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ADMINISTRATIVE
296-54-501
Scope and application
296-54-503
Variance
296-54-505
Definitions
296-54-507
Employer's responsibilities
296-54-509
Employee's responsibility
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
296-54-511
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
296-54-51110
Head protection
296-54-51120
Eye and face protection
296-54-51130
Hearing protection
296-54-51140
Hand protection
296-54-51150
Respiratory protection
296-54-51160
Leg protection
296-54-51170
Foot protection
296-54-51180
Personal flotation devices
296-54-51190
Highly visible clothing
SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAMS/FIRST-AID/LOCKOUT/TAGOUT
296-54-513
Arrangement of work areas and emergency contact
296-54-515
Accident prevention program
296-54-51510
Safety and health meetings
296-54-51520
First-aid training
296-54-51530
First-aid kits
296-54-517
Lockout/tagout procedures
296-54-519
Miscellaneous requirements
VEHICLES, POWER LINES AND ROADS
296-54-521
Motor vehicles
296-54-523
Inspection and repair of equipment and vehicles
296-54-527
Seat belts
296-54-529
Overhead electrical lines clearance
296-54-531
Truck roads
296-54-533
Road pioneering and earthwork
POWERED TOOLS AND CHAIN SAWS
296-54-535
Hand and portable powered tools
296-54-537
Chain saws
FALLING AND BUCKING
296-54-539
Falling and bucking - General
296-54-53910
Falling and bucking - Falling
296-54-53920
Falling and bucking - Bucking
296-54-53930
Falling and bucking - Danger trees
296-54-53940
Falling and bucking - Springboards and tree jacking
TREE PULLING. MECHANIZED FALLING, CLIMBING
EQUIPMENT
296-54-541
Tree pulling
296-54-543
Mechanized falling
296-54-545
Climbing equipment and passline
RIGGING
296-54-547
Rigging - General
296-54-54710
Rigging - Inspection
296-54-54720
Rigging - Molles
296-54-54730
Rigging - Shackles
296-54-54740
Rigging - Straps
296-54-54750
Rigging - Blocks
296-54-54760
Rigging - Hanging blocks
296-54-54770
Chokers and butt rigging
SPARS
296-54-549
Selecting spar, tail and intermediate support trees
296-54-551
Raising and lowering portable spars or towers
296-54-553
Metal spars
296-54-555
Metal spar guyline safety straps
WIRE ROPE
296-54-557
Wire rope
296-54-55710
Wire rope - Cutting
296-54-55720
Wire rope - Splicing
296-54-55730
Wire rope - Attaching and fastenings
GUYLINES, TAIL/LIFT TREES AND ANCHORS
296-54-561
Guylines
296-54-563
Guying tail/lift trees
296-54-565
Intermediate support trees
296-54-567
Rigging skylines
296-54-569
Anchoring
296-54-571
Releasing spiked guylines and spiked skylines from anchors
LOGGING MACHINES
296-54-573
Logging machines - General
296-54-57310
Logging machines - Chipping in woods location
296-54-57315
Logging machines - Exhaust pipes
296-54-57320
Logging machines - Glass
296-54-57325
Logging machines - Brakes
296-54-57330
Logging machines - Outriggers
296-54-57335
Logging machines - Hydraulics
296-54-57340
Logging machines - A-frames
296-54-57345
Logging machines - Moving
296-54-57350
Logging machines - Tractors and skidders
296-54-57355
Logging machines - Protective structures for operators
YARDING, SKIDDING AND LANDING
296-54-575
Landing area
296-54-577
Yarding, skidding, landing
296-54-579
Log decks
HELICOPTER LOGGING
296-54-581
Helicopter logging - General
296-54-58110
Helicopter logging - Landing
296-54-58120
Helicopter logging - Yarding
296-54-58130
Helicopter logging - Fueling area
LOADING LOGS AND SELF-LOADERS
296-54-583
Loading logs
296-54-584
Tongs, hooks, grapples
296-54-585
Cross-haul systems
296-54-587
Self-loading log trucks
TRANSPORTATION OF LOGS AND STATIONARY TRAILER
LOADERS
296-54-589
Log trucks - General
296-54-58910
Log trucks - Brakes
296-54-58920
Log trucks - Trailer hitches and safety chains
296-54-58930
Log trucks - Reaches and bunks
296-54-58940
Log trucks - Stakes, stake extensions and chock blocks
296-54-58950
Log trucks - Wrappers and binders
296-54-58960
Log trucks - Miscellaneous requirements
296-54-58970
Log trucks - Steered trailers
296-54-591
Stationary log truck trailer loading
LOG UNLOADING, BOOMS, AND RAFTING GROUNDS
296-54-593
Log unloading, booms, and rafting grounds -Storage and
sorting
areas - General
296-54-59310
Log unloading, booms, and rafting grounds - Water dumps
296-54-59320
Log unloading, booms, and rafting grounds - Boom and
rafting
grounds
296-54-59330
Log unloading, booms, and rafting grounds - Boats and
mechanical
devices on waters
296-54-59340
Log unloading, booms, and rafting grounds - Dry land
sorting and storage
TRANSPORTING CREWS
296-54-595
Transporting crews
296-54-59510
Speeders used to transport crews
296-54-59520
Trailers used to transport crews
RAILROADS
296-54-597
Railroads
296-54-59710
Railroad construction and maintenance
296-54-59720
Railroad operations
296-54-59730
Railroad maintenance - Loading or unloading
SIGNALING
296-54-601
Signals and signal systems
296-54-603
Electric signal systems
296-54-604
Radio signaling permits
296-54-605
Radio systems used for voice communication, activation of audible
signals,
or controls of equipment
296-54-607
Radio signal systems - Specifications and test procedures
WOOD SPAR TREES
296-54-701
Wood spar trees
296-54-70110
Wood spar trees - Guylines
296-54-70120
Wood spar trees - Passlines
296-54-70130
Wood spar trees - Straps
MAINTENANCE SHOPS AND LABOR CAMPS
296-54-705
Truck and equipment maintenance shops
296-54-707
Labor camps
APPENDICES
296-54-99002
Appendix 1 - Signals
296-54-99003
Appendix 2 - Sample minimum lockout/tagout procedure
296-54-99004
Appendix 3 - Industry consensus standards
296-54-99013
Appendix 4 - Various types of cable logging systems
296-54-99014
Appendix 5 - Wooden tree yarding and loading systems
TITLES OF FIGURES AND TABLES
296-54-505 Figure of “Twister”
296-54-539
Figure 1: Distance Between Work Area
296-54-53910
Figure 2: Undercuts
296-54-54730
Figure 2-2: Shackles
296-54-54740
Table 1: Strap/Choker Size in Inches
296-54-557
Figure: Wire Rope
296-54-55720
Table 2: Length of Line Strand
296-54-55730
Table 3: U-bolt Cable Clips to Form Eyes
Figure
3: Eyes Formed with U-bolt Cable Clips
296-54-561
Table 4: Guyline Positioning
Figure
4: 1 Guyline Case
Figure
5: 2 Guyline Case
Figure
6: 3 Guyline Case
Figure
7: 3 Guyline Case (2)
Figure
8: 4 Guyline Case
Figure
9: 5 Guyline Case
Figure
10: 5 Guyline Case (2)
Figure
11: 6 Guyline Case
Figure
12: 6 Guyline Case (2)
Figure
13: 7 Guyline Case
Figure
14: 8 Guyline Case
Figure
15: 8 Guyline Case (2)
Figure
16: Positioning Guylines in Back of Tree
Figure
17: Positioning Guylines in Front of Tree
Figure
18: Maximum Angle for Load Bearing Guylines and Skyline
Figure
19: 4 Guyline Case - Tail/Lift Tree Guying
Figure
20: 2 Guyline Case - Tail/Lift Tree Guying
296-54-565
Figure 21: Critical Measurements of the Double Tree Intermediate
Support
System
Figure
22: Double Tree Intermediate Support System
296-54-567
Figure 23: Skyline Positioning Limits Tail/Lift Tree
Figure
24: Rigging Illustrations
Figure
25: One Log Load
Figure
26: Two Log Load
Figure
27: Three or Four Log Load 44 feet or less
Figure
28: Three or Four Log Loads more than 44 feet
Figure
29: Five or Six Log Load All Logs 17 feet or less
Figure
30: Seven or More Log Load All Logs 17 feet or less
Figure
31: Five or More Log Load if any Logs are more than 17 feet
Figure
32: Proper Support for Logs
Figure
33: Outside Logs or Top Logs
Figure
34: A wrapper must be near each bunk
Figure
35: Short Logs Loaded Crosswise
296-54-605
Figure 36: Areas for Use of Radio Signaling Systems
for Logging Operations
Figure
37: Application for Permit to Operate Radio Signal System
in
Designated Area
Figure
38: Radio Permit
296-54-99002
Figure 39: Standard Hand Signals
Figure
40: Standard Hand Signals
Figure
41: Standard Hand Signals
Figure
42: Standard Hand Signals for Loading Logs
296-54-99013
Figure 43: Shovel Load Jammer
Figure
44: Mobile Shovel Yarder
Figure
45: Highlead
Figure
46: Live Skyline - Shotgun or Flyer System
Figure
47: Slack Line System
Figure
48: Skidder System
Figure
49: North Bend System
Figure
50: South Bend System
Figure
51: Standing Skyline - Radio Controlled Carriage - Mobile Tower
Figure
52: Side Mount Tower with Mechanical Slack Pulling Carriage
Figure
53: Partial Cutting with Running Skyline
Figure
54: Running Skyline with Chokers (Grabinski)
Figure
55: Running Skyline with Mechanical Grapple
Figure
56: Multi-span Skyline
Figure
57: Balloon Logging - Inverted Skyline Configuration
Figure
58: Balloon Logging - Haulback Configuration
296-54-99014
Figure 59: High Lead Yarding System
Figure 60: North Bend
Yarding System
Figure 61: Slack Skyline
Yarding System
Figure 62: Heel Boom
Loading
Figure 63: Guy Line Loading
Figure 64: Hayrack Boom
Loading
Figure 65: Spreader Bar
Loading
WAC
296-54-501 Scope and application.
This chapter establishes safety practices for all types of logging,
log road construction and other forest activities using logging
machinery and/or power saws regardless of the end use of the wood.
This chapter does not apply to log handling at sawmills, plywood
mills, pulp mills, or other manufacturing operations governed
by specific safety standards. This chapter provides minimum safety
requirements for the logging industry. The logging industry is
also covered by the general safety standards, chapter 296-24 WAC;
occupational health standards, chapter 296-62 WAC; the safety
and health core rules, chapter 296-800 WAC; or others that may
apply. Chapter 296-52 WAC, which covers the possession, handling
and use of explosives, applies when explosives are used in logging
operations.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .010. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-54-501, filed 05/09/01,
effective 09.01/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,
.050 99-17-117, (Order 97-09), § 296-54-501, filed 08/18/99, effective
12/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050, .060 96-22-013
(Order 97-09), § 296-54-501, filed 10/28/96, effective 1/1/97.
Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 88-23-054 (Order 88-25),
§ 296-54-501, filed 11/14/88. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,
.150, and .240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), § 296-54-501, filed 9/21/79.]
WAC
296-54-503 Variance.
If an employer finds it impractical to comply with specific
requirements of this chapter, the department may permit a variation
from the requirements. However, the employer must still provide
equal protection by substitute means. To request a variance, write
to:
WISHA
Services Division--Variance Request
Department
of Labor & Industries
P.O.
Box 44648
Olympia,
WA 98504-4648
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .050 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-503, filed 08/18/99,
effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .150 and
.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), § 296-54-503, filed 9/21/79.]
WAC
296-54-505 Definitions.
A-frame - a structure made of two independent columns
fastened together at the top and separated by a reasonable width
at the bottom to stabilize the unit from tipping sideways.
An operation - any place where logging or log related
activities are taking place.
Approved - approved by the department of labor and industries.
Arch - any device attached to the back of a vehicle and
used for raising one end of logs to facilitate movement.
Authorized person - a person approved or assigned by the
employer to perform a specific type of duty(s) or to be at a specific
location at a certain time(s).
Backcut (felling cut) - the cut in a felling operation
made on the opposite side from the undercut.
Backline - the portion of the haulback that runs between
the spar/spar tree and the corner block.
Ballistic nylon - a nylon fabric of high tensile properties
designed to provide protection from lacerations.
Barrier - a fence, wall or railing to prevent passage
or approach.
Base of tree - that portion of a natural tree not more
than three feet above ground level.
Bight of the line - a hazardous zone created by running
lines under tension. Any section of a line between the ends.
Binder - a hinged lever assembly for connecting the ends
of a wrapper to tighten the wrapper around the load of logs or
materials.
Boomboat - any boat used to push or pull logs, booms,
bundles, or bags, in booming ground operations.
Boomscooter - a small boat, usually less than fourteen
feet in length, equipped with an outboard motor, having directional
pushing capabilities of 360 degrees.
Brailing - when tiers of logs, poles, or piles are fastened
together with a type of dogline and the ends of the side members
are then fastened together for towing.
Brow log - a log or a suitable substitute placed parallel
to any roadway at a landing or dump to protect the carrier and
facilitate the safe loading or unloading of logs, timber products,
or materials.
Buck - means the process of severing a tree into sections
(logs or bolts).
Butt - the bottom of the felled part of a tree.
Butt welding - the practice of welding something end to
end.
Cable tree thinning - the selective thinning of a timber
stand using mobile yarding equipment specifically designed or
adapted for the purpose. Cable tree thinning includes skyline,
slackline, or modified slackline, overhead cable systems.
Cable yarding - the movement of felled trees or logs from
the area where they are felled to the landing on a system composed
of a cable suspended from spars and/or towers. The trees or logs
may be either dragged across the ground on the cable or carried
while suspended from the cable.
Chock - a block, often wedge shaped, which is used to
prevent movement; e.g., a log from rolling, a wheel from turning.
Choker - a length of wire rope with attachments for encircling
the end of a log to be yarded.
Chunking - to clear nonusable material from a specified
area.
Cold deck - a pile of yarded logs left for future removal.
Competent person - one who is capable of identifying hazards
in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary,
hazardous or dangerous.
Corner block - the first block the haulback passes through
on its way to the tail block.
Crotch line - two short lines attached to the same ring
or shackle, used for loading or unloading.
Cutter - an employee whose primary job is to fall, buck,
or limb trees before they are moved to the landing area.
Danger trees - any tree of any height, dead or alive,
that presents a hazard to workers because of rot, root, stem or
limb damage, lean, or any other observable condition created by
natural process or man-made activity.
Dapped - a notch in a timber for receiving part of another
timber.
DBH - diameter at breast height.
Deadman - buried log or other object used as an anchor.
Debark - to remove bark from trees or logs. Debark generally
denotes mechanical means as opposed to manual peeling.
Deck - a stack of trees or logs.
Designated person - an employee who has the requisite
knowledge, training, and experience to perform specific duties.
Directional falling - a mechanical means to control the
direction of falling timber.
Dog line - type of line used to fasten logs or timber
products together by the use of dogs.
Domino felling - the partial cutting of multiple trees
which are left standing and then pushed over with a pusher tree.
Donkey - any machine with a series of drums used to yard
logs.
Double ended logs - two logs end to end on the same lay.
Drop zone - the area where the helicopter delivers logs
from the logging site.
Droplines - a short line attached to the carriage or carriage
block which is used as an extension to the main line.
Drum - a mechanical device on which line is spooled or
unspooled.
Dry land storage - decks of logs stored for future removal
or use.
Dutchman -
The portion left consists of a single saw kerf in one side of
the face, with the face completely removed on the opposite side
of the face cut. A single saw kerf must never extend completely
across the stump.
Experienced person - a person who has been trained and
has participated in the subject process for a period of time long
enough to thoroughly acquaint the person with all facets of the
process.
F.O.P.S. - falling object protective structure.
Fair lead - sheaves, rolls, or a combination thereof arranged
to receive a line coming from any direction for proper line spooling
on to a drum.
Fell (fall) - to cut down trees.
Feller (faller) - an employee who fells trees.
Front end loader - a mobile machine mounted on a wheeled
or tracked chassis, equipped with a grapple, tusk, bucket, or
fork-lift device, and employed in the loading, unloading, stacking,
or sorting of logs or materials.
Grounded - the placement of a component of a machine on
the ground or on a device where it is firmly supported. Grounded
may also relate to the placement of a tree on the ground or a
method to dissipate static or electrical charges.
Guarded - covered, shielded, fenced, enclosed, or otherwise
protected by means of suitable enclosures, covers, casings, shields,
troughs, railings, screens, mats, or platforms, or by location,
to prevent injury.
Guard rail - a railing to restrain a person.
Guyline - a line used to support or stabilize a spar,
tail/lift tree, intermediate support tree or equipment. A guyline
is considered a standing line.
Gypsy drum - a mechanical device wherein the line is not
attached to the drum and is manually spooled to control the line
movement on and off the drum.
Haulback - a line used to pull the buttrigging and mainline
to the logs to be yarded.
Haulback block - any block the haulback line passes through
including the corner block and tailblock.
Hay rack -
Haywire - see strawline.
Hazardous falling area - the area within a circle centered
on the tree being felled and having a radius not less than twice
the height of that tree.
Head tree - the tree where yarding and/or loading takes
place. (See spar)
Heel boom - a type of loading boom where one tong is used
and one end of the log is pulled up against the boom.
High lead - a system of logging wherein the main line
is threaded through the main line block, which is attached near
the top of the spar, to obtain a lift of the logs being yarded.
High visibility colors - white, bright, or fluorescent
colors that stand out from the surrounding background color so
they are easily seen.
Hobo log and/or hitchhiker - a free or unattached log
that is picked up by a turn and is transported with the turn.
Hooktender - the worker that supervises the method of
moving the logs from the woods to the landing.
Hot deck - a landing where logs are being moved.
Hydraulic jack - a mechanical device, powered by internal
pressure, used to control the direction in which a tree is to
be felled.
In the clear - a position within the work area where the
probability of hazardous contact with falling trees, moving logs,
rootwads, chunks, material, rigging and equipment is minimized
by distance from the hazards and/or use of physical barriers,
such as stumps, trees, terrain or other objects providing protection.
Examples:
Intermediate support system - a system for supporting
a loaded skyline in a support jack by one of the two following
methods:
-
Double tree support
- the skyline is suspended on a single piece of wire rope
supported by two trees so that the load is shared between
the two trees.
-
Single tree support
- the skyline is suspended on a single piece of wire rope,
single-eyed choker or double-eyed strap supported by a single
tree. The support tree may be vertical or leaning.
Jackstrawed - trees or logs piled in an unorderly manner.
Jaggers - any projecting broken wire in a strand of cable.
Kerf - the part of timber products taken out by the saw
teeth.
Knob - a metal ferrule attached to the end of a line.
Landing - any place where logs are laid after being yarded,
awaiting subsequent handling, loading, and hauling.
Landing chute - the head of the skid trail or road where
the logs are temporarily placed before handling, loading and hauling.
Lay -
-
the straight-line
distance it takes a strand of wire rope to make one complete
spiral around the core of a rope.
-
the position of a
log in a pile, on a load, or in the fell and bucked.
Limbing - to cut branches off felled or standing trees.
Loading boom - any structure projecting from a pivot point
to guide a log when lifted.
Lodged tree (hung tree) - a tree leaning against another
tree or object which prevents it from falling to the ground.
Log - a tree segment suitable for subsequent processing
into lumber, pulpwood, or other wood products, including, but
not limited to, poles, piling, peeler blocks, sections and/or
bolts.
Log bronco - a sturdily built boat usually from twelve
to twenty feet in length, used to push logs or bundles of logs
in a generally forward direction in booming and rafting operations.
Log dump - a place where logs are removed from transporting
equipment. It may be either dry land or water, parbuckled over
a brow log or removed by machine.
Log stacker - a mobile machine mounted on a wheeled or
tracked chassis, equipped with a frontally mounted grapple, tusk,
or forklift device, and employed in the loading, unloading, stacking,
or sorting of logs.
Logging machine - a machine used or intended for use to
yard, move, or handle logs, trees, chunks, trailers, and related
materials or equipment.
Note: A self-loading log truck is only considered a logging
machine when in use for loading and unloading.
Note: A helicopter is not considered a logging machine.
Logging operations - operations associated with felling
and/or moving trees, logs, veneer bolts, poles, pilings, and other
forest products from the stump to the point of delivery. Such
operations are such, but not limited to, marking, felling, bucking,
limbing, debarking, chipping, yarding, loading, unloading, storing,
and the transporting of machines, equipment and personnel from
one site to another.
Long sticks - an overlength log or tree length that creates
a hazard by exceeding the safe perimeters of the landing.
Machine - a piece of stationary or mobile equipment having
a self-contained power plant, that is operated off-road and used
for the movement of material. Machines include but are not limited
to tractors, skidders, front-end loaders, scrapers, graders, bulldozers,
rough terrain logging shovels, log stackers and mechanical felling
devices, such as tree shears and feller-bunchers.
Mainline - the line attached to the buttrigging used to
pull logs to the landing.
Mainline block - the block hung in the portable spar or
tower through which the mainline passes.
Mainline train - any train that is made up for travel
between the woods and log dump.
Matchcutting - the felling of trees without using an undercut.
Mechanized falling - falling of standing timber by a self-propelled
mobile wheeled or tracked machine equipped with a shear or other
powered cutting device.
Mechanized feller - any such machine as described in WAC
296-54-541 and 296-54-543, and includes feller/bunchers and similar
machines performing multiple functions.
Mechanized logging machine - a feller-buncher, single-grip
harvester, processor, forwarder, clambunk, or log loader.
Mobile log loader - a self-propelled log loading machine
mounted on wheels or tracks, incorporating a boom and employed
in the loading or unloading of logs by means of grapples or tongs.
Mobile yarder - a logging machine mounted on wheels, tracks,
or skids, incorporating a vertical or inclined spar, tower, or
boom, employed in skyline, slackline, high lead or grapple overhead
cable logging systems.
Molle - a single strand of wire rope rolled into a circle
with six wraps. A molle can be used as a temporary method of connecting
the eye splices of two lines. A molle is used in most pin shackles
in place of a cotter key.
Must - the same as “shall” and is mandatory.
New job site - a location of operations when the loading
station and/or the yarder or cutting operations are moved to a
new area outside of the current sale or contracted unit.
Pass line - a small line threaded through a block at the
top of the spar to assist the high climber.
Permissible (as applied to any device, equipment or appliance)
- such device, equipment, or appliance has the formal approval
of the United States Bureau of Mines, American Standards Association,
or National Board of Fire Underwriters.
Portable spar or tower - a movable engineered structure
designed to be used in a manner similar to which a wood spar tree
would be used.
Qualified person - a person, who by possession of a recognized
degree, certificate, professional standing, or by extensive knowledge,
training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated ability
to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the
work, or the project.
Rated capacity - the maximum load a system, vehicle, machine
or piece of equipment was designed by the manufacturer to handle.
Reach - a steel tube or wood timber or pole connected
to the truck and inserted through a tunnel on the trailer. It
steers the trailer when loaded and pulls the trailer when empty.
Reload - an area where logs are dumped and reloaded or
transferred as a unit to another mode of transportation.
Rollway - any place where logs are dumped and they roll
or slide to their resting place.
Root wad - the ball of a tree root and dirt that is pulled
from the ground when a tree is uprooted.
R.O.P.S. - roll over protection structure.
Rub tree - a tree used to guide a turn around an area.
Running line/running rope - any moving line directly involved
with the yarding of logs.
Safety factor - the ratio of breaking strength to a safe
working strength or loading.
Safety glass - a type of glass that will not shatter when
broken.
Sail block - a block hung inverted on the sail guy to
hold the tong block in proper position.
Scaler - the person who measures the diameter and length
of the logs, determines specie and grade, and makes deductions
for footage calculations.
Serviceable condition - a state or ability of a tool,
machine, vehicle or other device to operate as it was intended
by the manufacturer to operate.
Shall - a requirement that is mandatory.
Shear log - a log placed in a strategic location to divert
passage of objects.
Shore skids - any group of timbers spaced a short distance
apart on which logs are rolled.
Should - means recommended.
Signal person - the person designated to give signals
to the machine operator.
Siwash - to change the lead of a line with a physical
object such as a stump or tree instead of a block.
Skidder - a machine or animal used to move logs or trees
to a landing.
Skidding - movement of logs or trees on the surface of
the ground to the place where they are to be loaded.
Skidding line - the main haulage line from a carriage
to which chokers are attached. Sometimes referred to a mainline.
Skyline - the line suspended between two points on which
a block or carriage travels.
Slackline - a form of skyline where the skyline cable
is spooled on a donkey drum and can be raised or lowered.
Slack puller - any weight or mechanical device used to
increase the movement of a line when its own weight is inadequate.
Slope (grade) - the increase or decrease in altitude over
a horizontal distance expressed as a percentage. For example,
change of altitude of 20 feet (6 m) over a horizontal distance
of 100 feet (30 m) is expressed as a 20 percent slope.
Snag - a dead standing tree or a portion thereof. (See
Danger tree)
Snorkel - a loading boom modified to extend its limitations
for yarding.
Spar/spar tree - a tree or device (rigged for highlead,
skyline or slackline yarding) used to yard logs by any method
of logging.
Speeder - a small self-powered vehicle that runs on a
railroad track.
Spike - a long heavy nail similar to a railroad spike.
Springboard - a board with an iron tip used by fallers
to stand on while working above ground level.
Spring pole - a tree, segment of a tree, limb, or sapling
which is under stress or tension due to the pressure or weight
of another object.
Square lead - the angle of 90 degrees.
Squirrel - a weight used to swing a boom when the power
unit does not have enough drums to do it mechanically.
Squirrel tree - a topped tree, guyed if necessary, near
the spar tree in which the counter balance (squirrel) of a tree
rigged boom is hung.
Standing line -
Stiff boom - two or more boom sticks wrapped together
on which boom persons walk or work.
Strap - any short piece of line with an eye or “D”
in each end.
Strap socket or D - a socket with a closed loop arranged
to be attached to the end of a line by the molten zinc, or an
equivalent method. It is used in place of a spliced eye.
Strawline - a light cable used in rigging up, or in moving
other cables or blocks. The smallest line on the yarder. (Mainline
- haulback line - strawline.)
Strip - a definite location of timber on which one or
more cutting crews work.
Swamping - the falling or cutting of brush around or along
a specified place.
Swede connection - a line configuration made by wrapping
two choker lines in the same direction around a tree or log connecting
the line knobs to opposite line bells.
Swifter - a piece of equipment used to tie the side sticks
of a log raft together to keep the raft from spreading.
Swing cut - an intentional dutchman left on one corner
of an undercut or a backcut in which the holding wood on one side
is cut through in conjunction with an intentional dutchman to
achieve a desired lay for the tree being fell.
Tail block - a block used to guide the haulback line at
the back corner of the yarding area.
Tail hold - an anchor used for making fast any line or
block.
Tail/lift tree - the tree at the opposite end from the
head tree on which the skyline or other type rigging is hung.
Tie back - to use a twister(s) (or similar system/device)
that has a breaking strength equal to fifty percent of the breaking
strength of the mainline or skyline whichever is greater. To secure
or support one anchor by securing it to a second anchor(s) such
as wrapping one stump and choking another.
Tie down - a chain, cable, steel strips or fiber webbing
and binders attached to a truck, trailer or other conveyance as
a means to secure loads and to prevent them from shifting or moving
when they are being transported.
Tight line - when either the mainline or haulback are
held and power is exerted on the other or when power is exerted
on both at the same time.
Tong line block - the block hung in a boom through which
the tong line operates.
Tongue - a device used to pull and/or steer a trailer.
Topping - cutting off the top section of a standing tree.
Tower - (see portable spar or tower).
Tractor - a machine of wheel or track design used in logging.
Tractor logging - the use of any wheeled or tracked vehicle
in the skidding or yarding of logs.
Transfer (as used in loading) - changing of logs in a
unit from one mode of transportation to another.
Tree jack - a grooved saddle of wood or metal rollers
contained within two steel plates, attached to a tree with a strap,
used as a guide for skyline, sail guy, or similar static line.
It is also formed to prevent a sharp bend in the line.
Tree plates - steel bars sometimes shaped as elongated
J's, which are fastened near the top of a tree to hold guylines
and prevent them from cutting into the tree when tightened. The
hooks of the J are also used to prevent the mainline block strap
from sliding down the tree.
Tree pulling - a method of falling trees in which the
tree is pulled down with a line.
Tug - a boat, usually over twenty feet in length, used
primarily to pull barges, booms of logs, bags of debris, or log
rafts.
Turn - any log or group of logs attached by some means
to power and moved from a point of rest to a landing.
Twister - a line (usually small diameter wire rope “haywire”)
that supports a tailhold stump, guyline stump, or tree that does
not appear to be strong enough. This is done by connecting the
tailhold to another stump or tree opposite by wrapping the two
with a line. This line is then tightened by placing a piece of
large-diameter limb between the wrappings and twisting them together.
TWISTER ROPE
Undercut - a notch cut in a tree to guide the direction
of the tree fall and to prevent splitting or kickback.
V-lead - a horizontal angle of less than ninety degrees
formed by the projected lines of the mainline from the drum of
the logging machine through the block or fairlead and the yarding
log or turn.
Vehicle/crew bus - a car, bus, truck, trailer or semi-trailer
owned, leased, or rented by the employer that is used for transportation
of employees or movement of material.
WAC - Washington Administrative Code.
Waistline - that portion of the haulback running between
the corner block and the tail block.
Winching - the winding of cable or rope onto a spool or
drum.
Within the stakes - when one-half the log diameter is
below the stake top.
Work areas - any area frequented by employees in the performance
of assigned or related duties.Wrapper - a cable assembly or chain
used to contain a load of logs.
Wrapper rack - barrier used to protect a person while
removing binders and wrappers from a loaded logging truck.
Yarder (donkey) - a machine with a series of drums used
to yard logs.
Yarding - the movement of logs from the place they are
felled to a landing.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .050 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-505, filed 08/18/99,
effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050,
.060 96-22-013, § 296-54-505, filed 10/28/96, effective 1/1/97.
Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 87-24-051 (Order 87-24),
§ 296-54-505, filed 11/30/87. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,
.050, .240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15),
§ 296-54-505, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,
.150 and .240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), § 296-54-505, filed 9/21/79.]
WAC
296-54-507 Employer's responsibilities.
The employer must comply with the requirements of all safety
and health regulations and must:
(1) Provide safety training for new employees.
(2) Take additional precautions to ensure safe logging operations
when extreme weather or other extreme conditions create hazards.
If the logging operation cannot be made safe, the work must be
discontinued until safe to resume.
(3) Ensure that danger trees within reach of landings, rigging,
buildings, or work areas are either fell before regular logging
operations begin, or arrange work so that employees are not exposed
to the related hazards.
(4) Develop and maintain a chemical hazard communication program
as required by WAC 296-800-170. The program must provide information
to all employees about hazardous chemicals or substances to which
they are exposed, or may become exposed, in the course of their
employment.
(5) Ensure that intoxicating beverages and narcotics are prohibited
on or near the worksite. The employer must remove from the worksite
any employee under the influence of alcohol or narcotics.
Note: Narcotics do not include prescription
drugs taken under a doctor's direction if the use does not endanger
any employee.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .010. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-54-507, filed 05/09/01,
effective 09.01/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,
.050 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-507, filed 08/18/99, effective
12/01/99. Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-16-145, §
296-54-507, filed 8/3/94, effective 9/12/94; 89-11-035 (Order
89-03), § 296-54-507, filed 5/15/89, effective 6/30/89. Statutory
Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050, and .240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30
RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), § 296-54-507, filed 8/20/80. Statutory
Authority: RCW 49.17.040,.150 and .240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14),
§ 296-54-507, filed 9/21/79.]
WAC
296-54-509 Employee's responsibility.
(1) Employees must coordinate and cooperate with the employer
and other employees in an attempt to eliminate accidents.
(2) Employees must be aware of and follow all safe practices
that apply to their work.
(3) Employees should offer safety suggestions that may contribute
to a safer work environment.
(4) Intoxicating beverages and narcotics must not be permitted
or used by employees in or around the worksites. Employees under
the influence of alcohol or narcotics must not be permitted on
the worksite.
Exception: This rule does not apply to employees
taking prescription drugs and/or narcotics as directed by a physician
if the use does not endanger the employee or others.(5) Employees
must conduct themselves in a workmanlike manner while on the worksite.
(6) Employees must make prompt report to their immediate supervisor
of each industrial injury or occupational illness, regardless
of the degree of severity.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .050 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-509, filed 08/18/99,
effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .150 and
.240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), § 296-54-509, filed 9/21/79.]
WAC
296-54-511 Personal protective equipment (PPE).
(1) Protective equipment, including personal protective equipment
for eyes, face, head, hearing and extremities, protective clothing,
respiratory devices and protective shields and barriers, must
be used, and maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition wherever
it is necessary by reason of hazards of processes or environment,
chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants
encountered in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment
in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation
or physical contact.
(2) Personal protective equipment, including any personal protective
equipment provided by an employee, must be maintained in a serviceable
condition.
(3) Design. All personal protective equipment must be of safe
design and construction for the work to be performed. All safety
belts and attachments must meet the requirements of section 3
of ANSI A10.14-1975.
(4) Personal protective equipment, including any personal protective
equipment provided by an employee, must be inspected before initial
use during each workshift. Defects or damage must be repaired
or the unserviceable personal protective equipment must be replaced
before work is commenced.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .050 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-511, filed 08/18/99,
effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050,
.060 96-22-013, § 296-54-511, filed 10/28/96, effective 1/1/97.
Statutory Authority: Chapter 49.17 RCW. 94-20-057 (Order 94-16),
§ 296-54-511, filed 9/30/94, effective 11/20/94. Statutory Authority:
RCW 49.17.040 and .050. 83-24-013 (Order 83-34), § 296-54-511,
filed 11/30/83. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050, and
.240, chapters 43.22 and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), §
296-54-511, filed 8/20/80. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040,
.150 and .240. 79-10-081 (Order 79-14), § 296-54-511, filed 9/21/79.]
WAC
296-54-51110 Head protection.
The employer must provide, at no cost to the employee, and ensure
that all employees involved in the logging operation or any of
its related activities wear head protection, unless the employees
are protected by FOPS, cabs, or canopies meeting the requirements
of this chapter.
(1) Hard hats purchased after February 20, 1995, must meet the
requirements of ANSI Z89.1-1986, “American National Standard
for Personnel Protection--Protective Headwear for Industrial Workers--Requirements,”
or the employer must demonstrate that they are equally effective.
(2) Hard hats purchased before February 20, 1995, must meet the
requirements of ANSI Z89.1-1969, “American National Standard
Safety Requirements for Industrial Head Protection,” or
the employer must demonstrate that they are equally effective.
(3) Hard hats must be maintained in serviceable condition.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .050 99-17-117, (Order 97-09), § 296-54-51110, filed 08/18/99,
effective 12/01/99.]
WAC
296-54-51120 Eye and face protection.
The employer must provide, at no cost to the employee, and ensure
that each employee wears:
(1) Eye protection meeting the requirements of WAC 296-800-160,
where there is potential for eye injury from falling or flying
objects; and
(2) Face protection meeting the requirements of WAC 296-800-160,
where there is potential for facial injury such as, but not limited
to, operating a chipper. An employee using a chain saw may use
either eye or face protection.
Note: The employee does not have to wear
separate eye protection when the face protection also covers the
eyes.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .010. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-54-51120, filed 05/09/01,
effective 09.01/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,
.050 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-51120, filed 08/18/99,
effective 12/01/99.]
WAC
296-54-51130 Hearing protection.
The employer must provide hearing protection when required by
chapter 296-817 WAC, Hearing loss prevention (noise).
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .050, and .060. 00-11-060 (Order 02-16), § 296-54-51130,
filed 05/19/03, effective 08/01/03. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .050 99-17-117, (Order 97-09), § 296-54-51130, filed 08/18/99,
effective 12/01/99.]
WAC
296-54-51140 Hand protection.
(1) Each employee handling wire rope or other rough materials
must wear hand protection that provides adequate protection from
puncture wounds, cuts, and lacerations.
(2) Hand protection must be maintained in serviceable condition.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .050 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-51140, filed 08/18/99,
effective 12/01/99.]
WAC
296-54-51150 Respiratory protection.
The employer must provide respiratory protection when required
by chapter 296-842 WAC, Respirators.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .050, and .060. 05-03-093 (Order 04-41), § 296-54-51150,
filed 01/18/05, effective 03/01/05. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .050 99-17-117, (Order 97-09), § 296-54-51150, filed 08/18/99,
effective 12/01/99.]
WAC
296-54-51160 Leg protection.
(1) The employer must provide, at no cost to the employee, and
ensure that each employee who operates a chain saw wears leg protection
constructed with cut-resistant material, such as ballistic nylon.
The leg protection must cover the full length of the thigh to
the top of the boot on each leg to protect against contact with
a moving chain saw.
Exception: This requirement does not apply
to an employee working aloft in trees when supported by climbing
spurs and climbing belt, or when an employee is working from a
vehicle-mounted elevating and rotating work platform meeting the
requirements of chapter 296-24 WAC, Part J-3, Vehicle-mounted
elevating and rotating work platforms.
(2) Leg protection must be maintained in serviceable condition.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .010. 01-11-038 (Order 99-36), § 296-54-51160, filed 05/09/01,
effective 09/01/01. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010, .040,
.050 99-17-117, (Order 97-09), § 296-54-51160, filed 08/18/99,
effective 12/01/99.]
WAC
296-54-51170 Foot protection.
(1) Each employee must wear foot protection that covers and supports
the ankle, such as heavy-duty logging boots.
(2) Each employee who operates a chain saw must wear cut resistant
foot protection that will protect the employee against contact
with a running chain saw.
For example: Leather logging boots, insulated
rubber pacs, and rubber boots with cut protection will meet the
cut-resistant requirement of this section.
(3) All employees whose duties require them to walk on logs or
boomsticks must wear sharp-calked boots, or the equivalent.
Exception 1: When calks are ineffective
because of ice, snow, or other conditions and other footwear does
not provide suitable protection, employees must be prohibited
from working on logs or boomsticks.
Exception 2: The employer may allow employees
to wear nonslip boots instead of calks when the nonslip boots
provide greater employee protection than calks (such as at scaling
stations, log sorting yards, etc.). The nonslip boots must still
provide firm ankle support and secure footing.
(4) Foot protection must be maintained in serviceable condition.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .050 99-17-117, (Order 97-09), § 296-54-51170, filed 08/18/99,
effective 12/01/99.]
WAC
296-54-51180 Personal flotation devices.
(1) Employees working on, over, or along water, where there is
a danger of drowning, must be provided with and wear approved
personal flotation devices.
(2) Employees are not considered exposed to the danger of drowning
when:
(a) The water depth is known to be less than chest deep on
the exposed individual;
(b) Employees work behind standard height and strength guardrails;
(c) Employees work inside operating cabs or stations that will
prevent accidentally falling into the water; or
(d) Employees wear approved safety belts with lifeline attached
to prevent falling into the water.
(3) Before and after each use, personal flotation devices must
be inspected for defects that would reduce their designed effectiveness.
Using a defective personal flotation device is prohibited.
(4) An approved personal flotation device must be approved by
the United States Coast Guard as a Type I PFD, Type II PFD, Type
III PFD, or Type V PFD, or their equivalent, as required in 46
CFR 160 (Coast Guard Lifesaving Equipment Specifications) and
33 CFR 175.23 (Coast Guard table of devices equivalent to personal
flotation devices). Ski belt or inflatable personal flotation
devices are prohibited.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .050 99-17-117, (Order 97-09), § 296-54-51180, filed 08/18/99,
effective 12/01/99.]
WAC
296-54-51190 Highly visible clothing.
(1) Employees working on landings or in log sorting yards on
or from the ground, must wear highly visible hard hats, yellow
or orange vests, or other similarly colored garments, to make
employees more visible to equipment operators.
Note: The department recommends that hard
hats and vests or outer garments be luminous or reflective.
(2) An employee working as a flagger must wear a hard hat and
vest or other garment of high visibility colors. Warning vests
and hard hats worn at night must be reflective.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .050 99-17-117, (Order 97-09), § 296-54-51190, filed 08/18/99,
effective 12/01/99.]
WAC
296-54-513 Arrangement of work areas and emergency contact.
(1) Employee work areas must be spaced and employee duties organized
so the actions of one employee do not create a hazard for any
other employee.
(2) Work areas must be assigned so that:
(a) Trees cannot fall into an adjacent occupied work area;
(b) The distance between work areas is at least two tree lengths
of the trees being fell;
(c) The distance between work areas reflects the degree of
slope, the density of the growth, the height of the trees, the
soil structure and other hazards reasonably anticipated at the
worksite; and
(d) A distance of more than two tree lengths is maintained
between work areas on any slope where rolling or sliding of
trees or logs is reasonably foreseeable.
(3) Each employee must be within visual, audible, or radio/telephone
contact with another person who can assist in case of emergency.
(4) In any logging operation where cutting, yarding, or loading
are performed, there must be at least two employees working as
a team.
(5) Each employee must have visual or audible signal contact
with another employee as often as this schedule requires:
(a) Cutters - 30 minutes.
(b) All other employees - 2 hours, which allows for making
layouts, notching guyline stumps, etc., during normal work hours.
Exception: The requirements for a two-person
team and check-in schedule do not apply to operators of motor
vehicles, mechanized logging machines, watchpersons or certain
other jobs which, by their nature, are singular employee assignments.
However, a procedure for checking the welfare of these employees
during their working hours must be instituted and all employees
so advised.
(6) Mechanics or other employees must not be assigned to work
on equipment by themselves when there is a probability of a fall
from elevated work locations or equipment. Also, if the work is
of such nature that heavy parts require moving, or there is a
probability that anything heavy could fall on the person, there
must be another person in the immediate area to render assistance.
(7) The employer must establish a method of checking the employees
in from the woods at the end of each shift, including operators
of all movable equipment. Each immediate supervisor must account
for their crew.
(8) Each worksite must have at least one serviceable and operable
two-way radio, phone, or radio/phone combination available to
reach emergency service. Citizen band radios are permitted only
as a secondary means of communication.
(9) Each worksite must have an emergency medical plan to ensure
rapid emergency medical care for employees with major illnesses
and injuries. The plan must be in writing and include the following:
(a) Township, range, and section numbers or latitude and longitude
or UMS Grid System coordinates;
(b) Directions by road, or escort provisions to the site;
(c) Telephone number of emergency medical services; and
(d) Provisions for emergency vehicle(s) access, when working
behind locked gate(s).
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .050 99-17-117 (Order 97-09), § 296-54-513, filed 08/18/99,
effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050,
.060 96-22-013, § 296-54-513, filed 10/28/96, effective 1/1/97.
Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .150 and .240. 79-10-081 (Order
79-14), § 296-54-513, filed 9/21/79.]
WAC
296-54-515 Accident prevention program.
(1) The employer must develop a formal accident prevention program,
tailored to the needs of the particular logging operation and
to the type of hazards involved.
(2) The accident prevention program must be in writing.
(3) The accident prevention program must cover at least the following
elements:
A safety training program that describes the employer's total
safety program.
(a) How and when to report injuries;
(b) The location of first aid supplies;
(c) How to report unsafe conditions and practices;
(d) The use and care of required personal protective equipment;
(e) An on-the-job review of the practices necessary to perform
job assignments safely; and
(f) Recognition of safety and health hazards associated with
the employee's specific work tasks, including using measures
and work practices to prevent or control those hazards.
(4) The employer must document and maintain current records of
required training, including:
The signature of the trainer or the employer.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .050 99-17-117, (Order 97-09), § 296-54-515, filed 08/18/99,
effective 12/01/99. Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050,
.060 96-22-013, § 296-54-515, filed 10/28/96, effective 1/1/97.
Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .050, and .240, chapters 43.22
and 42.30 RCW. 80-11-057 (Order 80-15), § 296-54-515, filed 8/20/80.
Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.040, .150, and .240. 79-10-081
(Order 79-14), § 296-54-515, filed 9/21/79.]
WAC
296-54-51510 Safety and health meetings.
(1) The employer must hold safety and health meetings at the
following intervals:
(a) Each time the employer moves to a new jobsite; and
(b) Monthly after the initial jobsite meeting.
(2) Safety and health meetings may be conducted individually,
in crew meetings, in larger groups, or as part of other staff
meetings.
(3) Attendance and subject(s) must be documented.
Note: When moving to a new jobsite, site
specific hazards should be identified and discussed during the
prejob safety meeting.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .050 99-17-117, (Order 97-09), § 296-54-51510, filed 08/18/99,
effective 12/01/99.]
WAC
296-54-51520 First-aid training.
(1) Each employee, including supervisors, must receive or have
received first-aid and CPR training. New employees not holding
a valid first-aid card must be trained within a reasonable time,
not to exceed six months from hiring.
Exception: Log truck drivers are not required
to receive first-aid and CPR training if they are not involved
with falling, yarding, loading, or processing logs.
(2) Each employee's first-aid and CPR training and/or certificate
of training must be current.
(3) At least two persons holding a valid certificate of first
aid training must be present or available at all times in sorting
yard operations.
(4) First-aid and CPR training must cover at least the following:
(a) The definition of first aid.
(b) Legal issues of applying first aid (Good Samaritan Laws).
(c) Basic anatomy.
(d) Patient assessment and first aid for the following:
(e) CPR.
(f) Applying dressings and slings.
(g) Treating strains, sprains, and fractures.
(h) Immobilizing injured persons.
(i) Handling and transporting injured persons.
(j) Treating bites, stings, or contact with poisonous plants
or animals.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 49.17.010,
.040, .050 99-17-117, (Order 97-09), § 296-54-51520, filed 08/18/99,
effective 12/01/99.]
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