with a parbuckle system, all persons are prohibited from going between the brow log and the load of logs at any time.

(9) A positive safeguard must be provided to prevent logs from leaving the loads on the side opposite the dump. Unloading lines, crotch lines, or other equivalent means must be arranged and used in a manner to prevent any log from swinging or rolling back.

(10) All employees must remain in the clear until all moving equipment has come to a complete stop.

(11) Logs must not be unloaded by peaves or similar manual methods, unless means are provided and used that eliminate the danger from rolling or swinging logs.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040 and .050. 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-59310, filed 08/18/99, effective 12/01/99.]

WAC 296-54-59320 Log unloading, booms, and rafting ground--Boom and rafting grounds.

(1) Breaking of log jams by peavy method is prohibited, except in river drive or when a jam occurs away from a mechanical means or the dump.

(2) Wooden pike poles must be made of continuous, straight-grained No. 1 material.

(a) Defective poles, blunt or dull pikes must not be used.

(b) Conductive pike poles must not be used where there is a possibility of coming in contact with energized electrical conductors.

(3) Stiff booms must be made of at least two boom sticks and must be at least thirty-six inches wide measured outside to outside of the logs. The boom sticks must be fastened with at least 4” x 6” cross ties, or cable lashings notched into the boom sticks may be used when stiff booms are exposed to heavy swells. Stiff booms must be kept free of loose bark and maintained in good repair.

(4) A walkway thirty-six inches wide with standard hand railing must be provided from the shore end of stiff boom to shore.

(5) All sorting gaps must have a substantial stiff boom on each side of gaps. Such stiff booms or walkways must be planked over.

(6) Boom sticks must be reasonably straight with no protruding knots or loose bark. They must be able to support above the water line at either end the weight of one employee and equipment or two hundred fifty pounds.

(7) Foot logs must be reasonably straight with no protruding knots or loose bark and large enough to support above the water line at either end the weight of two employees and equipment or five hundred pounds.

(8) Unsafe boom sticks must be marked by three chopped crosses ten feet from the butt end, and those sticks must not be used as boom sticks.

(9) Gaps between boom sticks must not exceed twenty-four inches. All wire must be removed from boom sticks and boom chains before they are re-used or hung in rafting stalls.

(10) When permanent cable swifters are used, they must be arranged so that they are within easy reach of the rafter without rolling the boom sticks on which they are fastened. When cables become hazardous to use because of jaggers, they must be discarded.

(11) When a floating donkey or other power-driven machinery is used on a boom, it must be placed on a raft or float with enough buoyancy to keep the deck of the raft or float well above water. Wherever employees walk, the deck of the raft or float must be planked over with at least two inch planking, and kept in good repair.

(12) When doglines used in rafting, brailing, or stowing logs become hazardous to use because of jaggers, they must be discarded.

(13) Sufficient walkways and floats must be installed and securely anchored to provide safe passage for employees.

(14) Walkways alongside sorting gaps must be at least four feet wide. Other walkways must be at least twenty-two inches wide.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040 and .050. 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-59320, filed 08/18/99, effective 12/01/99.]

WAC 296-54-59330 Log unloading, booms, and rafting grounds--Boats and mechanical devices on waters.

(1) Before starting the boat motor, any spilled fuel must be removed and vapors must be exhausted from any area in which they may accumulate.

(2) The bilge area must be kept clean and oil, grease, fuel, or highly combustible materials must not be allowed to accumulate.

(3) Adequate ventilation equipment must be provided and used for the bilge area to prevent the accumulation of toxic or explosive gases or vapors.

(4) Adequate ventilation equipment must be provided and used for the cabin area on enclosed-cabin boats to prevent an accumulation of harmful gases or vapors.

(5) Deck and cabin lighting must be provided and used where necessary to provide safe levels of illumination aboard boats. Boats operated between sunset to sunrise, or in conditions of restricted visibility, must display navigation lights as required by the United States Coast Guard. Searchlights or floodlights must be provided for safe navigation and to illuminate working or boarding areas adjacent to the craft.

(6) On craft used by employees wearing calked shoes, all areas where employees must stand or walk must be made of or be covered with wood or other suitable matting or nonslip material. The covering must be maintained in good condition.

(7) Each boat must:

(a) Be provided with a fire extinguisher; and

Note: For additional requirements relating to portable fire extinguishers see WAC 296-800-300.

(b) Have a life ring with at least fifty feet of one-fourth inch line attached.

Note: On log broncs, boomscooters, or other small boomboats where all occupants are required to wear life saving devices and a life ring would present a tripping hazard, the life ring may be omitted.

(8) Along docks, walkways, or other fixed installations on or adjacent to open water more than five feet deep, approved life rings with at least ninety feet of one-fourth inch line attached, must be provided. The life rings must be spaced at intervals not exceeding two hundred feet and must be easily visible and readily accessible.

(a) When employees are assigned work at other casual locations where exposure to drowning exists, at least one approved life ring with at least ninety feet of line attached must be provided in the immediate vicinity of the work assigned.

(b) Lines attached to life rings on fixed installations must be at least ninety feet long, at least one-fourth-inch in diameter, and have a minimum breaking strength of five hundred pounds. Similar lines attached to life rings on boats must be at least fifty feet long.

(c) Life rings must be United States Coast Guard approved thirty-inch size.

(d) Life rings and attached lines must be maintained to retain at least seventy-five percent of their designed buoyancy and strength.

(e) Where work is assigned over water where the vertical drop from an accidental fall would exceed fifty feet, special arrangements must be made with and approved by the department of labor and industries prior to such assignment.

(9) Log broncs, boomscooters, and boomboats must not be loaded with employees or equipment in a way that adversely affects stability or seaworthiness.

(10) Boats must not be operated at excessive speed or handled recklessly.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040 and .050. 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-59330, filed 08/18/99, effective 12/01/99.]

WAC 296-54-59340 Log unloading, booms, and rafting grounds--Dry land sorting and storage.

(1) Unauthorized foot and vehicle traffic is prohibited in the sorting or storage area.

(2) Logs must be stored in a safe and orderly manner. Roadways and traffic lanes must be kept clear of protruding ends of logs and debris.

(3) Dry deck log storage areas must be kept orderly and maintained in a condition conducive to safe operation of mobile equipment. Roadways and walkways must have a smooth hard-packed surface wide enough to permit a safe operation. Bark, mud, and other debris must not be allowed to accumulate to the extent they constitute a hazard to the operation.

(4) The employer must implement an effective method to control dust at log dumps and in sorting and storage areas.

(5) Only an authorized person shall operate or ride any lift truck, log stacker, or log unloader.

(6) Signaling log unloader operators at dry deck areas by throwing bark or chips in the air is prohibited. Hand, horn signals or other safe, effective means must be used at all times.

(7) Unnecessary talking to the operator while operating controls of a log stacker or log unloader is prohibited.

(8) Lift forks and arms of unloading machines must be lowered to their lowest position, and all equipment brakes set before the operator leaves the machine unattended.

(9) Log unloaders or stackers must not be moved about the premises for distances greater than absolutely necessary with the lift extended above the driver's head or with loads lifted higher than is necessary for vision.

(10) When truck drivers are out of the cab, they must be in the clear, and in view of the log unloader before the lift forks are moved under the load and the lift is made.

(11) Where logs are offloaded onto a dry deck by unloading lines, a self-releasing mechanism must be used. Employees are prohibited from climbing dry decks to release unloading lines.

(12) Employees must not enter the hazardous area near or under loads of logs being lifted, moved, or suspended.

(13) When log unloaders and log stackers are designed so that logs being handled may jeopardize the safety of the operator, the employer must provide overhead protection and any other necessary safeguards.

(14) Log unloaders and log stackers must be equipped with a horn or other audible warning device. If vision is impaired or restricted to the rear, the warning device must be sounded before operating the vehicle in reverse gear and periodically while backing. The warning device must be operative at all times.

(15) A limit stop, which will prevent the lift arms from over-traveling, must be installed on electric powered log unloaders.

(16) Shear guards must be installed on unloading machines and similar equipment on which the arms pivot and move alongside the operator creating a pinch point at that location.

(17) All forklift log handling machines must be equipped with a grapple arms and the arms must be used whenever logs are being carried.

(18) When log trucks are loaded by a log stacker and the lay of any log is higher than the stakes, the log stacker must remain against the completed load, or other suitable protection provided, to prevent the logs from falling until at least two wrappers and binders have been applied.

(19) All binders and wrappers must remain on the load until an approved safeguard has been provided to prevent logs from rolling off the side of the truck or trailer when binders are released. A shear log, or equivalent means, must be provided to ensure the log truck will be stationed close enough to the wrapper rack so that a log cannot fall between the log truck and the wrapper rack when removing binders and wrappers. At least one binder must remain secured while relocating or tightening other binders. Crotch lines, forklifts, log stackers, log unloaders, or other effective means must be used for this purpose.

(20) An extra wrapper or metal band of equal strength must be placed to hold the logs when it is necessary to remove a wrapper to prevent it from being fouled by the unloading machine.

(21) Machines with arms that block the regular exit when in the up position must have an emergency exit installed.

(22) Riding on any part of a log handling machine except under the canopy guard is prohibited.

(23) Identification tags must not be applied or pulled unless logs are resting in a stationary place, such as bunks, cradles, skids, or sorting tables.

(24) Employees must not approach the immediate vicinity of a forklift-type log handling machine without first notifying the operator of the person's intention and receiving an acknowledgement from the operator.

(25) When dry land log dumps use unloading methods similar to those of water dumps, the safety standards for water dumps apply.

(26) When logs are handled between sunset and sunrise or other periods of poor visibility, the employer must provide illumination that meets the requirements of WAC 296-800-210 relating to illumination.

(27) Air operated stake releases must meet the following requirements:

(a) The air supply must be taken from the “wet” air reservoir or from the accessory air line to a spring loaded, normally closed control valve;

(b) The control valve must be located in the cab, positioned so that it is accessible only from the operator's position;

(c) The control valve must be fitted with a spring-loaded cover or otherwise guarded against inadvertent operation; and

(d) A separate air line must extend from the control valve to the tractor and trailer stake release chambers. The air line must be clearly identified or installed so that it cannot be mistaken for the service or emergency air line.

(28) Each deck must be constructed and located so it is stable and provides each employee with enough room to safely move and work in the area.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040, .050. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-54-59340, filed 05/09/01, effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040 and .050. 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-59340, filed 08/18/99, effective 12/01/99.]

WAC 296-54-595 Transporting crews.

Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050 and .060. 96-22-013, § 296-54-595, filed 10/28/96, effective 1/1/97. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050, and .240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), § 296-54-595, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .150 and .240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), § 296-54-595, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-59510 Speeders used to transport crews.

(1) All speeders must be equipped with two separate and independently operated braking systems, either of which must be of sufficient capacity to lock all wheels when speeder is fully loaded;

(2) All speeders used for transporting crews must be equipped with methods for sanding tracks, operative for both directions of travel.

(3) Electric lights of sufficient candle power and range so that vehicle can be stopped within the range of the beam, and which will shine in the direction of travel, must be provided on all speeders.

(4) Adequate tail lights must be installed and maintained in good order.

(5) Automatic windshield wipers of sufficient capacity to maintain clear visibility must be installed on all speeders.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040 and .050. 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-59510, filed 08/18/99, effective 12/01/99.]

WAC 296-54-59520 Trailers used to transport crews.

(1) When trailers are coupled behind speeders, they must be equipped with two separate and independent braking systems, either must be of sufficient capacity to lock all wheels when the trailer is fully loaded. One of these must be power operated and must be controlled from the speeder; the other manually operated from the trailer. One person must be designated to operate this brake in case of emergency.

(2) All trailers must be coupled to speeders with metal couplings and safety chains or straps of sufficient strength to withstand the impact caused by a broken coupling.

(3) No trailer shall coast or be used as a crew car without being attached to a speeder.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040 and .050. 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-59520, filed 08/18/99, effective 12/01/99.]

WAC 296-54-597 Railroads.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040 and .050. 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-597, filed 08/18/99, effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050 and .060. 96-22-013, § 296-54-597, filed 10/28/96, effective 1/1/97. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .150 and .240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), § 296-54-597, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-59710 Railroad construction and maintenance.

(1) All construction must be according to safe logging practices as to size of rails, ties, track accessories and methods of installing same.

(2) Rail guards must be placed on main lines and spurs, consistent with the type of traffic and general local conditions.

(3) Rail anchors of approved design must be installed wherever practicable.

(4) Frogs, switches, and guard rail ends must have either patent or wooden foot guard blocking installed.

(5) Slip plates must be used under all switches and switch points.

(6) All above ground wire for permanent telegraph or telephone lines used for dispatching must be well strung on insulators and must be clear of the ground and obstructions.

(7) Where telephone lines are strung under or near power lines, foot stools mounted on insulators in front of telephone boxes must be used, unless other protection is provided, which affords a substantially equivalent measure of safety.

(8) Foundations, pile trestles, framed bent trestles, mud sills, or other framework of all structures must be adequate to support the maximum imposed loads without exceeding the maximum safe working unit stresses.

(a) The structure must be maintained in good condition and repair.

(b) The structure must be inspected at least annually by a qualified person.

(c) The employer must maintain records of the inspections and make the records available to the department on request.

(9) Outside wooden guard rails must be installed on all railroad bridges except that outside wooden rails will not be required where inside steel guard rails are used;

(a) They must extend not less than six inches above the top of the ties and must be bolted or spiked to ties at intervals of not more than five feet; and

(b) Spacer blocks must be used unless ties are spiked to stringers, or guard rails are dapped to avoid need for spacer blocks.

(10) Guard rails must extend at least six inches above the top of the ties and are bolted or spiked to ties at maximum intervals of five feet. Spacer blocks must be used unless ties are spiked to stringers, or guard rails are dapped to avoid need for spacer blocks.

(11) Regular bridge ties of not less than ten feet in length must be used on all railroad bridges constructed after the effective date of these standards.

(12) Trestles and bridges longer than two hundred fifty feet must have safety platforms with safe standing space for two persons installed. The platforms must be spaced so that a person on the trestle or bridge is never more than one hundred twenty-five feet from a safety platform or the end of the bridge or structure.

(13) All railroad bridges and trestles used regularly as footways must have a plank walkway between the rails that is at least twelve inches wide and two inches thick. The walkway must extend from end to end of the bridge or trestle.

(14) A suitable substantial walkway at least three feet wide with handrail must be installed on bridges or trestles where train crews must perform routine inspection or repair work on trains. Substantial platforms and handrails must be provided where switches are located on bridges or trestles. Adequate clearance must be allowed for the throw of the switch.

(15) All dangerous trees, snags or brush must be cleared a safe distance from both sides of the track. Any obstruction that will create a transportation hazard must be removed.

(16) Material must be provided that will promote secure footing at places alongside the track where employees customarily perform duties, such as inspecting loads, setting brakes by hand, or throwing switches.

(17) The distance between any main tracks and a side track must allow a clearance of four feet between bunk ends and locomotive cabs.

(18) The following clearances must be maintained:

(a) At least eight feet horizontal clearance on each side of the center line of standard gauge mainline railroads; and

(b) At least twenty-two feet vertical clearance above the top of each rail (according to standard railroad engineering practices).

(19) Derailers must be installed as follows:

(a) Derailers must be installed and used on all landings, passing tracks, and spurs where cars are left on a grade.

(b) Derailers must be close to standing equipment.

(c) The operation of a derailer must not create a hazard to buildings and other railroad lines.

(d) Derailers must not be installed on the inside rail on a sharp curve.

(e) Derail signs must be set on both sides of the track even with the derailer.

(f) An unneeded derailer must be removed or rendered inoperative.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040 and .050. 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-59710, filed 08/18/99, effective 12/01/99.]

WAC 296-54-59720 Railroad operations.

(1) Employees must report accidents, detention of trains or speeders, failure in supply of fuel or water, defects in track, bridges, or signals to the supervisor by the quickest possible method.

(2) Any logging railroad may maintain a special set of operating rules applicable to their logging operation, provided that said rules are acceptable to the department of labor and industries.

(3) Each logging railroad operation with more than one piece of railroad equipment in operation, must have a dispatcher on duty. All equipment must receive clearance from the dispatcher.

(4) Train crew size must be based on the number of persons needed to safely operate the train under all prevailing conditions. When necessary to set hand brakes, two or more persons must be assigned to set the brakes and to give signals.

(5) All locomotives must be equipped with sanding devices for both rails, front and rear, in proper working order. Clean, dry sand should be used.

(6) Locomotives must be equipped with power brakes (air or steam) on all driving wheels. Tenders must also have power brakes.

(7) All locomotives and speeders, operating between sunset and sunrise or other periods of reduced visibility, must be equipped with and use head lights that shine in the direction of travel. The lights must be bright enough so the train can be stopped within range of the light beam. Cab lights must be provided and maintained so the operators can see from their required positions the gauges and equipment necessary for operation.

(8) All locomotives must be equipped with proper grab irons, hand holds, steps, and running boards.

(9) All locomotives must be equipped with automatic couplers, suitable for low or high draw-bars.

(10) On all rolling stock, wheels with sharp or badly worn flanges, must be replaced. Avoid using flat wheels.

(11) All locomotives with tender must have an apron of proper length and width to ensure safety. The apron must be roughened to ensure secure footing.

(12) Handholds and footboards must be provided on locomotive cranes, except where the cab overhangs the end of the car.

(13) Trains and speeders must not exceed a safe speed.

(14) The trainmen must test the air brakes before leaving the terminal. Enginemen must not proceed until they are satisfied by brake action that the brakes are able to control the train.

(15) All of the cars in a train must have brakes in good operating condition.

(16) On railroads where joint logging operations of two or more firms are necessary, trains must be dispatched at least fifteen minutes apart. Red lights must be displayed on the rear of such trains at night or when visibility is poor.

(17) Whenever cars are left on grades, derailers must be provided. Derail signs must be placed near derailers. In setting out equipment, care must be used in seeing that proper clearance is provided.

(18) Standard pressure for mountain grades requires a pressure of ninety pounds in train pipe, one hundred ten pounds in main reservoirs (low pressure) and one hundred thirty pounds in high pressure to ensure quick releasing of brakes and recharging of auxiliaries. Engineer must see that the engine carries these pressures and that sanders, both forward and rear, are in working order. On all heavy grades the high pressure retaining valve must be used and before train is started from landing, a test of brakes must be made and piston travel adjusted, if necessary, and retaining valves put up. Engineer must start train away from landing slowly, giving wheels a chance to roll before applying brakes and, to avoid skidding of wheels, using sand freely. Brakes should then be applied immediately and released, allowing the retaining valves to hold the train while train pipe and auxiliaries are being recharged. Train speed should be held to the required rate by setting and releasing brakes as it is necessary to control train.

(19) When necessary to leave loads on a pass while switching a side, loads must be left close to the derailer, air set and enough hand brakes set up, before cutting the engine from the train.

(20) The engineer must see the car or signal person when making couplings, giving the train crew enough time to align drawheads and open knuckles of coupler, especially on curves, except when using radios.

(21) Drawbars should not be aligned with the foot while cars or engines are in motion. The train crew must not climb between cars while in motion. Engineers must not drift too close to switches that are to be thrown. The position of switch points should always be observed after throwing switch. The switch lever should be pushed firmly into the notch before leaving the switch. No persons except trainmen, unless authorized, shall ride on engine footboards. Throwing objects from the train or engine while in motion is prohibited. A bell must be rung or whistle blown before moving the locomotive.

(22) Equipment must not be pushed ahead of a locomotive unless a brake tender is on the head car in constant view of the engineer or second brake tender in a position to receive and pass the signal to the engineer.

(23) In addition to air brakes, hand brakes must be provided on all cars and maintained in good working order.

(24) Hand brakes must be easily accessible to brake tenders when cars are loaded. When wheels or staff brakes are used they should be placed on the side opposite the brow log at the dump to prevent their damage when cars are unloaded. All switch throws, walkways, and cleared areas for brake tenders must be on the hand brake side.

(25) All brake hickeys must be made from three-fourths inch hexagon steel (high grade) and be twenty-four inches with a good claw on one end to fit the wheel and a knob on opposite end to prevent slipping from the brakeman's hand.

(26) All railroad trucks and cars, where brakes are set by hand while in motion, must have good footboards and toeboards on the brake end.

(27) A ten-inch bunk block is recommended on all trucks to prevent logs from slipping over block.

All cars other than logging trucks must have hand hold and foot steps to permit employees to get on and off easily and safely.

(29) All cars and trucks regularly operated must have automatic couplers.

(30) Locomotives and cabooses must carry the following equipment:

• 1 red light (lantern type)

• 3 red flags

• At least 3 fuses

(31) When a train stops between telephones, or where the rear of a train extends beyond yard limits, the rear of the train must be properly protected.

(32) A whistle sign board must be placed one thousand two hundred feet from each side of highway crossings.

(33) A rail clamp must be placed to hold cars left on a grade on main line or spurs.

(34) All cars and trucks must be legibly numbered so that those with defects may be reported and taken out of service. Each locomotive, speeder, or other self-propelled vehicles must be numbered, or otherwise made readily identifiable.

(35) All cars used for hauling logs must be equipped with patent stake bunks, or bunks with chock blocks and/or chains, constructed so that the block can be released from the opposite end of the bunk unless solid stakes are used.

(36) All main line trains of more than ten loaded cars must have a caboose at the rear of the train.

(37) All logging operations having both truck roads and railroads must post signs at intersections same as public crossings.

(38) The following engine whistle signals are established as standard and are taken from the American Association of Railroads. The signals prescribed are illustrated by “o” for short sounds and “-“ for long sounds. Audible whistle must be sounded when approaching camps, junctions, grade crossings and other prescribed places as required by the American Association of Railroads:

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040 and .050. 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-59720, filed 08/18/99, effective 12/01/99.]

WAC 296-54-59730 Railroad maintenance--Loading or unloading.

(1) Whenever track gangs, bridge crews, etc., work on railroads that are in use, the following signal systems must be implemented:

(a) A yellow caution flag by day and a yellow lantern by night is placed far enough in each direction from the crew to protect them against approaching equipment. The operator of approaching equipment must acknowledge the signal by two short blasts of the whistle or horn and proceed with caution.

(b) When crews are removing or replacing a rail or performing any other work that would make it necessary for approaching equipment to come to a stop, a red flag during daytime work and a red lantern during nighttime work is placed in the center of the track far enough in each direction from employees to protect them against approaching equipment. The operator of approaching equipment must:

(i) Acknowledge the signal by one short blast of the whistle or horn;

(ii) Come to a dead stop; and

(iii) Remain standing until the signal is removed by the person who placed it, or until investigation proves that the track is safe for passage.

(c) The employer may choose to use a flagger in place of meeting the above requirements.

(2) Where clearance is scant, warning signs or signals must be posted.

(3) Switch throws should be kept well oiled and targets and signs in good legible condition.

(4) Standard clearances must be maintained at all points on the right of way. However, if clearance is necessarily restricted in loading or unloading areas or at water tanks, fuel tanks, etc., then warning signs must be posted at these locations.

(5) The employer must provide adequate safeguards to protect employees performing the following tasks:

• Repairing railroad equipment;

• Working on or in railroad equipment;

• Loading or unloading cars; or

Performing other duties where there is danger of the railroad equipment being struck by other moving railroad equipment.

(a) A derail must be used to prevent other rail equipment from contacting such cars or equipment or endangering employees. After cars are spotted, blue flags must be placed in the center of the tracks at least fifty feet from the end car during the day and blue lights must be installed at such locations at night.

(b) Flags, lanterns, or derails must be removed only by the person placing them unless they are to remain posted for a longer period of time. In which case one person on each oncoming shift must determine that they are in place and they must not remove the safeguards until certain that all employees are in the clear.

(c) Operators of approaching equipment must not pass or remove a flag or lantern that is properly posted. Cars or other equipment must not be placed where they will obscure the signal from an operator controlling approaching equipment.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040 and .050. 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-59730, filed 08/18/99, effective 12/01/99.]

WAC 296-54-601 Signals and signal systems.

(1) Standard hand or whistle signals as described in this chapter must be used for the movement of rigging, logs, or equipment when using a high lead, slackline, or cable skidder system for yarding. For hand signal illustrations, see appendix 1

(2) Voice communication may be used to move rigging and control movement of logs, provided a standard audible whistle signal is sounded before any line is moved.

Note: Subsections (1) and (2) of this section do not apply to grapple or other special yarding systems where employees are not exposed to the movement of logs or rigging.

(3) Voice communications may be used for grapple yarding under the following conditions:

(a) Voice communications by use of radio frequencies may be used to transmit instructions and directions to the yarder operator when using a grapple type logging system, if no employee is in a hazardous area near live rigging.

(b) Voice communication may be used to instruct the yarder operator when picking up an occasional log with the use of a choker on a grapple system, if the grapple is on the ground before the setting of the choker and no lines are moved by the operator until the person setting the choker has returned to a safe location away from any running lines. When a number of logs must be yarded by using chokers instead of the grapple, the requirements for high lead logging apply.

(4) Voice communication on the same radio frequencies used to transmit skyline, high-lead, slackline or skidder whistle signals (154.57 and 154.60 MHz channels), must be limited to reporting injuries, fire, and emergency situations where special tools or precautions are needed to prevent or alleviate a hazardous situation. In addition:

(a) The rigging crew must call the yarder engineer by name to ensure that proper contact is established;

(b) The yarder engineer must acknowledge the call with a whistle “stop” signal before the caller starts transmitting the voice message;

(c) Voice transmission must be kept as brief and to the point as possible; and

(d) After receiving the voice message, the yarder engineer must again acknowledge with a whistle “stop” signal that the message has been received and is clearly understood.

(5) If a standard signal is not listed for an unusual or new situation, a hand or whistle signal other than any listed for the type of yarding being done may be used for the specific situation only. Any special signals developed must be understood by all persons working in the area who may be affected by their use.

(6) A copy of the standard hand and whistle signals must be posted on the yarder and at places where crews congregate. For tractor logging operations, hand signals must be posted at places frequented by the crew members such as in crew buses, etc.

(7) Only one person in any crew shall give signals at the point where chokers are being set. Any person is authorized to give a stop signal when someone is in danger or another emergency condition is apparent.

(8) Hand signals are permitted only when the signal person is in plain sight of the machine operator and when visibility allows signals to be seen. Hand signals may be used at any time as an emergency stop signal.

(9) Throwing of any type of material or relying on engine noise, such as from a chain saw, as a signal is prohibited.

(10) All persons must be in the clear before any signal is given to move the rigging, logs, or turns. Rigging, logs, or turns must not be moved until after the proper signals have been given.

(11) Machine operators must not move any line unless the signal received is clear and distinct. If in doubt, the operator must repeat the signal as understood and wait for confirmation.

(12) A horn or whistle that is automatically activated by the radio or electric signaling system must be used on each yarder used for skyline, high lead, skidder or slackline system of yarding, except where hand signals or voice communication as described in subsection (2) of this section is permitted. The horn or whistle must emit a sound that is clearly audible to all persons in the affected area and must be sounded before any line is moved. Such a horn or whistle is also required on combination yarding and loading machines and tree pullers. Audible signals are not necessary on grapple or other yarding systems where persons are not exposed to the movement of logs or rigging.

(13) All radio-controlled motorized carriages and skycars must have a warning horn which must be sounded before any lines or loads are moved or an audible whistle must be sounded from the yarder.

(14) Each unit of the signal or control system in use must be tested daily before logging operations begin. Audible signals used for test purposes must not include signals used for the movement of lines or materials.

(15) Citizen band (CB) radios must not be used to activate any signal, machine, or process, either automatically or by voice. CB radios may be used for communication between sides, vehicles, work units, or for emergency situations.

(16) When audible whistle signals are being used simultaneously by yarding and loading machines at a landing, signal whistle or horn tones used in connection with machine movements must be so differentiated as to distinctively identify any intended work movement of either machine.

(17) When the normal crew configuration consists of two or more persons at the point where chokers are being set, they must each carry an operable transmitter on their person. Only one transmitter is required if:

(a) The signal person has no other duties and remains in an area where there are no hazards created by the moving rigging or logs; or

(b) The rigging crew is comprised of only one employee.

(18) The use of a jerk wire whistle system for any type of yarding operation is prohibited.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040 and .050. 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-601, filed 08/18/99, effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050 and .060. 96-22-013, § 296-54-601, filed 10/28/96, effective 1/1/97. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050, and .240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), § 296-54-601, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .150 and .240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), § 296-54-601, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-603 Electric signal systems.

(1) Where an electrical signal system is used, all wires, attachments, and connections must be weatherproof.

(2) Electric signal systems must be properly installed and adjusted. They must be protected against accidental signaling and must be maintained in good operating condition at all times. Enough signal wire must be provided to enable good voice contact between the whistle punk and rigging crew at all times.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040 and .050. 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-603, filed 08/18/99, effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .150 and .240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), § 296-54-603, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54-604 Radio signaling permits. 

To apply for a new radio signaling permit, to request a change in a permit, or to request a change in the use area for any permitted system, write to:

WISHA Services Division--Permits

Department of Labor & Industries

P.O. Box 44650

Olympia, WA 98504-4650

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040 and .050. 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-604, filed 08/18/99, effective 12/01/99.]

WAC 296-54-605 Radio systems used for voice communication, activation of audible signals, or control of equipment.

(1) A valid operating permit must be obtained by the owner from the department of labor and industries, prior to putting into use any radio signaling or control system intended to be used in conjunction with any type of cable logging operations.

(a) Permits will be issued only for systems licensed for such use and using those carrier frequencies as authorized by the Federal Communications Commission.

(b) Permits will be granted only when tone or function frequencies are compatible with other radio systems in use and when in compliance with all other applicable requirements of this chapter.

(2) The department of labor and industries reserves the right to designate the use of radio frequencies for specific purposes or functions. For example: Frequencies may be specified for voice transmission of instruction, others for tone-coded functions, or activation of signaling devices.

(a) Single tone coded functions must not be used on radio equipment designed to initiate whistle signals, or to activate or control any machine, material-handling device, or other equipment hazardous to employees.

(b) The department may also designate which tone frequencies may be used for the activation of a signaling device or for control of equipment on certain federal communication assigned carrier frequencies.

(3) A list of tone frequencies that may be used with any Federal Communications Commission assigned carrier frequencies will be made available from the department upon request.

(4) The department will assign the area or areas in which a radio signaling system may be used and mark those areas on the permit. Radio signaling systems must not be used in any area other than the ones indicated on the permit. (See Figure 36: Areas for Use of Radio Signaling Systems for Logging Operations.)

(5) The person or firm name on the permit must be the same as the person or firm operating the radio signaling system except for loaner or rental sets. A person or firm using a loaner or rental set is responsible for the radio signal system as if they were the owner of the set.

(6) The application for a permit to use a radio signaling system must contain the following information (see Figure 37: Application for permit to operate radio signal system in designated area):

(a) Name and address of applicant.

(b) The radio frequencies of the radio signaling device in MHz.

(c) The tone frequencies of the radio signaling system used to activate a horn, whistle, or control equipment in Hz. The security gate, or pulse tone, must be shown first.

(d) The name of the manufacturer of the radio signaling system.

(e) The serial number of the receiving unit.

(f) The state assigned area or location in which the unit will operate.

(g) The type of signaling used.

(h) From whom the system was purchased or acquired, and the date of acquisition of the system.

(i) Intended use and function of the system.

(7) All radio equipment must meet all applicable FCC standards. FCC identifier numbers and required information must be visible when possible.

(8) Radio equipment must not be used without displaying a permit as required by this standard. The permit must be prominently displayed on the outside case of the receiver of the unit or, for radio-controlled carriages, on the transmitter in the yarder.

(9) Each radio receiver must have its radio carrier frequency in MHz and tone frequency(s) in Hz indicated on the outside case of the receiver (see Figure 38: Radio permit):

(a) The manufacturer's name and serial number must be permanently indicated on the outside of the case;

(b) When the duration or width of the tone frequencies performs a function, the one duration/width must also be permanently indicated on the outside of the receiver case;

(c) Each transmitter must be identified with its receiver; and

(d) Two or more receivers in operation simultaneously on the same tone frequencies are prohibited unless one is used for monitoring only.

(10) It shall be the responsibility of the owner of any radio signaling system to notify the department of labor and industries, immediately, if the signal system is:

(a) Permanently retired (in what manner and date retired);

(b) Sold (submit name and address of purchaser and date sold);

(c) Removed from the state (name of state to which moved and date moved); or

(d) Stolen (date).

(11) All radio signaling systems put into use for the first time after the effective date of these safety standards, shall meet or exceed the minimum performance specifications contained in WAC 296-54-607 of these safety standards, and, when altered or repaired, shall continue to meet such specifications.

(12) Adjustments, repairs, or alterations of radio signaling and control devices must be done only by or under the immediate supervision and responsibility of a qualified and certified radio technician with factory training or equivalent certified experience. Anyone without the technical ability or the proper equipment to cause the signaling systems to function within required tolerances must not attempt to repair, alter, or adjust the systems.

(13) When interference, overlap, fadeout, or blackout of radio signals is encountered, the use of the device must be discontinued immediately. Use may not be resumed until the source of trouble has been detected and corrected.

(14) Radio frequencies assigned to systems for which voice communications may be used to give signals to the yarder operator must not be the same frequencies as those assigned for whistle signals or machine control signals used in skyline, highlead, slackline, or cable skidder systems.

(15) When hazardous interference is created by moving a voice communication system into an area where a system is already in use on the same frequency, use of the newly-moved system must be immediately discontinued until the problem of interference has been corrected.

(16) Before moving any unit from one assigned geographical area to another (see area map, Figure 36: Areas for Use of Radio Signaling Systems for Logging Operations), the owner must apply for and receive a new permit from the department.

STATE OF WASHINGTON

DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRIES

DIVISION OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Figure 36: Areas for Use of Radio Signaling Systems for Logging Operations

APPLICATION (pdf)

A permit issued by the department of labor and industries shall be attached to the outside of the receiver which shall indicate the area in which the radio signaling equipment may be used.

[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040 and .050. 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-605, filed 08/18/99, effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050 and .060. 96-22-013, § 296-54-605, filed 10/28/96, effective 1/1/97. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 88-23-054 (Order 88-25), § 296-54-605, filed 11/14/88. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .150 and .240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), § 296-54-605, filed 9/21/79.]

WAC 296-54 (Continued)